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EPISTEMOLOGY WHAT CAN WE KNOW? HOW SURE CAN WE BE? DOES GOD EXIST? ARE RELIGION & SCIENCE IN CONFLICT? THE Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. OF THE ATONEMENT THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF TIME 1 The texts for this course are: 1. Handbook of Christian Apologetics: Kreeft & Tacelli 1994, Intervarsity Press. 2. Mere Christianity, C.S. Lewis 1943, 1945, 1952, Macmillan Pub. 1996 Touchstone edition. 3. APPROACHING ZION or TEMPLE & THE COSMOS Hugh Nibley ? 4. The Logic Book errata, MIT open courseware. 2 “Who can learn anything new and not find it a shock?” John Wheeler “I am persuaded that the future is not as undetermined, and the past is not as determined as commonly thought. Ultimately, history is as God now remembers it to be. When we sincerely repent, God forgives us and completely forgets our sins. We, with God’s help, can repent and actually change our past. This in turn changes our present, and our future. Our future can be, but does not have to be. The one that God intents for us. We are always within God’s will. We may also do His will, being in His will; being as He wills, is optional.”¹ Opening remarks: Welcome Introductory class business: Dr. BILL MILLS IS • • • • The husband of one. The father of 16 (including in-laws). The grandfather of 8 so far. A Christian Priest, Ecumenist, Theologian & Apologist. A Physicist, and an International Attorney. • Committed to responsible epistemology. • A positivist* 4 IN OPPOSITION OR IN HARMONY? “Religion and science are opposed…but only in the same sense as that in which my thumb and forefinger are opposed- and between the two, one can grasp everything.” Sir William Bragg 5 IN OPPOSITION OR IN HARMONY? The Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. describes exactly how photons interact with electrons in our physical world; such as light sometimes shinning through a glass window & sometimes reflecting back off of the glass. The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. of the Atonement describes exactly how the love of God interacts with human sin through the Atonement of Jesus Christ. Both are physically real. Both describe physical reality as anyone/everyone may personally, directly experience it. 6 I am not • An official representative of the LDS church. • Inerrant, infallible, nor immune from mere Scribner error. 7 Religion and Science: Two Sides Of One Coin Warm summer evenings in Greece in the 4th century B.C. Democritus¹: 460-370 B.C. “Atomic system” wandering lights in the night sky, (GK. “planetes”, “wanderers”). Stationary grains of sand on the sea shore, (“atomos”, “atoms” meaning “indivisible” or “unbreakable). Aristotle: 384-322 B.C. The father of science. Knowing the physical world inexorable leads to knowing the existence of God & His qualities. (“physika”, “physics”, Gk. “of nature”, “to bring forth”). Four elements, each with their unique place & duty in the universe² Everything held in it’s place, whether fixed or in motion, by eternal natural laws, ordained by God. 8 DARK MATTER & ENERGY OR SPIRITUAL MATTER & ENERGY? • Whatever one calls it, we now know that @ 96% of the “Stuff”, mass¹ in the universe is not visible to us. We only see the gravitational effects of 23%. • Whatever one calls it, we now know that 73% is energy¹ in the universe that is not visible to us. We know that it is there because at scales larger than galaxies it overcomes Gravity². • It really is meaningless to try to distinguish between physical & spiritual matter & energy. It is a distinction without a difference. This makes them the same⁴. It does not make either of them unreal. 9 Religion and Science: Two Sides Of One Coin 1. Peter Abelard: 1079-1142 Si et non. The nature of Canon, (Authority¹) & it’s limits. 2. William of Occam²: 1285-1349 Occam's two edged Razor, (scalpel) : Canon + reason. 3. Galileo: 1564-1642 & Isaac Newton : (1642 -1727) Canon + reason + Observation & experimentation. 4. Robert Boyle, 1627-1691: Experimental epistemology. 5. John Locke: 1632-1704: Philosophical epistemology. 6. Immanuel Kant: 1724-1804: Pure reason. 10 Religion and Science: Two Sides Of One Coin A warm summer evening in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, 1665. Isaac Newton Jr. (1642 1727, noticed an apple fall from a tree. At arms length the apple appeared about as big as the moon appeared that evening. Newton wondered why the moon was not also falling. His discoveries changed the world in many ways! His discovery of the Gravitational Force ended the age of materialism¹ & randomness. There was more than “atoms and the void.” God did not need myriad angels to push the moon & planets around². Similar natural laws might govern everything, including mankind³. Religion and Science: Two Sides Of One Coin 1. 57 centuries vs. 3 centuries. 2. Special & Natural revelation*. 3. An apparent conflict between them about “what and how” is resolved by Newton, (1642-1727) before it became popular: • The Principia: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, 1687: Discovering God’s Laws neither limits Him, nor eliminates Him, It gives us deep, profound insight into Him. 12 Religion and Science: Two Sides Of One Coin The division between physical objects & laws and spiritual objects & laws is a myth, unrecognized by God, & great scientists throughout history! Notice how often symbols of spiritual laws, i.e. “π”,(the compass) “²“, ”³”, “r²”, etc. appear alone, and in combination, within so many, so called “physical” laws, “discovered” millennia after the “spiritual” symbols and laws had been revealed! 13 Epistemology What is Knowable? • There are eternal, universal, unchanging, objective Truths¹, (Facts)! Everywhere! Always! • Three very different types of Truth (Facts): 1. Definitional: Bachelors are single because that is how we define the word. Everywhere! Always! 2. Logical/Mathematical: 2 + 2 = 4! Everywhere! Always! 3. Empirical/Existential: Water is H² O¹ & it’s triple point is 0° C at one atmosphere of pressure! Everywhere! Always! 14 Things aren't always what they seem: 1. What goes up must come down? 2. The Bigger they are, the harder & faster they fall? 3. Does the sun rise in the East & set in the West? 4. Is the chair you are sitting on solid & still? 5. Are you sitting on it at all? 6. Are your feet on the floor? 7. Is grass green? But there are eternal, universal, unchanging, objective Truths, (Facts)! Everywhere! Always! 15 Objective vs. subjective truth: Thinking, speaking & writing on this subject is often muddled and/or unreasonable. Truth is not subjective if it meets the criteria of slide # 11. Subjective truth arguments are often the victim of circular reasoning. If Relativists claim that all truth is subjective and therefore personal & relative, than this set, “all truth” includes their own claims of universal “subjective relativity” and the rest of humanity has no reason to give any heed to it. Their arguments concerning their universe being without objective truth says nothing at all about my universe! If they have an argument about my universe, (or our universe) that argument would need to be objectively true. If they can objectively know this, (Inductively reasoning from their subjectivity, first to mine, then to universal subjectivity) at least one truth is objectively 16 knowable and other truth may also be knowable. Objective vs. subjective truth: This would defeat their argument of universal subjectivity! This assertion is also demonstrably false! (see slide # 11) What I know & how sure I am that I know it is the object as well as the subject of epistemology. It is silly nonsense to dismiss as “subjective truth,” truth claims that one has not yet subjected to rigorous tests of epistemological responsibility: “Your belief that a man walked on the moon is only your subjective truth because I don’t know that it’s true? The Nazi holocaust was immoral is only your subjective truth because not everyone agrees?” The whole purpose of epistemology is to rigorously test and determine if one can know things and how certain one can be. To dismiss something as “subjective truth” is to beg the question and to deprive oneself of both the process & the product of knowing! This is surely one of the defining qualities 17 and one of the noblest attributes of humanity! Epistemology How can I know Truth? “Some ideas are so bad, they are not even wrong.” Enrico Fermi. “It is better to be wrong, than to be vague.” Freeman Dyson. 1. Sense & Non Sense: “Canoes, pancake covered dog houses, and ice cream that doesn’t have legs.” 2. Dogmatism & sorcery: Repeating things authoritatively doesn’t make them true. 3. Magical/wishful thinking¹: Much of atheism and materialism is magical and\or wishful thinking. 4. If you call a dog’s tail his leg²… your thoughts and your words are muddled and wrong. • Falsifiability: The truth claims of Christianity ³are completely factual, testable, provable (Falsifiable). 18 Epistemology How can I know Truth? 1. Can I appeal to authority? Relying on a source that we trust is the oldest and still by far the most common way of knowing or making sure. 2. Can I reason through it? Does 2+2=4? 3. Can I observe it? 4. Can I experiment and test it? (Can I make certain it is true?) 5. Can I “feel it” or “know it in my heart”? 6. Can God tell me it is true? (Can He make me certain It is true?) 19 Epistemology How can I know Truth? Can God tell me it is true? Can I “feel it” or “know it in my heart”? Can I experiment and test it? (Can I make certain it is true?) Can I observe it? Can I reason through it? Does 2+2=4? Can I appeal to authority¹? 20 Epistemology How certain can I be? Degrees of Certainty: Faith, Emotion, & Evidence. 1. Probable cause¹: 2. Preponderance of the evidence²: 3. Clear & Convincing: 4. Beyond a Reasonable doubt: 5. Beyond any doubt: 6. No genuine question of fact exists (Judicial notice): Faith is not believing something or trusting some authority against common sense or without evidence or some degree of certainty. Faith is sticking to your evidence based convictions, even when you are emotionally tempted to21 Epistemology How certain can I be? “Any measurement that you make (decision that you come to) without knowledge of its uncertainty is completely meaningless.” “A measurement that doesn’t also indicate its degree of accuracy is meaningless.” “Knowing degrees of accuracy is critical to so many things in our lives.” Dr. Walter Lewin: FOR THE LOVE OF PHYSICS, 2011 pgs. x. ,8. (Parenthetical comment added.) 22 Epistemology How certain can I be? No genuine question of fact exists Beyond any doubt Beyond a Reasonable doubt Clear & Convincing Preponderance of the evidence Probable cause 23 SET THEORY • Probabilities limited by the size of the set: • Is the denominator of the probability of x > N? • How long does each sample take? • Replacement vs. Non-replacement in probability theory: Are the odds changing with each sample, (drawing from a hat) or are the odds staying the same, (flipping a coin)? 24 EPISTEMOLOGICAL SET THEORY WHAT IS KNOWABLE WHAT HUMANITY KNOWS WHAT I KNOW 25 EPISTEMOLOGICAL SET THEORY WHAT IS KNOWABLE WHAT HUMANITY WHAT I KNOWS KNOW 26 EPISTEMOLOGICAL SET THEORY WHAT I DON’T KNOW WHAT HUMANITY DOES NOT KNOW WHAT IS UNKOWABLE (TERMINAL COUNSELS) 27 EPISTEMOLOGICAL SET THEORY WHAT IS TRUE WHAT IS MOSTLY OR NEARLY TRUE WHAT I THINK IS TRUE WHAT IS MOSTLY OF NEARLY FALSE WHAT IS FALSE 28 THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL PYRAMID AUTHORITY EXTERNAL CONSISTENCY INTERNAL CONSISTENCY REASONABLENESS SENSE VS. NON-SENSE 29 EPISTEMOLOGICAL SETS AS A PARLOR GAME¹: Where did Bill get his education? His memories are accurate AUTHORITY EXTERNAL CONSISTENCY INTERNAL CONSISTENCY REASONABLENESS SENSE VS. NON-SENSE His memories were changed slightly* AUTHORITY EXTERNAL CONSISTENCY INTERNAL CONSISTENCY REASONABLENESS SENSE VS. NON-SENSE He is from another planet He was tutored by angles AUTHORITY AUTHORITY EXTERNAL CONSISTENCY EXTERNAL CONSISTENCY INTERNAL CONSISTENCY INTERNAL CONSISTENCY REASONABLENESS REASONABLENESS SENSE VS. NON-SENSE SENSE VS. NON-SENSE 30 ANOTHER EPISTEMOLOGICAL PYRAMID WHAT I KNOW IS TRUE WHAT I KNOW IS FALSE WHAT I THINK IS TRUE WHTAT I THINK IS FALSE WHAT I THINK IS KNOWABLE WHAT I THINK IS UNKNOWABLE 31 Can I reason through it? TRUTH • Deductive Reasoning: Large to small: • • Example: All Mammals are warm blooded. Humans are warm blooded, • therefore humans are mammals. • Inductive Reasoning: Small to large: • Example: . Humans are warm blooded. All Mammals are warm blooded, • therefore humans are mammals. • Sequential Reasoning: • Example: Smoke is seen after fire. I see smoke, therefore there has been fire. • If the premise is false, the sentence is non-sense, even if the conclusion happens to be true². ERROR Example: Many men are selfish. Bill is a man, therefore Bill is selfish. Example: I knew a kind Christian. Bill is a Christian, therefore Bill is kind. Post Hoc Reasoning¹: Example: I saw a black cat. Something bad happened, therefore seeing a black cat is bad luck. I went outside when it was cold. I got sick, therefore being outside in the cold causes 32 sickness. STATISTICAL SIGNIFICENCE • Small sample error: One type of error in inductive reasoning: “Crocodile Dundee” TV scene in NY motel: “Yep, that’s what I saw.” • Galileo's experiments: • The speed of light: How closely are we looking? • The spontaneous generation of flies: How closely controlled is our experiment? • Climate Change: How long will it take to know? 33 Relying on authority Almost everything we believe to be true, we learned from some “Authority”. Generally we believe because of authority. Most personal experience, (observation, reasoning & experimentation) confirms or disputes what we previously believed or doubted because of authority. The Real question isn’t “Have we faith in authority?” It is What or Which authority have we faith in, how much faith do we have in it, and how much additional research, reasoning and/or experimentation will we do to test or verify what “Authority” has said? 34 TOLSTOY & BACON “I know that most men, including those at ease with problems of the greatest complexity, can seldom accept even the simplest and most obvious truth, if it be such as would oblige them to admit the falsity of conclusions which they have delighted in explaining to colleagues, which they have proudly taught to others, and which have been woven, thread by thread into the fabric of our lives.” Tolstoy “The human understanding when it has once adopted an opinion…draws all things else to support and agree with it. And though there be a greater number and weight of instances to be found on the other side, yet these it either neglects or despises.” Bacon 35 Types & Tokens Type: A person or thing symbolizing or exemplifying the ideal or defining characteristics of something. Type: The ideal or defining characteristics of something. Token: One specific example. Token: One specific, distinct, physical, person or thing. A chair is one type of furniture. A table is another type of furniture. A stool is a type of chair. A recliner is another type of chair; perhaps the perfect, ideal, or complete “type” of chair. The chair you are sitting in is a token chair. The chair next to you may be a token of the exact same type. 36 Uni-verse or Cosmos? • • • • • • Are There Universal Laws, (Equations)? Are There Universal Constants? Are There Universal Elements? Are There Universal Forces We do not live in an (exclusively) material world! We live in a Universe, with Eternal Laws, Constants, Elements, (materials) and Forces. • They are the Typical God: Eternal, unchanging, omniscient, omnipotent, & omnipresent! 37 Uni-verse or Cosmos? Taken together as a whole, They posses all of the godly qualities such as: The “Omni’s,” Being eternal, unchanging, just, loving, merciful, wise, beautiful, etc. For Christians these truths & Jesus Christ are the typical God! Jesus typifies these truths and they typify Him! Everyone, including Agnostics & Atheists agree these truths are sacred and should be understood, (known) and obeyed! The typical God is an empirical, existential fact! Usually it is only a personal “token” God, and whether He intervenes, that agnostics doubt & atheists deny. The Christian God is also a personal “token” God, who does intervene, but we are already half way to complete agreement! This is enough agreement for everyone to be a religious person 38 of “faith,” and pursue a life-long spiritual journey¹! There Are many Universal Laws, (Equations)! The Five Equations that changed the world are a few examples: 1. Gravity F = G x M₁ X M₂/d². Newton. 2. The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: (Entropy) ΔS ˃ 0. Clausius or ΔS = ΔQ/t. 3. Hydrodynamics: Constant = P/ρ + gz + v²/2. Bernoulli*. 4. Electromagnetic induction¹: (EM) ΔX E = -∂B/∂T. Faraday-Maxwell. F = K x q₁ x q₂/d². Coulomb. 5. Matter is energy: 𝑬 = 𝑴𝑪². Einstein 39 There Are Universal Constants! • There are hundreds of precise Fundamental Constants in our universe. They must be EXACT: • Never more. Never less. • No where more. No where less. • Never different. No where different. • “Who can learn anything new and not find it a shock?” John Wheeler • It is helpful to regularly review even our most fundamental understandings in light of our most recent discoveries. 40 There Are Universal Constants! Just Six Numbers that control our universe! (Sir Martin Rees) 1. N = EM/G = @ 1x10³⁵: The strength of the electrical magnetic force that holds atoms in their places within molecules, divided by the gravitational force pulling them together, = 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000! 2. ε = 0.007*: Determines how firmly atomic nuclei bind together, how atoms are made, which atoms & how many of each atom are made, & it controls the sun’s power. 3. Ω = Σm\G = @ .3: The total amount of material in the universe, both what we can see, (stars, planets etc.) and the “spiritual” matter, (“Dark matter”) that we cannot see divided by the gravitational force . This balances the gravity, (G) and expansion 41 energy of the universe, (λ) . There Are Universal Constants! Just Six Numbers that control our universe! (Sir Martin Rees) 4. λ = @ 0.7: The expansion energy of the universe expressed in relationship to # 3¹. This results in a slow steady expansion of 70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers per second per megaparsec. 5. Q = Σrme* /G: The gravitational force divided by the expansion energy of the universe, λ : @ 1x10¯5 = 1/100,000. 42 There Are Universal Constants! Seven correlate to the Forces that control our universe. 7. Gravitational: G = 6.6725985 x 10¯¹¹m³kg¯¹s¯². 8. EM: Elementary Charge: ε = 1.6021773349 x 10¯¹⁹C. 1 eV = 1.6021892 x 10¯¹⁹ J & 1.7826759 x 10¯³⁶ kg. 9. Week: Ratio: mp/ mₑ = 1836.15152; E=MC² 10. Strong: Atomic mass unit: amu = 1.6605655 x 10¯²⁷kg. E=MC² λ: = The expansion energy of the universe. This results in a slow steady expansion of 70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers per second per megaparsec. 11.Fc = Equation. 12.(Agape) = Equation. 43 There Are Universal Constants! 13.Speed of Light: C = 2.99792458 x 18⁸ m s¯¹. 14.Plank’s: h = 6.626075540 x 10 ¯³⁴ Js, or J/Hz. The ratio of the smallest possible unit, (A quantum) of energy, to its frequency: E = hv. 15.Dirac’s ħ = h/2π = 1.0545887 x 10 ¯³⁴ Js. This derivative of Plank’s Constant is helpful in physics. 16.Plank’s Length: Lp = √(Għ/C³) = @ 10¯³⁵m. The distance at which quantum mechanics must compliment classical gravity. 17.Plank’s Time: Tp= √(Għ/C⁵) = @ 10¯⁴³s. How long it takes a photon to travel Plank’s Length. 44 There Are Universal Constants! 18.Plank’s : Mass: Mp = √(ħc/G) = @ 10¯⁸kg. The mass of a particle whose Compton wavelength is equal to Planks length. 19.Permittivity of vacuum: Eo = 8.85418782 x 10¯¹² c²/Jm. F = Q₁Q₂/r²4πεₒ. A ratio of electric displacement, used with insulators. 20.Permeability of vacuum: µₒ= 1/EoC² = 1.2566370614 x 10¯⁶ H/m = 4π x 10¯⁷ H m ¯¹. A ratio of magnetic flux. 21.Avogadro’s¹ NA = 6.022136736 x 10²³ mol¯¹. The number of atoms or molecules in one mole of substance. There Are Universal Constants! 22. Electron Mass at rest: mₑ = 9.109389754 x 10 ¯³¹ kg. 23.Proton Mass at rest: mp = 1.6726485 x 10¯²⁷ kg. 24.Neutron Mass at rest: mn = 1.6749286 x 10¯²⁷ kg. 25.Atomic mass Constant: mg = 1.6605402 x 10¯²⁷ kg. 26. Electron charge to mass ratio: ε/mₑ = 1.7588047 x 10¹¹ C/kg. 27.Bohr Radius: aₒ = 4πεₒh²/ mₑe² = 0.52917706 x 10¯¹⁰ m. A unit of length to measure atoms. 28. Faraday Constant: ₣ = Nₐε = 9.648530929 x 10⁴ C/mol. The electric charge carried by one mole of electrons. 46 There Are Universal Constants! 29.Coulomb Constant: C = k = 8.9875 x 10⁹ N x m²/C². 30.Fine-structure Constant: [μ₀c²/ 4π](e²ħc) = a¯' = 137.0360411. 31.Muon mass: m μ = 1.8825327 x 10¯²⁸ kg. 32.Ratio of muon mass to electron mass: 206.7686547. 33.Bohr magneton: μB = eħ/2mε = 9.274078 x 10¯²⁴ J/T. A unit for measuring very small magnetism. 34.Molar Gas Constant: R = 8.31451070 JK¯¹ mol¯¹. Relating to the relationship between temperature, pressure, and volume of a gas. There Are Universal Constants! 35.Boltzmann constant: kB = 1.38065812 x 10¯²³ j/k¯¹. The ratio of the gas constant to #20. 36. Gas Volume: Vm = 8.31441 J/mol K. 37. Nuclear magneton: μN = eħ/2mp = 5.0508248 x 10¯²⁷ J/T. Another unit for measuring very small magnetism. 38.Free electron g factor: gₑ = 2 x 1.0011596567. Relating to qualities of metals. 39. Classical electron radius: [μ₀c²/ 4π](e²/ mₑc²) = a³/ 4π R∞. 48 There Are Universal Constants! 40. Rydberg: R∞ = 1.0973731 x 10⁷m¯¹, = µₒ²me⁴c³/8h³. Related to the atomic spectra and the binding energy between an electron and a nucleon & related to other Constants. 41. Loschmidt: L = NA /Vm = 2.68676323 x 10²⁵m¯³. The number of particles per mm³ of an ideal gas at sea level. 42. Stefan-Boltzmann: σ = 5.6705119 x 10¯⁸ W m¯² K¯⁴. Related to the total amount of radiated heat energy excluding light. E = σT⁴. 43. Thomson cross section: (8/3)πrₑ² = σₑ = 0.665244833 x 10¯²⁸m². 44-227 for the 184 Elemental Constants, (Atomic weight & 49 number for the 92 natural elements) Etc. Ad infinitum. There Are Universal Elements! • There are 92 natural elements, distinct atoms, in our universe. They each have their own distinct atomic number and their own distinct atomic weight. • Never more. Never less. • No where more. No where less. • Never different. No where different. 50 There Are Universal Elements! • Paley¹ observed that if one discovered a watch among iron ore, correctly set & keeping proper time, one would know that a watchmaker had created it. (1802) • Now that we know how God made the elements, 90 of 92 forged in the furnace of giant stars, not only are the “creations” “Paley’s Watch”, but the ingredients used to build the “Watch” are also “Paley’s Watch”. • To discover something brilliantly, even exquisitely designed, creatively and skillfully constructed, currently operating with minutely tuned precision, and think it had no Creator, is as Schopenhauer observed, “Not merely mistaken, but stupid.” (1860) 51 There Are Universal Forces! The True meaning of Omnipotence: Beyond passive Laws that cannot be broken¹, there are powerful Laws, Forces, that literally, physically force their influence upon us! This is A fundamental misunderstanding of disobedience! We do not ever break God’s laws, we sometimes break ourselves against them! “Obedience” is from a Greek word, ”hpakono”² through Latin, (ob oedire “toward + hearing”) meaning “to listen”. 1. Gravitational: Newton: G.F. = G x M₁ X M₂ \d². 2. Electromagnetic ³: Faraday/Maxwell: EM= Δ x E = ∂B/∂T. 52 There Are Universal Forces! 3. WEAK: Einstein, Curies, et. al. : Δm = (mp + mn) – md. X C². 4. STRONG: Einstein, Oppenheimer, et. al. : ¹₁H + ¹₁H → ²₁H + °₁e + v. ¹₁H + ²₁H → ³₂He + ϒ. (followed by either) ¹₁H + ³₂He → ⁴₂He + °₁e + v x C², or ³₂He + ³₂He → ⁴₂He + ¹₁H + ¹₁H x C². 5. LAMBDA: λ = @ 0.7: The expansion energy of the universe. This results in a slow steady expansion of 70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers per second per megaparsec. 6. FEIGENBAUM’s Constant of Chaos: (Fc = Equation). 7. AGAPE (LOVE OF GOD-LIGHT OF CHRIST): (Equation). 53 Gravitational Force F = G x M₁ X M₂ \d². • God uses gravity to hold many things in the universe in their exact proper places, in a very complex interdependent dance. • Man uses gravity to hold satellites in orbit with great skill & exact calculations for a few years. To believe God did not place the earth and moon into a much more precise orbit for billions of years: Now that is an act of Blind faith*! • Where did Newton get this knowledge? According to his testimony, The Christian God revealed this to him! And a great deal more! Newton was perhaps the greatest scientist who ever lived. His Christian devotion is second to none. His discoveries changed the world. Shall we ignore other things he learned, and how he learned them? Is it better to have one article, or continuing access to the Internet? 54 Gravitational Force F = G x M₁ X M₂ \d². G = 6.6725985 x 10¯¹¹m³kg¯¹s¯². • Sometimes we rebel and disobey gravity, injuring or killing ourselves and/or others. • Sometimes our disobedience makes our burdens greater and our lives harder. • The ‘Thou Shalt not’s’ in scripture protect us from these errors¹. • The lever, pulley & Wheel-barrow are examples of simple obedience to God’s law of gravity that makes our lives easier². • Satellites are an example of a higher order of obedience to gravity, making possible many ‘miracles’ that seem magical to those who do not know these laws or refuse to obey them³. 55 Electromagnetic Force EM= Δ x E = - ∂B/∂T.¹ • God uses the EM force to hold molecules together and to animate all life. It is the basis of all chemistry! • Man uses the EM force for virtually all of his technology! In one short elegant concept, Michael Faraday, a humble Christian bookbinder, with no formal education, “discovers” the one law that describes both the generator and the motor in a single line! Where did he get this knowledge? According to his testimony, the Christian God revealed this to him! And a great deal more! 56 Electromagnetic Force EM= Δ x E = - ∂B/∂T. Michael Faraday & James Maxwell were two of the greatest scientists of their generation, two of the greatest scientists of the 19th Century! Their discoveries in physics changed the world! (lights, TV, radio, phones, Computers, Electricity!) Faraday & Maxwell were very devout Christians. They were the pioneering giants of electromagnetism. Christians both, they credit Him, God, with revealing the nature of electromagnetism to them. Shall we ignore both from whom they learned it and how? 57 WEAK E=MC² • God uses the weak force to hold atoms together. It is also an exactly accurate and eternal time keeping device, (radioactive decay). • Man uses the weak force to keep time in the present, and to date artifacts from the past. • A “type” & “token” of Paley’s Watch¹ is kept by the U.S Navy in Colorado! It is Cesium 133, the “guts” of an Atomic clock! • Man also uses the weak force to generate electricity, in medicine, and to make bombs. • Shall we trust the watch and deny and/or ignore the watchmaker? 58 STRONG E=MC² • God starts with a variation of this most famous equation: M = E/C². • He takes gas, hydrogen, (Mass, “M”) and using an invention far more ingenious then our Hydrogen Bomb, His sun, He creates light & energy that sustains life on this planet. (Man makes bombs.) • God takes energy, (E) from His sun, and using another ingenious invention, His plants, converts sunlight, (E) back into mass, but not gasses, food for all animals on earth. This application of E = MC², is called: “Photosynthesis”! 59 LAMBDA λ = @ 0.7 The expansion Force of the universe. • God uses Lambda to balance Gravity on a scale larger than galaxies. This assures that His kingdom will keep growing and never end, expanding eternally at a rate of 70.4 +/- 1.4 kilometers per second per megaparsec. • λ, Discovered in 1998, has no discernible effect on scales less than a billion light years! • Man does not use this Force. 60 CHAOS (Fc = Equation) • Called the Constant of “Chaos,” it is in fact the opposite. When all of the facts are known, foreknowledge, (prediction, or prophecy) is possible. • God uses this to accomplish His creating and exalting purposes. • Man plays with it like a toy, but he is starting to use it to predict weather and natural disasters. • This is essential to a true understanding of God’s Sovereignty, omniscience & omnipotence. • The resolution of God’s sovereignty vs. man’s free will. 61 AGAPE THE PURE LOVE OF GOD • God uses it to bring to pass the immortality and eternal life of man, to bring about man’s threefold salvation and exaltation, (sanctification). • God uses this to accomplish His creating and exalting purposes. • The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. of the Atonement. • Man uses it to share in God’s nature, to become one with Him. • Constant: = • Equation: 62 “Who can learn anything new and not find it a shock?” John Wheeler It is helpful to regularly review even our most fundamental understandings in light of our most recent discoveries. THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY: THE AUTHORITY OF GOD’S MEMORY: 1. 1 Sam. 2:3. “For the Lord is a God of knowledge, and by Him actions are weighed.” 2. 1 Chr. 28:9. “For the Lord…understandeth all…” 3. Ps. 139:3. “Thou…art acquainted with all my ways.” 4. Ps. 147:5. “Great is our Lord, and of great power; His understanding is infinite.” 5. Prov. 15:3. “The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the good.” THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY: THE AUTHORITY OF GOD’S MEMORY: 6. Isa. 66:18. “For I know their works and their thoughts…all nations and tongues.” 7. Matt. 10:29. God even knows when sparrows die. 8. John 16:30. “Now we are sure that thou knowest all things…” 9. Acts 15:18. “Known unto God are all his (mans) works from the beginning of the world.” 10.Rev. 2:2. & 3:1. “I know thy works, and thy labour, and thy patience…(and name). THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ps. 25:7. “Remember not the sins of my youth, not my transgressions;” Ps. 79:8. ”O remember not against us former iniquities;” Isa. 43:18. ”Remember ye not the former things, neither consider the things of old.” Isa. 43:25. ”I even I am he that blotteth out thy transgressions for mine own sake, and will not remember thy sins.” Isa. 54:4. ”Thow shalt forget the shame of thy youth, and shalt not remember the reproach of thy widowhood any more” 66 THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY Isa. 64:9. “O Lord, neither remember iniquity for ever;” 7. Isa. 65:13. “Therefore thus sayeth the Lord God, Behold… 8. Isa. 65:16. “…the former troubles are forgotten… 9. Isa. 65:17. “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth; and the former things shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.” 10. Jer. 3:16. “…neither shall it come to mind; neither shall they remember it;” 6. 67 THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY 11.Jer. 31:34.”…saith the Lord: for I will forgive their iniquity, and I will remember their sins no more.” 12.Jer. 14:10. “…He (God) will now remember their iniquity and visit their sins.” 13.Ezek. 23:27. Thou shalt not remember thy lewdness & whoredoms. 14. Hos. 7:2. “I (God) remember all their wickedness…” 15.Hos. 8:13. “Now will He (God) remember their iniquity, and visit their sins...” 68 THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY 16. Hos. 9:9. He (God) will remember their iniquity, He will visit their sins.” 17.Romans. 3:25. “Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation¹ through faith…” 18. Romans. 4:3. “For what saith the scripture²? Abraham believed God, and it was counted unto him for righteousness.” 19. Romans 4:8. “Blessed is the man to whom the Lord will not impute sin.” 20.Alma 34: 10 & 14. An “Infinite & eternal atonement.” 69 THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY 21. Romans. 4:21-25. “And being fully persuaded that, what He had promised, He was able also to perform. And therefore it was imputed to him for righteousness. Now it was not written for his sake alone, that it was imputed to him; But for us also, to whom it shall be imputed, if we believe on Him that raised up Jesus our Lord from the dead; who was delivered for our offenses, and raised again for our justification.” 70 THE SCRIPTUAL AUTHORITY 22. Heb. 8:12. “…and their sins and their iniquities will I (God) remember no more.” 23. Heb. 10:17. “…and their sins and iniquities will I (God) remember no more.” 24. 2 Peter 3:13. “…we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth wherein dwelleth Righteousness¹. 25. Rev. 18:5. “…God hath remembered her iniquities.” 26. Rev. 21:4-5. “…there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain; for the former things are passed away…Behold, I 71 make all things new.” DIMENSIONAL SYMMETRY • Imagine a universe where what was to ones right could change but what was to ones left could not change. • Imagine a universe where one could change the order of the empty chairs in front of you, but one could not change the order of the empty chairs behind you. • Imagine a universe where one could only move in one direction at one constant rate of speed in one dimension only, but in every other dimension one could move in any direction at any variable rate of speed. What a queer universe that would be? S.I. UNITS &SMALLER UNITS Picture a cubic centimeter passing through time: 1cc/s. Now reduce the size of this unit to Bohr’s radius, the diameter of a single atom, per second. Further reduce it to a Fermi, the radius of an electron, per second. Further reduce it to Planks length per Plank’s epoch, (Plank’s Time). PLANK’S LENGTH³/PLANK’S TIME Now join these units with many others to fill our world. Fill these units with real life. Within these units we move & live, grow & die. We act & feel. We choose, desire & learn. Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrodinger & The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. Part I 𝟏 Schrodinger’s equation¹ is: 𝝋 = 𝝋 𝒙 , … , 𝒙ᴺ; 𝒕 . This is called a quantum wave function, qwf. As we 𝒊𝒉𝝏 pass through time: 𝑬 = . We can now describe a 𝝏𝒕 single particle of mass (whose energy contribution through three dimensional space is: 𝑽 = 𝑽 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 , moving through time, through external fields not at the level of cm³/s, but Plank’s Length: Lp = √(Għ/C³) = @ 10¯³⁵m, per Plank’s Time: Tp= √(Għ/C⁵) = @ 10¯⁴³s. 𝝏𝝋 ħ𝟐 𝟐 𝒊ħ =− 𝞩 𝝋 + 𝑽𝝋. 𝝏𝒕 𝟐𝒎 QUANTUM WAVE FUNCTIONS Each of these qwfs can now become a single variable in a larger equation that can either describe our universe as a whole at one point in time/space or one larger part of it, (such as ourselves) traveling through time/space. Paul Dirac, Erwin Schrodinger & The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. Part I Imagine light passing through a glass window pane. One can see the glass, through the glass, & the reflection of things on ones side of the glass. As photons come to the electrons in the glass some pass through, some bounce off and hit one in the eye, & some bounce more than once allowing on to 𝒆𝟐 . ℏ𝒄 see reflections. The equation is: Where e is the electron charge, ℏ is Plank’s constant divided by 2π, and c is the speed of light. Schwinger, Feynman, Tomonaga, Dyson & The Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. Part II It is now easy to see, self-evident that beings only require the psycho-somatic ability to control the electric charge of the atoms in their body to determine whether or not they will be seen by others. This same ability also allows them to pass through what we think of as “solid” objects & to pass through space. Actually it is the same EM Force that we use to travel and to communicate. It is very useful to ponder the similarities & the differences in the technologies. THERE IS A LAW IRREVOCABLE DECREED. QUANTUM WAVE FUNCTIONS, QUANTUM ENTAGLEMENT & THE LAWS OF THREE KINGDOMS: When our present quantum wave functions become entangled with the past & the future of the laws & quantum wave functions of a higher kingdom, whether Terrestrial or Celestial, it is because of the Atonement of Jesus Christ. Including virtually all of the Most respected Minds of all Humanity!¹ Abbas, Abelard, Abraham, Aquinas, Anselm, Brahms, Barclays, Benedict, Boniface, Bonaventura, Bunyan, Boethius, Buddha, Bede, Calvin, Columba, Constantine, Cyprian, Cyril, Catherines, Cajetan, Clements, Davids, Drake, Erasmus, Erigena, Euler, Fechner, Flew¹, Galen, Gray, Gödel, Guttenberg, Herschel, Hus, Hippocrates, Ignatius, Irenaeus, Jesus² John², Jung, Justin, Jerome, Kay, Kepler, Loyola, Lavoisier, Luther, Maury, Madison, Moses, Mendel, Methodius, Nanak, Orosius, Polycarp, Paul³ Patrick, Pelagius, Plato, Pythagoras, Peter, Quesnay, Rheticus, Rayleigh, Rousseau, Socrates, Solomon, Sholes, Stokes, Thales, Tyndale, Uthman, von Braun, Wycliffe, Xenocrates, Youngs, Zoroaster, … 80 Including virtually all of the Most respected Minds of all Humanity!¹ (All of the Bishops, Buddhist Dali Lamas, Caliphs, Hindu Sages & Popes) Anaximander, Archimedes, Amphos, Augustine, Anaximenes, Aristotle, Arminius, Bohr, Clausius, Dante, Eudoxos, Franklins, Galvani, Humboldt, Iqbal, Jaspers, Kelvin, Lewis, Milton, Nierenberg , Orm, Paganini, Quincy, Robinson, Seitz, Singer, Simon, Smyth, Simons, Teller, Thomsons, Udine, Vancouver, Vanderbilts, Vladimir, Watts, Wigner, Williams, Websters, Waldo, Xerxes, Xenophanes, Xavier, Xenophon, Yersin, Yongle, Yadin, Yales, Zazerski, Zacharias, Zeiss, Zemlinsky, Zworykin… 81 Including virtually all of the Most respected Minds of all Humanity! Abel, Adams*, Ampe`re, Am tem, Athanasius, Avogadro, Bacon, Berkeley, Bragg, Bernoulli, Blackstone, Brewster, Boyle, Chiefs Joseph & Seattle, Coulomb, Copernicus, Cicero, Cooke, Cuvier, Descartes, da Vinci, Dukes de Broglie, Euclid, Fahrenheit, Flemings, Fabriano, Faberge, Fry, Fulton, Fox, Ford, Gama, Gandhi, Gauss, Koch, Hobbs, Hooke, Harvard, Hudson Heisenberg, Huygens, Innocents, Jastrow, Joule, Kant, Kierkegaard, Leibniz, Linnaeus, Locke Mandela, Maimondes, Michelangelo, Mill, Marcel, Mores, Newman, Nostradamus, Newton, Osmund, Priestley, Pasteur, Pascal, Paley¹, Rubens, Qianlong, Stanfords, Simpson, Sydenham, Shakespeare… Including virtually all of the Most respected Minds of all Humanity! Alcmaeon, Ambrose, Agassiz, Bells, Bruno, Budaeus, Buffon, Cecil, Carnegie, Chesterton, Churchill, Cousteau, Columbus, Celsius, Carver, Clovis, Dostoyevsky, Dickens, Dakin, Dirac, Douglas, Dysons, Dostoyevsky, Edwards Faraday, Gist, Gosse, Higgs, Hamilton, Handel, Hutton, Helmholtz, Hoyle, Ictinos, Johannsen, Kagawa, King, Knox, Lincoln, Lin, Lister, Leeuwenhoek, Laplace, Lyell, McDonnell, Mendelssohn, Maxwell, Mozart, Nobel, Owen, Parry, Peacocke, Plantinga, Pratt, Qin, Polkinghorne, Parsons, Ramanujan, Rembrandt, Rockefeller, Ray, Rutherford, Smoot, Solzhenitsyn, Scotus, Stannard, Spenser, Swift, Spener, Swinburne, Tolstoy, Tesla, Tertullian, Ussher, Van Dykes, Volta, York, Washingtons,* 83 Ximenes, Xuanzang, Xuanzong, Zwingli… Including virtually all of the Most respected Minds of all Humanity! Abdullah, Albertus, Alexanders, Aelfric, Armstrong, Antiochus, Bach, Babbage, Barth, Booth, Becquerel, Collins, Chaucer, Davy, Chadwick, Diesel, Dovorak, Einthoven, Eliot, Ellis, Fleming, Florey, Galileo, Geiger, Graham, Guillaume, Henrys, Hertz, Hills, Ibns, Hume, Irvings, Johnsons, Jacobi, Kusch, Kapila, Kolbes, Kipling, Lawrence, Livingstone, Legendre, Lemaitre, Mohammeds, Moody, Medina, Morse, Nernst, Nibley, Niebuhrs, Onions, Origen, Oppenheimers, Pachelbel, Paschal, Penn, Pregl, Purcell, Quesnel, Ramseys, Seuss, Raphael, Riemann, Sabatier, Spurgeon, Stephens, Smiths, Steno, Soddy, Townsends, Tabari, Thielicke, Tolkein, Ulugh, Ulfilas, Van Gogh, Virchow, Vivaldi, Wallace, Woolley, 84 Wien, Walkers, Wesleys, Nearly ad infinitum! WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 1. 1901. Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen: Discovery of x-rays. 2. 1902. Lorentz & Zeeman: The influence of magnetism upon radiation. 3. 1903. Becquerel & Curies: radiation phenomenon. 4. 1904. Rayleigh: Argon & the densities of many gases. 5. 1905. Anton Von Lenard: Cathode Rays. 6. 1906. Thomson*: Conduction of electricity by gases. 7. 1907. Michelson*: Optical precision instruments & meteorological investigations. 8. 1908.Lippmann: photographing interference phenomenon. 9. 1909. Marconi & Braun: wireless telegraphy, (Radio). 10. 1910. Van der Waals: Equations for gasses & liquids. 85 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 11. 1911. Wien: Laws governing heat radiation. 12. 1912. Dalen: Automatic regulators for gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses & buoys. 13. 1913. Onnes: Low temperature → liquid helium. 14. 1914. Von Laue: Crystal diffraction. 15. 1915. Braggs: x-ray analysis of crystal structure. 16. 1916. Not awarded. 17. 1917. Barkla: x-rays of the elements. 18. 1918. Plank: Energy quanta. 19. 1919. Stark: Doppler effect in canal rays & the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields. 20. 1920. Guillaume: precision measurements in anomalies of nickel steel alloys. 86 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 21. 1921. Einstein*: Photoelectric effect. 22. 1922. Bohr: Structure of the atom & radiation. 23. 1923. Millakan: Elementary charge of electricity & the photoelectric effect. 24. 1924. Siegbahn: X-ray spectroscopy. 25. 1925. Franck & Hertz: Laws governing the impact of the electron on the atom. 26. 1926. Perrin: The discontinuous structure of matter. 27. 1927. Compton & Wilson: The Compton effect & visualizing the paths of electrically charged particles. 28. 1928. Richardson: His Law. 29. 1929. de Broglie: The wave nature of electrons. 30. 1930. Chandrasekhara: Scattering of light & his effect.87 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 31. 1931. Not awarded. 32. 1932. Heisenberg: Quantum mechanics. 33. 1933. Schrödinger & Dirac: New productive forms of atomic theory. 34. 1934. Not awarded. 35. 1935. Chadwick: The neutron. 36. 1936. Hess & Anderson: Cosmic radiation & the positron. 37. 1937. Davisson & Thomson: Crystal diffraction of electrons. 38. 1938. Fermi: New radioactive elements & nuclear reactions. 39. 1939. Lawrence: The cyclotron & artificial radioactive elements. 40. 1940. Not awarded. 88 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 41. 1941. Not awarded. 42. 1942. Not awarded. 43. 1943. Stern: molecular ray method & magnetic moment of the proton. 44. 1944. Rabi: Recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. 45. 1945. Pauli: His Exclusionary principle. 46. 1946. Bridgman: High pressure physics. 47. 1947. Appleton: Investigations of the upper atmosphere. 48. 1948. Blackett: Wilson cloud chamber method. 49. 1949. Yukawa: Mesons & nuclear forces. 50. 1950 Powell: Photographing mesons. 89 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 51. 1951. Cockcroft & Walton: Transmutation of atomic nuclei. 52. 1952. Block & Purcell: Nuclear magnetics. 53. 1953. Zernike: Phase contrast microscope. 54. 1954. Born: Quantum Mechanics, wave function. 55. 1955. Lamb & Kusch: The Hydrogen spectrum & the magnetic moment of the electron. 56. 1956. Shockley, Bardeen & Brattain: The semiconductor & transistors. 57. 1957. Yang & Lee: Parity laws of elementary particles. 58. 1958. Čerenkov, Frank & Tamm: The Čerenkov effect. 59. 1959. Segrē & Chamberlain: The antiproton. 90 60. 1960. Glaser: The Bubble chamber. WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 61.1961. Hofstadter & Mössbauer: Electron scattering & nucleons; γ-rays & his effect. 62.1962. Landau: Liquid helium & condensed matter. 63.1963. Wigner, Mayer, & Jensen: Symmetry principles of atomic nuclei & Nuclear shell structure. 64.1964. Townes, Basov, & Prochorov: Quantum electronics → maser-laser principle oscillators & amplifiers. 65.1965. Feynman, Schwinger, & Tomonaga (Dyson): Quantum electrodynamics, q.e.d. 91 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 66. 1966. Kastler: Optical methodologies for Hertzian resonance in atoms. 67. 1967. Bethe: Nuclear reactions → Energy production in stars (Fusion). 68. 1968. Alvarez: Elementary particle resonance states with hydrogen bubble chamber. 69. 1969. Gell-Mann: The particle zoo, (The Quark & the jaguar). 70. 1970. Alvén & Néel: Magneto-hydrodynamics, antiferromagnetism & ferrimagnetism → applications in solid state physics. 92 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 71. 1971. Gabor: Holography. 72. 1972. Bardeen, Cooper & Schrieffer: Superconductivity. 73. 1973. Esaki, Giaever, & Josephson: Tunneling in super-current superconductors. 74. 1974. Hewish & Ryle Pulsars & radioastronomy. 75. 1975. Bohr, Mottelson & Rainwater: The structure & motion or the atomic nucleus. 93 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 76. 1976. Richter & Ting: Particle discovery. 77. 1977. Anderson, Mott & Van Vleck: Electronic structure of magnetic & disordered systems. 78. 1978. Kapitza, Penzias & Wilson: Low temperature physics & Cosmic microwave background radiation (Smoot). 79. 1979. Glashow, Salam & Weinberg: Electro-Weak Unification. 80. 1980. Cronin & Fitch: Violation of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K mesons. 94 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 81. 1981. Bloembergen, Schawlow & Siegbahn: Laser & electron spectroscopy. 82. 1982. Wilson: How temperature & pressure changes matter. 83. 1983. Chandrasekhar & Fowler: The evolution of stars (his limit), Formation of chemical elements in the universe. 84. 1984. Rubbia & der Meer: Particles W & Z; the Weak interaction. 85. 1985. Klitzing: Quantized Hall resistance. 95 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 86. 1986. Binnig, Rohrer & Ruska: Electron microscope & scanning-tunneling. 87. 1987. Bednorz & Müller: New class of superconductors. 88. 1988. Lederman, Schwartz & Steinberg: Neutrino beam & muon neutrino. 89. 1989. Dehmelt, Paul & Ramsey: 90. 1990. Friedman, Kendall & Taylor: 96 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 91. 1991. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes: 92. 1992. Charpak: 93. 1993. Hulse & Taylor: 94. 1994. Brockhouse & Shull: 95. 1995. Perl & Reines 96. 1996. Douglas, Osheroff & Richardson: 97. 1997. Chu, Cohen-Tannoudji & Phelps: 98. 1998. Laughin, Störmer & Tsul: 99. 1999. Hooft & Veltman: 100. 2000. Alferov, Kilby & Kroemer: 97 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 101. 2001. Cornell, Ketterie & Wieman: 102. 2002. Davis, Giacconi & Koshiba: 103. 2003. Abriksov, Ginzberg & Leggett: 104. 2004. Gross, Politzer & Wilczek: 105. 2005. Giauber, Hall & Hänsch: 106. 2006. Mather & Smoot: ( Mapping CMB). 107. 2007. Fert & Grünberg: 108. 2008. Kobayashi, Maskawa & Nambu: 109. 2009. Boyle, Kao & Smith: Fiber-optic cables & CCD sensors, an imaging semiconductor circuit. 110. 2010. 98 WINNERS OF THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 111. 2011. 112. 2012. 113. 2013. (Predictive) 114. 2014. (Predictive) 115. 2015. (Predictive) 116. 2016. (Predictive) 117. 2017. (Predictive) 118. 2018. (Predictive) 119. 2019. (Predictive) 120. 2020. (Predictive) 99