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The World of Music 7th edition Part 4 Listening to Western Classical Music Chapter 13: Music of the Twentieth Century Modern Classical Music • Diverse, Complex, Experimentation – Conventional Instruments • • Traditional Techniques AND Unconventional Techniques – – – – Unconventional Instruments • • • • • Thumbtacks on Piano hammers Buzzing mouthpieces Humming, singing whistling through the instrument Anvil/Automobile Brake Drums Garden Hoses with mouthpieces attached Fire engine sirens Tape players (predecessor to the CD/DAT) Often Complex – Blurred tonality or lack of tonality • • • • Increased Chromaticism over the Romantic period Tone Clusters Polytonality Different scales – – Whole tone Pentatonic – Longer Melodies that are more angular or disjunct (skips around) – Difficult, Puzzling Forms and forms that are hard to understand/find • • • Typically not singable because of this disjunct-ness Can be free of bar lines & phrases and measured in time (seconds) Silence is extremely important Modern Classical Music continued • Timbre and Rhythm over Melody and Harmony • Avant-Garde : Cutting edge, the newest of the new… • New musical language or notation – This notation expressed the musical result in a picture more than a rhythm and pitch indication. – Traditional notation is still used • Multicultural influences (native folk musics) • New music and musicians are influenced by: – – – – World events (WW1 and WW2!) World Economy (great depression - US) Shifts in patronage Political problems or situations Impressionism in Art and Music • Style from French Painting Philosophy called Impressionism – Dibs and dabs of colors when viewed up close do not convey the true impression desired by the artist. But when viewed in totality, makes a vivid portrait by the artist – Monet – Renoir • Reaction against Intellectual German Music – Brahms – Wagner – Mahler • Favored Delicate Instruments – – – – • Flute Harp Strings Light or no brass and percussion scoring in the music Claude Debussy Claude Debussy (1862 – 1918) • French • Rejected Traditional Practices – Great example of the transition from Romantic ideas to the 20th ce • Influences – Painters – Poets – Gamelan Music (of Indonesia) • Excelled at Works for Piano and Orchestra • Piano Preludes • Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (The mythological character, not Bambi) Orch. • La Mer (The Sea) Orch. • Syrinx (For solo Flute – no accompanying Piano) Experimental Music • Avant-Garde Composers in Every Generation – Experimental Works – Varying Degrees of Success • Two Types of Composer – One Who Uses Proven Techniques – One Who Wants to Develop Original Techniques • Igor Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky (1882 – 1971) • Representative Works – Ballets (The Suites from these works are popular Orchestral Music) • • Russian, emigrated to USA in 1939, became citizen (Naturalized) in 1946 Style Contributions – Rhythmic complexity, irregular rhythms, and shifting beat emphasis – Innovative Orchestration • • Extreme ranges of the instruments Unusual combinations of instruments – Original Uses of Tonality – Reinvention of Old Material with new uses • • • • Baroque and Classical Forms Jazz Russian Folk Melodies Ragtime • • • The Firebird Petrushka The Rite of Spring – First performance caused a riot in the audience – Opera, The Rake’s Progress – Chamber Work, The Soldier’s Tale – Opera-Oratorio • • Oedipus Rex Symphony of Psalms Atonal Music and Serialism • Atonality – Literally Means, “No Tonality” – Alternative to Major and Minor Keys • Serialism or 12 tone – Uses the 12 Tones in a Fixed Row or “tone row” • No Traditional Scales • No Traditional Chords – Row May be Altered • • • • • • Reversed Upside Down Transposed Combinations of the Above (i.e. Reversed and Transposed) Changes in Instrumentation, Rhythm, Dynamics, etc. but not order Too cerebral? No emotion? • Arnold Schoenberg Arnold Schoenberg (1874 – 1951) • Austrian Jew, left due to WW2 and Hitler (duh) • Emigrated to America, worked at USC and UCLA, among other places • Early works Post-Romantic • Late works Atonal and Serial • Style – Disjunct Melodies – Small Ensembles – Irregular Phrases – Complex and Fragmentary Sound – Controversial • Representative Works – Verklärte Nacht – Five Pieces for Orchestra – Pierrot Lunaire • Use of Sprechstimme – A new combination of singing and speech recitation – Variations for Orchestra – Opera, Moses and Aaron Electronic Music • Began in 1950’s – Invention of Magnetic Tape Recording – Musique Concrète • Altered Speed of Tape • Reversed Tape • Splicing of Tape • Synthesizers • Computer-Generated Music – MIDI • Was this the elimination of the Musician? • Edgard Varèse Edgard Varèse (1883 – 1965) • French (Came to America in WW1) • Promoted Experimental Music – Conducted – Wrote Articles – Participated in Classes and Seminars • Lifelong Interest in Science and Technology – Any sound could be music • Used a Theremin in Ecuatorial • Representative Pieces – Hyperprism – Octandre – Intégrales – Ionization – Déserts – Poème Électronique – Ecuatorial Chance Music • Also called Indeterminate music • Performer is allowed to create – Randomness – Chance Elements (Dice, etc.) – Improvisation • Large-scale structure/form provided by Composer in the score • Pieces never performed the same way twice • John Cage John Cage (1912 – 1992) • Known for Original Ideas – Prepared Piano • Items (Screws, Paper, Erasers, etc) Placed on Strings Inside a Piano • Can Sound like a full Percussion Ensemble – Chance Music • Less Control for the Composer • Accept What you Get – Multiple Radios Simultaneously Playing on Stage – 4’ 33” of “Silence” from Performer (Audience, Theater, and Surroundings Create the Music.) Bela Bartók (1881 – 1945) • • • Hungarian Nationalism style (from Humgary) Ethnomusicologist – Preserved Folk Songs of Hungary • Field Recordings on early cylinder recorders • Used These Melodies in his Compositions – Extended Interest to Other Parts of Europe/Africa • • Left Hungary in 1940 due to WW2 and his Anti-Nazi views Like most artists, became famous/popular after his death from Leukemia in 1945 – Wrote Concerto for Orchestra while hospitalized • Representative Works – Mikrokosmos Piano text series – Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta – Concerto for Orchestra – 6 String Quartets – 3 Piano Concertos American/Americanist Music • Reflects a sense of wide, open spaces • Incorporates vernacular musical concepts – Syncopation from Jazz – Folk styles included – Patriotic themes Charles Ives (1874 – 1954) • Representative Pieces – 4 Symphonies – 200 Songs – Tone Poems • Great Innovator • Highly Successful Businessman – Great Freedom to Compose – Substantial Resources • Style – Quotations from American Life – Complex (for Performers and Audiences) • Three Places in New England • The Unanswered Question – 2 Piano Sonatas Aaron Copland (1900 – 1990) • Merged Classical and Vernacular Styles • Innovation, – But not at the expense of the past • Organized New Music Concerts • Sources – – – – Cowboy Songs Mexican Songs Church Music Jazz/Blues • Representative Works – Ballets • Billy the Kid – • • Winn Dixie’s Beef people commercial Rodeo Appalachian Spring – Patriotic Music • Fanfare for the Common Man – • Olympic Theme 1972 Lincoln Portrait – For Narrator and Ensemble – Movie Music • • Red Pony Our Town American Women Composers • Amy Cheney Beach (1867-1954) – First American woman to have a Symphony published • Ruth Crawford (1901-1953) – First woman to be awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship • Ellen Taaffe Zwilich (1939-) African-American Composers • Ullysses Kay (1917-1995) – Earned a Fulbright Scholarship, Guggenheim Fellowship, and a Prix de Rome • William Grant Still (1895-1978) – One of the best-known African-American composers – Earned a Guggenheim Fellowship Other American Composers • George Gershwin (1898-1937) – Tin Pan Alley composer – Known for writing Classical music with Jazz incorporated within • Henry Cowell (1897-1965) – Known for using the Tone Cluster as a compositional device • Tone Cluster – several adjacent pitches played simultaneously Neo-Classical Music • Return to Structures/Aesthetics of the Past – Forms of Previous Periods – Using Modern Language • Possible Traits – – – – – Control Order Emotional Restraint Minimal Instrumentation Transparent Texture • Stravinsky Minimalism • Seeks Great Effect from Minimal Material • Began in 1960’s – Philip Glass – Terry Riley • Reaction Against Serialism (12 tone) • Traits – Extensive Repetition – Slow, Subtle Changes • Rhythm • Chords • Other Elements – Tonal Style – Other Similar Styles • • • • Jazz Rock Indian Music African Music Neo-Romanticism • A return to 19th century Musical ideas – – – – Program music Absolute music Singable melodies Etc. but with the newer 20th century practices and sounds • Desired to write what audiences want to hear, instead of what the artist/composer wants to hear – Not wanting to alienate audiences – Audiences would then pay to come and hear the concerts • Most of the time, the composer would not become famous until after their death, sometimes decades • Igor Stravinsky • Darius Milhaud (France)