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Name:
World History
Chapters 7 & 8
Date:
Period:
The Ancient Greeks
Lesson 7.2 – Sparta and Athens: City-State Rivals
I. Political Changes
A. As Greek city-states grew, wealthy nobles seized
, however they did
not rule for very long.
B. Small farmers wanted
, and merchants and artisans also
called for
.
C. The growing unrest led to the rise of
, a leader who seized power and ruled
with total authority. The harsh rule of a few tyrants gave the word “tyranny” its current
meaning: Rule by a
person.
D. Tyrants ruled many of the Greek city-states until about 500 B.C. Then, most citystates developed into either
, in which a few wealthy people hold power
over a group of citizens, or
, where citizens share in running the
government.
E. Two of the major city-states in ancient Greece,
, were governed
very differently and created different societies.
II. Sparta: A Military Society
A. Located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula in southern Greece, the people living in the
city-state of Sparta were known as Spartans and were descendants of the
.
B. Sparta invaded neighboring city-states and
the local people, calling these
laborers
- a Greek word meaning “capture”.
C. A Strong Military
a. A military society that stressed
, Sparta’s government prepared
all boys and men for a life of war. Boys left their homes at age
to join the
military. Men entered the regular army at age
.
b. Since Spartan men lived away from home, Spartan women enjoyed
than the women of other Greek city-states:
i. They could own
and travel.
ii. Girls were trained in sports.
iii. Their main goal was to raise sons who were brave and strong
iv.
.
D. How was Sparta Governed?
a. An oligarchy, two kings ruled Sparta jointly but they had
.
Sparta had two other governing bodies:
and the council of
elders.
b. The assembly, including all male citizens over the age of 30, made decisions
about
. The council of elders served as judges and each year
elected five people to be
– those who enforced the laws and managed
the collection of taxes.
c. Sparta’s strict government brought
, but because the government
feared losing the helots, they
free thinking and new ideas.
Sparta did not welcome foreign visitors and
from traveling
outside the city-state except for
reasons.
d. For Sparta’s strong army, the only important goals were military
and
victory.
III. Athens: A Young Democracy
A. Located northeast of Sparta, Athens was founded by the descendants of the
and was very different from the city-state of Sparta.
B. An Athenian Education
a. Males were
in Athens. Boys studied arithmetic, geometry,
drawing,
.
b. Athenians believed this form of education produced young people with strong
.
c. Athenian mothers educated their daughters
where they
learned spinning, weaving, and other household duties.
d. Overall, women were expected to marry and
.
They did not play an active role in business or government in Athens.
C. Early Reforms
a. In 594 B.C., a merchant named Solon ended the farmers’ debts and
. He also opened the assembly and law courts to all male
citizens.
b. The common people praised Solon’s reforms, but many Athenians remained
.
c. In 560 B.C., a tyrant named
made reforms that divided
large estates among farmers who had no land. He provided
to help
farmers buy equipment and gave citizenship to Athenians who did not own
land.
D. Toward Democracy
a. After Peisistratus died, a noble named Cleisthenes became the leader of Athens
and made
the city-state’s major governing body. Assembly
members could now discuss issues freely, hear legal cases and appoint
.
b. Cleisthenes also created a new council of
to help the
assembly manage daily
affairs.
c. Because council members could only serve a year term, and only two terms,
every citizen had a chance to be a council member.
d. Still, people who were not
could not participate in the
government – this group included Athenian women, foreign-born men, and
enslaved people.
Lesson 7.2 Review:
1. What might a tyrant say to citizens who are asking for democracy?
*Over*
2. Why did the Spartans emphasize military training?
3. How did Athenians feel about the changes Solon put in place?
Lesson 7.3 – Greece and Persia
I. Persia’s Empire
A. While Athens was undergoing political changes the Persians were building a
in Southwest Asia.
B. Under the rule of
, Persia built a strong army and started to
create an empire that became the largest in the ancient world.
C. Creating an Empire
a. King Cyrus held his growing empire together by treating conquered peoples
.
b. After Cyrus, other rulers continued to expand the empire that stretched for
nearly
!
c. To link this massive territory, the Persians improved the network of roads begun
by the
.
D. Persian Government
a. Darius I ruled Persia from 522 to 486 B.C. and reorganized the government to
make it more efficient. He divided the empire into
called satrapies,
each ruled by a governor called a
.
b. Persia maintained a full-time, paid, professional army, whereas Greece’s army
consisted of
called to serve only during times of war.
E. Who was Zoroaster?
a. At first, the Persians worshipped many gods, until a religious teacher Zoroaster
preached a new
religion. This religion became known as
Zoroastrianism.
b. Because of Zoroastrianism, the Persians began to view their monarchy as a
or role.
c. After Darius’ rule ended, the Persians continued to practice Zoroastrianism for
centuries. The religion has about
followers today, most of which
live in South Asia.
II. The Persian Wars
A. As the 400s B.C. began, the Persians were ready to expand into Europe however they
with the Greeks.
B. While Persians obeyed a king, many of the Greeks believed citizens should
who ruled and governed them.
C. When the Greeks revolted against their Persian rulers, King Darius
the
mainland of Greece.
D. How Did the Greeks Win at Marathon?
a. The Persians landed at Marathon, a plain about 25 miles northeast of Athens.
When their enemy refused to fight, the Persians sailed directly to
to attack by sea.
b. As soon as the Persian horsemen were on the ships, the Athenians charged
down the hills and onto the plain of
.
c. The Persians suffered a
.
E. Land and Sea Battles
a. After losing at Marathon, the Persians vowed
against the
Athenians and under the rule of their new king, Xerxes, the Persians invaded
Greece.
b. The Greek city-states banded together to fight the Persians.
c. Although the Spartan’s fought
at Thermopylae, the Greeks could not
stop the Persians. A traitor showed the Persians a trail leading around the
Greek line which allowed them to
.
d. While the Spartans continued to attack Persia’s ships, the Athenian fleet lured
the Persian fleet into the
. The Greeks had fewer ships,
but their boats were smaller and
.
e. The Greeks almost entirely destroyed the Persian fleet but still, the Persian foot
soldiers marched on to Athens and set it on fire.
f. Then, the Greek city-states formed their
yet and defeated
the Persian army.
F. Decline of Persia
a. After losing in Greece, Persia faced many challenges. Their army was no
longer strong and the people grew unhappy with their government. As Persia
weakened, it became open to
.
Lesson 7.3 Review:
1. Why did Darius I create satrapies?
2. What brought Sparta and Athens together as allies?
3. Which Persian leader do you think made the biggest contribution? Why?
Lesson 7.4 – Glory, War, and Decline
I. The Rule of Pericles
A. As the Persian Wars ended, Athens became a
city-state. Athenians enjoyed a golden age of prosperity and achievement.
B. Democracy in Athens
a. Athens had a
in which all citizens met to debate
and vote on government matters. This type of government worked because of the
small number of citizens living in ancient Athens.
b. During the meetings of the assembly, participating citizens passed laws, elected
officials, and made policy on war and foreign affairs.
were
known as generals.
C. Pericles in Charge
a. Pericles made Athens a more democratic city-state and brought more ordinary
Athenians into
.
b. Under his rule, Athens was rebuilt and became a center of
.
c. Philosophers also flourished during his rule.
II. Athenian Life
A. At its height in the 400s B.C., Athens was the
Greek city-state.
B. Athenian Men and Women
a. Men worked as farmers, artisans and
.
b. Women focused on their
. They could not attend school,
but many learned to read and play music. Still, educated women were not equal to
men.
c. Husbands were responsible for their wives and
. Sons
looked after their widowed mothers.
d. A few women had more freedom, especially foreigners, who were regarded
differently than Athenian-born women.
C. What Was the Role of Slavery in Athens?
a. Even in a democracy like Athens,
was common. Many enslaved
people were prisoners who had been captured in battle.
b. Slavery might have helped Athens develop its
.
D. The Athenian Economy
a. While farming was a common occupation among Athenians, farms lacked
to grow enough food to support the city-state. Athens
built a large fleet of ships to trade with colonies and other city-states in the
Mediterranean world.
E. War Breaks Out
a. Both Athens and Sparta wanted to be the
in the Greek world. War
broke out between the two city-states in 431 B.C. and continued until 404 B.C.
b. Historians call this conflict the
because Sparta was
located in the Peloponnesus.
F. Pericles’s Funeral Oration
a. During the war’s first winter, Athens held a public funeral to
who had died in battle. In a famous speech called the “Funeral Oration”, Pericles
talked about the greatness of Athens and reminded the people that they made their
government
.
b. In his speech, he emphasized that the democratic way of life is worth protecting
and urged listeners to have the courage to
. The ideas Pericles
expressed are still valued by citizens of democratic counties today.
G. Why Did Athens Lose the War?
a. Pericles and the city-state of Sparta surrounded Athens. The powerful Athenian
navy would bring supplies to the city from its colonies and allies. However, Sparta
lacked a
and could not stop the Athenian ships.
b. After two years of remaining safe, a
broke out in the
overcrowded city of Athens. More than a third of the people died, including
.
c. After several years of fighting, Sparta made a deal with the Persian Empire and
agreed to give the Persians some Greek territory in
. In return, Sparta
received enough Persian gold to build its
.
d. As the war dragged on, Athens fell into a state of
. The Spartans were able
to knock down the city walls of Athens and the Athenian empire
.
H. The Effects of the War
a. The Peloponnesian War brought
to the Greek city-states.
Governments were left divided and week. Many people had died and fighting had
destroyed
.
b. After the war, Sparta ruled its new empire much like Athens had before. But
this
angered Sparta’s former allies and people started to
rebel.
c. Although Sparta tried to put down rebellions and fight Persia again, the city-state
of
seized Sparta and ended the Spartan empire.
d. But as city-states fought, they did not notice a growing threat facing them from
the kingdom of Macedonia to the north. Macedonia’s strength and desire for
expansion would eventually cost the Greek city-states their
.
Lesson 7.4 Review:
1. What jobs did Athenian slaves do?
2. Why did the Delian League break apart?
3. What was the most important accomplishment of Pericles?
Lesson 8.4 – Hellenistic Culture
I. Hellenistic Arts
A. During the Hellenistic Era, philosophers, scientists, poets and writers moved to new
Greek cities in Southwest Asia and Egypt. Many of these cities were centers of
.
B. Buildings and Statues
a. Greek architects served an important role, planning public
for new cities and rebuilding old cities.
b. Hellenistic kings and other wealthy citizens hired Greek sculptors to create
for towns and cities. They did not carve ideal figures to reflect beauty
and harmony, however, but rather showed people in a more
style.
C. Hellenistic Writers
a. Hellenistic rulers supported talented writers, therefore poets and writers
produced a large amount of
during the Hellenistic Era.
b. Athens remained the center for Greek theater where writers produced plays that
were
, not tragedies.
II. Thinkers and Scientists
A. During the Hellenistic Era, Athens continued to support Greek philosophers.
B. Who Was Epicurus?
a. Epicureanism taught that finding
was the goal of life, and that
the way to be happy was to avoid
.
C. The Stoics
a. The Stoics claimed that people who were guided by their emotions lived
unhappy lives and that
resulted from using
.
b. Unlike Epicureans, Stoics thought people had a duty to serve their community.
D. Science and Mathematics
a. Science also flourished during the Hellenistic Era and scientists performed many
experiences and developed new theories. At the time, some astronomers thought
that the Earth was the
.
b. Eratosthenes concluded that the Earth was
and then used his
knowledge to measure Earth’s
.
c. Euclid of Alexandria advanced the field of mathematics and described
in his book “Elements”.
d. Archimedes worked on solid geometry and was an inventor. He developed
machinery and weapons of war, one of the most famous being the
.
E. Hellenistic thought and culture had long lasting effects!
III. Greece and Rome
A. Macedonia held power over Greece for a time. However, Sparta and other city-states
regained their independence but only for a
amount of time.
B. Rome, a city-state in central Italy, conquered the entire Italian Peninsula and Greece
lost its land in
in the late 200s B.C.
C. The Greeks attempted to stop Rome’s growing power, but failed. They started to
support Rome’s
in wars, but the Romans won the battles.
D. Gradually, Rome gained control of the Greek mainland.
*Over*
Lesson 8.4 Review:
1. Why did Alexandria become a major center of learning?
2. How did the Greeks attempt to stop Rome’s invasion of Greece?
3. What beliefs about Earth and the heavens were proved by the discoveries of Aristarchus and Eratosthenes?