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Geol 101: Physical Geology
Fall 2007
EXAM 1
Write your name out in full on the scantron form and fill in the corresponding
ovals to spell out your name. Also fill in your student ID number in the space
provided. Do not include the dash and do not leave any spaces. Make sure you
have all 8 pages of the exam. There are 55 questions. For each question, select
the correct answer and fill in your choice on the scantron form. You MUST use
pencil on the scantron form!
1.
The father of modern geology, James Hutton, hypothesized that the Earth was
much older than had previously been suggested, and promoted the notion that
“the present is the key to the past,” a concept also known as:
A. the rule of ages
B. the principle of catastrophism
C. the principle of sectarianism
D. the principle of uniformitarianism
E. the secularism hypothesis
2.
Which of the following does NOT belong in a list of Earth systems?
A. lithosphere
B. hydrosphere
C. biosphere
D. asthenosphere
E. atmosphere
3.
Which of the following combinations are all considered to be terrestrial
planets?:
A. Mercury – Mars – Earth – Jupiter
B. Mars – Venus – Earth – Jupiter
C. Moon – Venus– Mars– Earth
D. Pluto – Saturn – Neptune – Uranus
E. Mercury – Venus – Earth – Mars
4. The process by which the Earth divided up into layers with different
densities is called:
A. the big bang
B. nuclear fusion
C. densification
D. planetary layering
E. differentiation
5.
A rock with
would have a
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a density that is five times greater than the density of water
density of:
5 kg
500 g/cm3
5 g/cm3
500 lbs
water has no density
6.
The densest type of crust has a density of about 3 g/cm3 and is comprised
predominantly of basalt. What type of crust is this?
A. continental
B. oceanic
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C. lithospheric
D. asthenospheric
E. none of the above because all crustal rocks have the same
density
7.
The correct order of layers in the Earth from the center towards the surface
is:
A. crust, asthenosphere, lithosphere, mantle, core
B. crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outer core,
inner core
C. core, mantle, crust
D. lithosphere, lower mantle, asthenosphere, outer core, inner core
E. asthenosphere, lithosphere, mantle, core
8.
The lithosphere is made up of:
A. solid rock that behaves in a soft and squishy manner, like salt
water taffy
B. the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle
C. the highest density rocks of all the Earth’s internal layers
D. continental crust and oceanic crust only
E. magma
9.
The asthenosphere is made up of:
A. solid rock that behaves in a soft and squishy manner, like salt
water taffy
B. the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle
C. the highest density rocks of all the Earth’s internal layers
D. continental crust and oceanic crust only
E. magma
10. Which of Earth’s internal layers is completely liquid?
A. crust
B. asthenosphere
C. outer core
D. inner core
E. all layers except the lithosphere are completely liquid
11.
12.
The theory of plate tectonics began as an unproven concept of introduced
in 1910 by Alfred Wegener, called:
A. seafloor spreading
B. subduction
C. continental drift
D. paleomagnetic reversals
E. jigsaw geology
Evidence that North America used to be connected to Europe is given by the
fact that the following two mountain chains seem to match up from one
continent to the other when they are brought back together:
A. Rockies and Caledonides
B. Rockies and Himalayas
C. Appalachians and Himalayas
D. Appalachians and Alps
E. Appalachians and Caledonides
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13.
14.
Which of the following continents is NOT considered to have been part of
Gondwana before it broke apart?
A. Africa
B. North America
C. South America
D. Australia
E. Antarctica
One line of evidence that Africa and South America used to be one continent
is that they both show fossil evidence of a type of plant with large seeds.
This plant was called:
A. Cynognathus
B. Glossopteris
C. Coreander
D. Mesosaurus
E. Lystrosaurus
15.
North America and Europe seem to show different paleomagnetic north pole
locations for similar-aged rocks in the time period 400-160 million years ago.
The reason for this is:
A. there was more than one north pole when these rocks formed
B. the pole was wandering around so the paleomagnetic record is
inaccurate
C. the poles are really the same but seem different because North America and
Europe later drifted apart
D. the rocks on each continent cannot be similar in age, as was
originally thought
E. the magnetic poles kept reversing so the paleomagnetic record is not
reliable
16.
Which of the following statements about paleomagnetism at spreading ridges
is TRUE?
A. there is no clear paleomagnetic signal in rocks at spreading ridges
B. rocks along spreading ridges show the same paleomagnetic north, no
matter what their age
C. the paleomagnetic pattern on one side of a ridge is the mirror image
of the other side of the ridge
D. there is evidence that Earth’s magnetic poles reverse every 11 years
or so
E. the paleomagnetic characteristics of rocks next to spreading ridges
are still unknown
17.
18.
As a result of seafloor spreading:
A. new ocean crust is generated at ridges to accommodate the plates
moving apart
B. continents attached to the plates on each side of the ridge
slowly move apart
C. the age of ocean crust increases with increasing distance away
from the ridge
D. a record of paleomagnetic reversals is recorded in rocks that
formed at the ridge
E. all of the above
The fastest plate motion velocity that has been measured anywhere on Earth
is 18 cm/yr, which occurs at the:
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
19.
20.
San Andreas fault
Mid-Atlantic ridge
East Pacific Rise
Juan de Fuca spreading ridge
Cascadia subduction zone
The three primary types of tectonic plate boundaries are:
A. normal, reverse, and strike-slip
B. active, passive, and extinct
C. divergent, convergent, and transform
D. seismic, volcanic, and subducting
E. ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent
The East African Rift Valley is an example of the following type of plate
boundary:
A. convergent
B. passive
C. continent-continent
D. divergent
E. transform
21. Which of the following features would be characteristic of an ocean-ocean
convergent boundary?
A. island arc
B. suture zone
C. transform fault
D. rift valley
E. volcanic arc
22.
The top of Mt. Everest exhibits (1) __________ which indicates that (2)
___________.
A. (1) a suture zone
(2) it must be an ocean-continent
plate boundary
B. (1) a crater
(2) it must be a volcano
C. (1) constant elevation
(2) the collision between India and
Asia is now complete
D. (1) glacial features
(2) it used to be near the south pole
as part of Gondwana
E. (1) sea shell fossils
(2) it is made of old ocean floor that
got uplifted during collision
23.
The Hawaiian Islands are an example of volcanoes that formed directly above
a mantle plume, creating a type of feature at the Earth’s surface called a:
A. convection cell
B. hot spot
C. subduction zone
D. mid-ocean ridge
E. lava lamp
24. In the Celsius
(2)____°C.
A. (1)
B. (1)
C. (1)
temperature scale, water freezes at (1) ____°C and boils at
100 (2) 0
0
(2) 100
1.8 (2) 32
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D.
E.
25.
(1) 32 (2) 212
the Celsius scale is not applicable to water
The smallest fundamental substance into which you can break down any
compound using either physical or chemical means (e.g. crushing or
dissolving) is:
A. a proton
B. a mineral
C. a nucleus
D. an element
E. an electron
26. In an atom, the particles with negative, positive, and neutral charges (in
that order) are:
A. electrons, neutrons, protons
B. electrons, protons, neutrons
C. protons, electrons, neutrons
D. neutrons, electrons, protons
E. positrons, negatrons, morons
27. If three atoms all have the same atomic number but different mass numbers,
then these atoms must be:
A. molecules
B. minerals
C. nuclei
D. isotopes
E. cations
28. An atom that loses electrons forms a/an (1) ______ whereas an atom that
gains electrons forms a/an (2) ______.
A. (1) cation
(2) anion
B. (1) anion
(2) cation
C. (1) ion
(2) molecule
D. (1) molecule
(2) anion
E. (1) anion
(2) ion
29.
Which of the following types of chemical bonding forms the strongest bonds?
A. ionic
B. covalent
C. metallic
D. van der Waals
E. hydrogen bonds
30. In which of the following types of chemical bonding do electrons tend to
drift around from atom to atom?
A. ionic
B. covalent
C. metallic
D. van der Waals
E. hydrogen bonds
31.
Which of the following fits the definition of a mineral?
A. naturally occurring
B. solid at room temperature
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C.
D.
E.
32.
has a characteristic crystal structure
has a general chemical formula
all of the above
If all minerals MUST be inorganically formed, which of the following
substances cannot possibly be a mineral?
A. table salt
B. ice
C. mica
D. quartz
E. coal
33. Volcanic glass is not a mineral because it fails to meet the following
criterion:
A. naturally occurring
B. solid at room temperature
C. inorganically formed
D. has a general chemical formula
E. all of the above
34. Quartz is generally defined as being “pure silica” yet it can form with a
variety of colors. This is possible because:
A. silica naturally forms with a variety of colors
B. quartz always changes color depending on the type of light
hitting it
C. atomic substitution causes some Si atoms to get replaced by
different impurity atoms
D. there is no such thing as pure silica
E. the charge of the silica anion can vary, which causes different
colors
35. The two most abundant elements, comprising about 84% of all the atoms in
the Earth’s crust, are:
A. silicon and aluminum
B. chlorine and sodium
C. hydrogen and helium
D. iron and oxygen
E. oxygen and silicon
36. Minerals that contain a chemical combination of silicon and oxygen are
called:
A. silicates
B. non-silicates
C. carbonates
D. sulfides
E. oxides
37.
Which of the following mineral families does not belong with the others?
A. phosphates
B. silicates
C. carbonates
D. sulfides
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E.
38. The silica
_________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
oxides
anion contains (1) _______ arranged into a shape called a (2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
one silicon and one oxygen
one silicon and four oxygens
four silicons and one oxygen
four silicons and four oxygens
one silicon and four oxygens
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
silicate
tetrahedron
pyramid
tetrahedron
pyramid
39. If a silicate mineral is referred to as ferromagnesian, it MUST contain the
following:
A. iron and sodium
B. magnesium and calcium
C. iron and magnesium
D. calcium and aluminum
E. magnesium and sodium
40.
Two polymorphs or carbon are:
A. graphite and lead
B. graphite and pyrite
C. diamond and quartz
D. diamond and graphite
E. limestone and chalk
41. On average, temperature increases about 25ºC per km depth into the earth.
This rate of increase is called the:
A. geothermal gradient
B. isothermal gradient
C. hydrothermal gradient
D. mesothermal gradient
E. Celsius scale
42.
A mineral that is heated up and melts at 800°C in an oven at the Earth’s
surface may remain solid at 800°C deep down in the Earth because:
A. there is less water present
B. oxygen in the atmosphere affects the melting temperature
C. mineral types must be different inside the Earth than at the
surface
D. all minerals remain solid in the Earth’s crust
E. the melting temperature rises as pressure increases
43.
After partial melting of a rock occurs in the Earth’s crust, the process
whereby the melt is squeezed away from the remaining solid portion of the
rock is called:
A. the squeegee effect
B. volcanic eruption
C. fractionation
D. magmatic differentiation
E. Bowen’s reaction series
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44. The different types of magma, listed in order from lowest to highest silica
content, are:
A. felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic
B. felsic, mafic, intermediate, ultramafic
C. mafic, ultramafic, intermediate, felsic
D. ultramafic, mafic, felsic, intermediate
E. ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, felsic
45.
The viscosity of lava is a measure of:
A. the temperature when melting occurs
B. the speed it flows
C. the amount of silica present in the lava
D. the ability of the lava to resist flowing downhill
E. the amount of dissolved gas in the lava
46.
When lava erupts and cools, if may cause small crystals to grow around
larger phenocrysts that formed in the magma before it got erupted. The
resultant type of igneous rock texture with both small and large crystals is:
A. aphanitic
B. phaneritic
C. porphyritic
D. pyroclastic
E. vesicular
47.
The type of igneous rock texture where the rock is full of gas bubbles that
froze in place is called:
A. aphanitic
B. phaneritic
C. porphyritic
D. pyroclastic
E. vesicular
48. In Bowen’s Reaction Series, the very first mineral to crystallize in the
discontinuous branch is:
A. quartz
B. plagioclase feldspar
C. olivine
D. pyroxene
E. calcite
49.
Igneous rocks that have similar minerals but with different crystal sizes
have different names. Rhyolite is fine-grained because it forms from lava.
The coarse-grained plutonic equivalent that forms from magma is called:
A. andesite
B. gabbro
C. rhyolite
D. granite
E. basalt
50.
Igneous rocks that form below the Earth's surface are referred to as
plutonic. The largest type of pluton is a:
A. dike
B. batholith
C. sill
D. laccolith
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E.
volcanic pipe
BONUS QUESTIONS
51.
The supercontinent that broke apart to form Gondwana and Laurasia was
called:
A. Wegener
B. Pangea
C. Tethys
D. Panthalassa
E. Kattenhornia
52.
The age of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
53.
The hardest known mineral is:
A. quartz
B.
calcite
C. gypsum
D. talc
E. diamond
54.
Newly discovered minerals are named:
A. after places where they were discovered
B. after people who discovered them
C. based on their chemistry
D. based on their physical appearance
E. any of the criteria listed above are okay for naming minerals
55.
the oldest oceanic crust in any of the world’s oceans is:
4600 million years
1200 million years
500 million years
180 million years
70 million years
I have made sure that my name and student ID number are correctly filled in
on the scantron sheet and I will remember to hand in the scantron sheet and
take the test question sheet with me when I leave. I will check my grade on
the WebCT website.
A.
yes
B. no
C. confused
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