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Name _______________ Blk _____ Chapter 3 – The Immune System Protects the Human Body 3.1 The Immune System (pages 100-106) 1) 150 years ago, what were the chances that you might die from having surgery? _____________________ 2) Joseph Lister’s research suggested that ______________________ in the _______ might be the cause of the high death rate. 3) What is another word for “germs”? _________________ 4) What solution did Joseph Lister come up with to help reduce the death rate after surgery? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 5) What did Joseph Lister do to ‘test’ out his hypothesis? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 6) Was he correct in his thinking? _____________________ 7) Disease-causing organisms and substances can infect people and cause _____________________________. 8) Look at table 3.1. Name the four WAYS to transmit infectious disease listed in your text book. a. _________________________________ b. _________________________________ c. _________________________________ d. _________________________________ 1 Name _______________ Blk _____ FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE 9) What is the name of the system in the body that helps defend against pathogens? ________________________ 10) What is the first line of defense against infectious diseases? _____________________________________________ 11) How does your skin STOP pathogens from entering your body? __________________________________________ 12) How does your skin STOP the GROWTH of pathogens on it’s SURFACE? _____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 13) How does the lining of the stomach stop pathogens from attacking the digestive system? _______________________________________________ 14) How does the inside of the nose stop pathogens from entering the respiratory system? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE 15) If a pathogen makes it past the first line of defense, your body can mount an ___________________________ 16) Whether or not this second line of defense is successful depends on your body’s ability to _____________________________________________ 17) What does your immune system do to unknown cells (invaders)? ____________________________________ 2 Name _______________ Blk _____ 18) The second line of defense includes two types of immune responses. What are they? a. _____________________________________ b. _____________________________________ 19) Which of the above two types are all living things able to mount because they are born with it? ___________________________________ INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE 20) The innate immune response to invading pathogens is ____________ and _________________________. 21) Innate immune responses are usually mounted against ___________________ and ______________________ 22) What is the first action in the innate immune response? _____________________________________ 23) What is the result of the first action in the body (what does it cause?) ____________________________ 24) What is another word for swelling and redness in an area of the body? _____________________________ 25) Look at figure 3.5 on page 103. This is a picture of inflamed tonsils (known as tonsillitis). What causes this to happen? _____________________________________ 26) Along with inflammation, the body increases the number of _________________ cells. These are also called ___________________________. 27) Describe how these cells fight infection: ______________________________________________ 28) Draw your own picture illustrating an innate immune response: 3 Name _______________ Blk _____ ACQUIRED IMMUNE RESPONSE 29) What is an acquired immune response? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 29) What is an antigen? ___________________________ _______________________________________________ 30) How is an antigen different from a pathogen? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 31) Your immune system can mount an acquired immune response in two ways. Both ways involve which type of white blood cells? ________________ and __________________ 32) How long might this type of immune response take? _____________________________________________ B CELLS IN ACTION 33) In the first process in an acquired immune response, what do the B cells do? __________________________________ 34) What particles do B cells produce to fight antigens? _____________________________________________ 35) How do these particles help stop infection? (2 ways): a. ___________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________ 36) See figure 3.7 on page 104. This diagram is given again below. Label the diagram to show the antigens, antibodies and antigenbinding sites. 4 Name _______________ Blk _____ T CELLS IN ACTION 37) The second process in an acquired immune response begins when an antigen or pathogen is _____________________________________________. 38) After a white blood cell recognizes an antigen, it signals for new cells to be produced. These cells are called __________ 39) What do these cells do? ___________________________ ______________________________________________ 40) After B cells produce antibodies that can attack the antigen, what happens to some of the antibodies? ______________________________________________ 41) Why is it good to have some antibodies remaining in the body? ______________________________________________ 42) Look at figure 3.8 on page 105. In the boxes below, draw each stage of an acquired immune response (label your drawings). Recognition Mobilization Disposal Immunity 5 Name _______________ Blk _____ 43) A second type of T cell is called the __________________ 44) How are these T cells different from other T cells? _____________________________________________ 44) All acquired immune responses give you __________________________________________ 45) Why do people (usually) get chicken pox ONLY once? ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 46) What is the name given to B cells that remember antigens and pathogens and can be reactivated if the same invader reappears? _________________________________ 3.2 Factors Affecting the Immune System (p.110-117) JENNER’S FAMOUS EXPERIMENT 47) Outline how Edward Jenner later developed a vaccine for smallpox. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ VACCINES 48) You can think of a vaccine as a _______________ form of a disease. 49) Vaccines work by stimulating your immune system to create _________________ against the disease. 50) If the antigen enters your body in the future, the antibodies can be __________________. 6 Name _______________ Blk _____ DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 51) Sometimes the immune system __________________, working against the body rather than protecting it. ALLERGIES 52) An _________________ is an unusually high sensitivity to some substance. 53) Any substance that causes an allergic reaction is called an ___________________. 54) Common symptoms of an allergy, such as a runny nose and watery eyes, result from a side effect of a substance called ___________________. 55) Define anaphylactic shock. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) 56) To date, AIDS has resulted in the death of more than _________________ people worldwide and currently affects more than _________________ people. 57) AIDS is caused by the __________________________________ virus. 58) Explain the difference between AIDS and HIV. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 7 Name _______________ Blk _____ 59) What TWO body fluids is HIV mainly transmitted in? _____________________ _____________________ 60) Explain why it has been very difficult to develop a vaccine for AIDS. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Just for laughs.... 8