Download DNA and Biotechnology Test Review

DNA Test Review
12.1 DNA Basics
1. Draw a nucleotide. What are the four different bases they can contain?
2. Draw a DNA molecule with one strand having the sequence GATTACA. Label the phosphate,
deoxyribose sugar, bases, hydrogen bonds, 5’ ends, and 3’ ends.
3. Why are DNA strands called anti-parallel?
4. Describe the scientific contributions that each scientist (s) made to the discovery of DNA:
Chargaff, Franklin, Watson/Crick
12.2 DNA Folding and Replication
1. What is the purpose of a chromosome?
2. How many chromosomes are in each human cell?
3. When is DNA replicated (doubled)?
4. Draw and explain the process of DNA replication, including all four enzymes involved, the 5’
and 3’ ends of each strand involved, and origins of replication.
5. Why is one strand built without interruption while the other is built in small segments?
6. What is the finished product of DNA replication?
7. Explain how an enzyme works, including the terms activation energy, binding sites, and
substrates.
12.3 Transcription and Translation (Making Proteins)
1. Complete the following: ________
_______
________
2. Why is an mRNA copy of DNA necessary?
3. Name three major differences between RNA and DNA.
4. Draw and explain the process of transcription, including the two steps.
5. If a DNA strand has the sequence ACATTACGG, what would the mRNA copy be?
6. Where does transcription occur?
7. Draw and explain the three major steps of translation, including mRNA, ribosome, rRNA,
codon, tRNA, anti-codon, amino acid, and protein.
8. If a DNA strand has the sequence TACCCCAAAACT, what would the mRNA codons and tRNA
anti-codons be? What amino acids are made from this sequence?
9. Where does translation occur?
12.4 DNA Mutations
1. What are three causes of DNA mutations?
2. Define substitution, and give an example of a disease caused by it.
3. Define insertion and deletion and be able to recognize them. Why are they considered
‘frameshift mutations?’ Why are they more disruptive to proteins than a substitution?
4. What is the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosomal mutation?
5. How can DNA mutations benefit populations?
Special Topic: Gel Electrophoresis
1. What two properties determine which way molecules travel in gel electrophoresis?
2. In the gel below, which molecule fragment is the largest? Smallest? Which molecules are
positively charged?
Negatively charged?