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key to Lecture Exam Review Test 1 Wherever possible, I took note of things not generally covered. Note: This is a practice test and is the equivalent of a “rough draft”. I am not responsible for errors in the questions or answer keys. This is a guide for your test only. If you find errors, please send email to: [email protected] These questions basically represent topics from Chapters 1-3 They do not cover everything that is covered in class so this practice test is not all-inclusive of topics to be tested. Check the review sheet (separate link) for a more complete list! Note: there may be formatting gaps in the practice quiz below. Ignore question numbers – and check back for the answer key at a later date. KEY: PRACTICE QUIZ -- sample type questions In order from the inside outward, the earth’s physical layers are best described as a b c d core, mantle, lithosphere, asthenosphere lithosphere, mantle, outer core, crust inner core, outer core, lower mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere inner mantle, outer mantle, asthenosphere, crust The core of the earth is believed to contain iron and nickel because of a b c d the iron–nickel decay series meteorite analyses showing the presence of fused iron–nickel alloys Kelvin’s model of internal heat and cooling similar iron and nickel in the continental crust What two observations led scientists to conclude that the Big Bang occurred approximately 14 billion years ago? a an expanding universe and background radiation of 2.7 degrees above absolute zero b a shrinking universe and zero background radiation c a shrinking universe and background radiation of 2.7 degrees above absolute zero d an expanding universe and zero background radiation An atom of sodium (Na) has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. How many neutrons does this atom contain? a b c 11 34 22 d 12 An atom of carbon (C) has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic weight of 18. Another atom of carbon has an atomic weight of 20. What are these atoms of carbon called? a b c d isotopes compounds molecules polymorphs The basic building block of silicate minerals is the a b c d carbonate ion feldspar group silicon oxygen tetrahedron silly con atom If calcite is crushed with a hammer into tiny pieces, even the smallest particles will exhibit rhombohedral cleavage. a b true false The streak of a mineral shows it’s __________ in a powdered form. a b c d cleavage luster hardness color A neutral (no charge) atom will have an equal number of positive and negative ions. a b true false Ionic bonds are a result of atoms seeking to fill the outer valence shell with six electrons. a b true false Alfred Wegener proposed a b c d theory of plate tectonics hypothesis of continental drift the theory of polar wandering sea-floor spreading The north and south poles have wandered across the face of the earth over millions of years leaving a magnetic trail. a b true false Match the location on Earth with the type of plate boundary that best describes this area. A C E Divergent Transform Hot Spot a ___E_____ b____F_____ c____A_____ d____B_____ e____C_____ f____D_____ B D F Convergent (ocean-continent) Convergent (continent-continent) Convergent (ocean-ocean) Hawaii Japan Mid Atlantic Ridge Pacific Northwest (Washington, Oregon) Southern California (Pacific coast) Himalayan Mountains (India/Asia) ____ The concept that states that “the physical, chemical and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past” is described by a. Archbishop Ussher’s doctrine of catastrophism b. Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift c. James Hutton’s principle of uniformitarianism d. The nebular theory of the Earth 2____ Which of the following is one of the most important fundamental discoveries about the Earth? a. The Earth is unchanging, and what we see today has always looked that way throughout history. b. The Earth is constantly changing over time. c. The Earth is a dead planet d. The Earth’s continents are today as they have been for the last 3.5 billion years of Earth’s history. 3____ Catastrophism is the idea that a. Earth’s landscapes have been shaped by sudden worldwide disasters b. Earth’s landscapes have been shaped suddenly by unknown forces not in operation today c. physical, chemical and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the past d. Earth’s landscapes have been shaped by the influence of the Moon, planets, stars and the Sun 4____ The age of the Earth is now estimated to be approximately a. 6,000 years b. 4.5 million years c. 13 billion years d. 4.5 billion years _____ The ____?____proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from a rotating cloud of gases and dust. a. Heliocentric theory b. Plasma hypothesis c. Plate tectonics theory d. Nebular hypothesis _____ The principle of superposition and the practice of relative dating of rocks allows geologists to assume that a. the moon has to be older than the earth b. in undisturbed sedimentary rock layers younger rocks form on top of older rocks c. the seafloor near the ridge is older crust d. natural catastrophes formed most of the features on earth’s surface _____ A ____?___ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observation. a. hypothesis b. generalization c. law d. theory _____ According to the text (Tarbuck), Earth’s natural processes such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions become natural hazards only when a. the magnitude of an event is greater than 6.0 b. people try to live where these processes occur c. the economic losses exceed $1,000,000 d. the natural equilibrium on earth’s is disturbed _____ Which best describes Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere? a. The lithosphere contains rock that is relatively cool and rigid while the asthenosphere contains rock that is warm and weak. b. The lithosphere contains rock that is relatively warm and weak while the asthenosphere contains rock that is cool and rigid. c. The lithosphere represents ocean crust while the asthenosphere represents continental crust. _____ The lithospheric plates on Earth’s surface generally move a. slowly, averaging 5 cm per year b. moderately, averaging about 10 meters per year c. rapidly, averaging 1 km per year d. very slowly, averaging about 5 cm per hundred years ____ There were many arguments against both the “continental drift” and “seafloor spreading” hypotheses. One important criticism was that the shorelines of the continents do not fit together perfectly. What information was discovered that helped to solve this problem? a. Exploration of the ocean floors revealed that continents extend into the ocean for some distance and actually end at the edge of the continental shelf. b. Earth’s magnetic fields have changed through time, making the current coastline information incorrect for Earth’s history. c. Exploration of the continents revealed that the continents are actually smaller than shown by their coastlines, allowing a better fit between continents. ____ The Red Sea is believed to be the site of a recently formed a. hot spot b. convergent boundary c. ocean trench d. divergent boundary Use the diagram below to match the letters of Earth’s geologic features with the correct phrase by writing the letter in the blank. (there is no letter “G) ___H____oceanic crust ___F____continental crust ___C____mantle ___A____inner core ___D____asthenosphere __E_____lithosphere ____B___outercore Note: Letter B Lithosphere contains crust and a part of upper mantle. Letter Letter D Asthenosphere is part of the upper mantle. Letter C is actually better described as the “lower mantle” _____ Linear magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as a. concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks. b. normal and reversed magnetized stripes roughly perpendicular to the ridge. c. normal and reversed magnetized stripes roughly parallel to the ridge _____ Plate boundaries usually construct, destruct or conserve the rocky material of the Earth’s crust as follows: a. Divergent boundaries construct, convergent boundaries destruct, and transform boundaries conserve the crust. b. Divergent boundaries destruct, convergent boundaries construct, and transform boundaries conserve the crust. c. Divergent boundaries construct, and convergent and transform boundaries destruct the crust. d. Divergent boundaries conserve, and convergent and transform boundaries destruct the crust. Explanation: Divergent boundaries always create new crust between the plates Convergent boundaries always consume large amounts of ocean crust. (Volcanoes along convergent boundaries do create small amounts of new crust during eruptions.) Transform boundaries: no new crust is created as two plates scrape past each other. _____ Convergent boundaries called subduction zones are associated with: a. continental rifting. b. hot spots and shield volcanoes. c. deep ocean trenches and linear mountain belts. d. a mid-ocean ridge that circles the globe. _____ An example of a divergent boundary where continental rifting occurs is: a. the Indian-Eurasian plate boundary and Himalayas b. the African rift valley and Red Sea c. the mid-Atlantic Ridge between North American plate and Eurasian plate d. the San Andreas fault in southern California _____ The oceans cover approximately _________% of Earth’s surface: a. 40 b. 71 c. 97 _____ The mechanism for plate tectonics is best explained by a. Earth, sun and moon gravitational attraction. b. Earth’s magnetic forces. c. convection currents in the Earth’s mantle. d. long term changes in the atmosphere and hydrosphere. _____ The atomic number of an atom is determined by which of the following? a. number of protons b. number of protons plus neutrons c. number of electrons, protons and neutrons d. number of valence electrons _____ An atom of Carbon has 6 protons, 6 electrons and an atomic weight of 12. How many neutrons are in this atom? a. 6 b. 12 c. 18 d. 0 _____ Polymorphs such as diamond and graphite are two minerals that have the same ___?___ but different ___?____. a. crystal structure, chemical composition b. chemical structure, crystal composition (bad terminology!) c. color, chemical composition d. chemical composition, atomic structure _____ The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron contains: a. b. c. d. a single silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms a single oxygen atom surrounded by four silicon atoms chains of oxygen attracted to chains of silicon atoms sheet-like layers of oxygen alternating with silicon _____ Which is the least reliable property for identification of a mineral? a. Reaction with hydrochloric acid b. hardness c. color d. cleavage _____ The difference between ionic and covalent bonds is a. covalent bonds involve atoms that are attracted due to positive and negative charges, whereas ionic bonds involve atoms sharing electrons b. ionic bonds involve atoms that are attracted due to positive and negative charges, whereas covalent bonds involve atoms sharing electrons c. ionic bonds involve atoms that are attracted due to like charges, whereas covalent bonds involve atoms sharing a nucleus _____ All atoms of the same element must have the same number of a. electrons in the nucleus b. protons in the nucleus c. neutrons in the outer shell d. protons plus neutrons ____ Which is true about Pangaea? a. million to b. c. d. It was a supercontinent that eventually broke up from about 200 50 million years ago It was the ocean that covered most of the earth 200 million years ago It is the layer of Earth that generates plate motion It was the plague that most likely killed the dinosaurs _____ The paleomagnetism in ancient rocks is proof that the north and south poles “wandered” across the continents over millions of years. a. true b. false _____ Which one of the following statements is true? a. oceanic plates are more dense than continental plates b. continental plates are more dense than oceanic plates c. transform boundaries are associated with explosive volcanoes d. hot spot volcanoes are always found at plate boundaries Match by writing “O” or “C” on the line in front of each term to describe association with Oceanic or Continental crust. Ocean Crust Continental Crust ___C____Granite center ___O____Basalt ___O____thinner ___C____thicker ___O____Formed at spreading ___C____comprises plutons ___C____less dense ___O____more dense _ ___O___contains more ferromagnesian minerals (i know, i know, we did not cover these) ___C____formed by higher viscosity lavas ___O___formed by lower viscosity lavas THESE ARE EXAMPLES OF THE TYPES OF ESSAYS REQUIRED. EACH CAN BE ANSWERED IN A SHORT PARAGRAPH OR TWO. Short Essays: DO 3 OF THE FOLLOWING. Write answers in the blue book provided. ANSWER ALL PARTS of the question AND give specific details and examples for full credit!!! 1. Describe the properties of the minerals diamond and graphite. What do they have in common? Explain how the internal structure of each mineral determines the physical properties. Refer to the diagram. 2. Sketch, label and describe the three types of plate boundaries. Give one actual example for each type of boundary (geographical location, names of plates, continents, islands or surface features). (Three sketches, three examples) 3. Explain the steps in identifying a mineral. Be very specific and give an example of a mineral you have identified and describe at least five properties of that mineral. (do not use diamond or graphite) 5. Describe three pieces of evidence used for the continental drift hypothesis. Explain at why these observations that led to this idea. What was missing from the hypothesis? 6. What technology in the 2nd half of the 20th century has contributed to support for the theory of plate tectonics? Can the plate movement proposed in the 1960s be observed? 7. Describe the doctrines of catastrophism and uniformiatarianism. How did the advocates of each view the age of the earth? On what was the age based?