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ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 09/19/12 Anatomical Terminology (chapter 1 reading) Objectives Describe the body orientation which defines the anatomical position Define the directional terms used to describe the relationships of body parts to one another Use the correct terms for the body areas, body planes, and body cavities Use the correct terms to identify the position within the abdominal cavity by both quadrant and region nomenclatures Anatomical position: THE reference standard Standing erect, feet pointing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward Supine: lying down, face up Prone: lying down, face down Directional Terms: o Superior: going in the direction towards the head o Inferior: going in the direction towards the feet o Cranial: going in the direction towards the cranial o Caudal: going in the direction towards the ‘tail’ o Medial: towards the middle o Lateral: towards the side/outside o Anterior/Ventral: Front of the body/facing forward o Posterior/Dorsal: Back of the body o Proximal: closer to the site where the limb is connected to the body o Distal: towards the end of the limb (relative to the point of connection) o Superficial: at, near, or relatively close to the body surface o Deep: farther from the body surface Body Regions: o Cephalon Head o Cervicis Neck o Thoracis Thorax or chest o Brachium Arm o Anetbrachium Forearm o Carpus Wrist o Manus Hand o Abdomen Abdominal Region o Lumbus Loin/Lumbar region o Gluteus Buttock o Pelvis Pelvic region o Pubis anterior pelvis o Inguen Groin o Femur Thigh o Crus Anterior leg o Sura Calf o Tarsus Ankle o Pes Foot o Planta Sole Body Planes o Sectional Anatomy Plane: a three-dimensional axis Section: a slice parallel to a place o o o Used to visualize internal organization and structure Important in radiological techniques (MRI, PET, CT) Transverse or horizontal: separates superior and inferior portions of the body. A cut in this plane is called a cross section o Sagittal: separated right and lift portions. You examine a sagittal section, you section sagittally o Midsagittal: this plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left sides o Parasagittal: is a cut parallel to the midsagittal plane; separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size o Frontal or coronal: separates anterior and posterior portions of the body; coronal usually refers to section passing through the skull. Body Cavities o Body cavities have two essential functions Protect organs from accidental shocks Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs o Ventral Body cavity Divided by the diaphragm into: Thoracic cavity o Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm o Subdivided into: Right Pleural cavity surrounds right lung Mediastinum contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels Also contains Pericardial Cavity, which surrounds the heart Left Pleural Cavity surrounds left lung Abdominopelvic cavity o Contains the peritoneal cavity o Includes the: Abdominal Cavity: contains many digestive glands and organs Pelvic Cavity: contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract Provides protection; allows organ movement; lining prevents friction Quadrant System: one method used to describe relative positions within the abdominopelvic cavity. Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines are drawn through the umbilicus (belly button) o Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) o Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) o Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) o Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) Region System: a second method used to describe relative positions within the abdominopelvic cavity. Imaginary vertical lines are drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles; one horizontal line at the level of the lowest rid, a second horizontal line at the top of the hip bones. o Right/Left hypochondriac region (upper) o Right/Left lumbar region (middle) o Right/Left inguinal region (lower) o Epigastric Region: upper middle o Umbilical region: center/middle region o Hypogastric (pubic) region: lower middle Skeletal Anatomy; main focus: learning names of major bones The Axial Skeleton (text reading: ch. 7) The axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of body (skull and trunk, plus a few stragglers) Skull 8 cranial bones; 14 facial bones Vertebral column: 24 vertebrae; sacrum; coccyx Thoracic cage: 24 ribs; sternum Functions: o Supports and protects organs in body cavities o Provides attachment sites for limbs (appendicular skeleton) o Provides attachment sites for muscles Head, neck, trunk, respiratory muscles The Skull Cranial Bones o Enclose the cranial cavity which contains the brain and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membranes Facial Bones o Superficial facial bones for muscle attachment o Deep facial bones separate the oral and nasal cavities Contains 22 bones o Cranial Bones (8) from the braincase or cranium o Facial Bones (14) protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts Other features of the skull o Sinuses = cavities that decrease the weight of the skull Lined with mucous membranes Protect the entrances of the respiratory system o Sutures = the immovable joints of the skull Note that a joint is any place where bone meets bone Bones to know o Occipital o Parietal o Temporal o Sphenoid o Zygomatic o Frontal o Mandible o Maxilla o Nasal The Foramen Magnum is a large hole on the inferior side of the occipital bone The spinal cord is continuous up through the foramen magnum to become the brainstem Suture joints hold the cranial bones tightly together o Fibrous connective tissue ties bones together so they can’t move relative to one another: creates a solid unit to protect the brain o Temporal area is a potential point of weakness The cranial bones of an infant’s skull are not fused o Connected by fibrous connective tissue o Allows the flexibility in passage of head through birth canal and for final growth of brain o Fontanelles = ‘soft spots’ The Hyoid Bone o Lies posterior to mandible o Only bone that doesn’t have an articulation with another bone o Support role: attachment point for muscles of throat, voice box, and tongue The Vertebral Column The spine or vertebral column o Protects the spinal cord o Supports the head and body o 26 bones (24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and the coccyx) Vertebrae o The neck Seven cervical vertebrae o The upper back 12 thoracic vertebrae Each articulates with one or more pair of ribs o The lower back Five lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Vertebrae are designated by letter abbreviations indicating level and within each level are numbered from superior to inferior o By region, from top (superior) to bottom (inferior) Cervical (C) Thoracic (T) Lumbar (L) Sacral (S) Coccygeal (Co) C1 is the highest vertebra and it articulates with the skull L5 is the lowest lumbar vertebra and articulates with the sacrum o Vertebrae of each region have characteristics determined by functions Stacking the vertebrae into a column o Vertebral bodies line up over one another Weight bearing portion Note great changes in size from cervical to lumbar levels Key principle – bones that bear more weight are bigger o Spinous processes point posteriorly o Vertebral foramina line up over one another Create vertebral canal which encloses and protects spinal cord