Download ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 09-19

ANPS 019 Beneyto-Santonja 09/19/12
Anatomical Terminology (chapter 1 reading)  Objectives
 Describe the body orientation which defines the anatomical position
 Define the directional terms used to describe the relationships of body parts to one
another
 Use the correct terms for the body areas, body planes, and body cavities
 Use the correct terms to identify the position within the abdominal cavity by both
quadrant and region nomenclatures
Anatomical position: THE reference standard
 Standing erect, feet pointing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward
 Supine: lying down, face up
 Prone: lying down, face down
 Directional Terms:
o Superior: going in the direction towards the head
o Inferior: going in the direction towards the feet
o Cranial: going in the direction towards the cranial
o Caudal: going in the direction towards the ‘tail’
o Medial: towards the middle
o Lateral: towards the side/outside
o Anterior/Ventral: Front of the body/facing forward
o Posterior/Dorsal: Back of the body
o Proximal: closer to the site where the limb is connected to the body
o Distal: towards the end of the limb (relative to the point of connection)
o Superficial: at, near, or relatively close to the body surface
o Deep: farther from the body surface
 Body Regions:
o Cephalon  Head
o Cervicis  Neck
o Thoracis  Thorax or chest
o Brachium  Arm
o Anetbrachium  Forearm
o Carpus  Wrist
o Manus  Hand
o Abdomen  Abdominal Region
o Lumbus  Loin/Lumbar region
o Gluteus  Buttock
o Pelvis  Pelvic region
o Pubis  anterior pelvis
o Inguen  Groin
o Femur  Thigh
o Crus  Anterior leg
o Sura  Calf
o Tarsus  Ankle
o Pes  Foot
o Planta  Sole
 Body Planes
o Sectional Anatomy
 Plane: a three-dimensional axis
 Section: a slice parallel to a place
o
o
o
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Used to visualize internal organization and structure
Important in radiological techniques (MRI, PET, CT)
Transverse or horizontal: separates superior and inferior portions of the body. A
cut in this plane is called a cross section
o Sagittal: separated right and lift portions. You examine a sagittal section, you
section sagittally
o Midsagittal: this plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right
and left sides
o Parasagittal: is a cut parallel to the midsagittal plane; separates the body into
right and left portions of unequal size
o Frontal or coronal: separates anterior and posterior portions of the body; coronal
usually refers to section passing through the skull.
Body Cavities
o Body cavities have two essential functions
 Protect organs from accidental shocks
 Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs
o Ventral Body cavity
 Divided by the diaphragm into:
 Thoracic cavity
o Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm
o Subdivided into:
 Right Pleural cavity  surrounds right lung
 Mediastinum  contains the trachea, esophagus,
and major vessels
 Also contains Pericardial Cavity, which
surrounds the heart
 Left Pleural Cavity  surrounds left lung
 Abdominopelvic cavity
o Contains the peritoneal cavity
o Includes the:
 Abdominal Cavity: contains many digestive
glands and organs
 Pelvic Cavity: contains urinary bladder,
reproductive organs, last portion of digestive
tract
 Provides protection; allows organ movement; lining prevents friction
Quadrant System: one method used to describe relative positions within the
abdominopelvic cavity. Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines are drawn through the
umbilicus (belly button)
o Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
o Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
o Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
o Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Region System: a second method used to describe relative positions within the
abdominopelvic cavity. Imaginary vertical lines are drawn through the midpoints of the
clavicles; one horizontal line at the level of the lowest rid, a second horizontal line at the
top of the hip bones.
o Right/Left hypochondriac region (upper)
o Right/Left lumbar region (middle)
o Right/Left inguinal region (lower)
o Epigastric Region: upper middle
o Umbilical region: center/middle region
o Hypogastric (pubic) region: lower middle
Skeletal Anatomy; main focus: learning names of major bones
The Axial Skeleton (text reading: ch. 7)
 The axial skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of body (skull and trunk, plus a few
stragglers)
 Skull  8 cranial bones; 14 facial bones
 Vertebral column: 24 vertebrae; sacrum; coccyx
 Thoracic cage: 24 ribs; sternum
 Functions:
o Supports and protects organs in body cavities
o Provides attachment sites for limbs (appendicular skeleton)
o Provides attachment sites for muscles
 Head, neck, trunk, respiratory muscles
The Skull
 Cranial Bones
o Enclose the cranial cavity which contains the brain and its fluids, blood vessels,
nerves, and membranes
 Facial Bones
o Superficial facial bones for muscle attachment
o Deep facial bones separate the oral and nasal cavities
 Contains 22 bones
o Cranial Bones (8)  from the braincase or cranium
o Facial Bones (14)  protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory
tracts
 Other features of the skull
o Sinuses = cavities that decrease the weight of the skull
 Lined with mucous membranes
 Protect the entrances of the respiratory system
o Sutures = the immovable joints of the skull
 Note that a joint is any place where bone meets bone
 Bones to know
o Occipital
o Parietal
o Temporal
o Sphenoid
o Zygomatic
o Frontal
o Mandible
o Maxilla
o Nasal
 The Foramen Magnum is a large hole on the inferior side of the occipital bone
 The spinal cord is continuous up through the foramen magnum to become the brainstem
 Suture joints hold the cranial bones tightly together
o Fibrous connective tissue ties bones together so they can’t move relative to one
another: creates a solid unit to protect the brain
o Temporal area is a potential point of weakness
 The cranial bones of an infant’s skull are not fused
o Connected by fibrous connective tissue
o
Allows the flexibility in passage of head through birth canal and for final growth
of brain
o Fontanelles = ‘soft spots’
 The Hyoid Bone
o Lies posterior to mandible
o Only bone that doesn’t have an articulation with another bone
o Support role: attachment point for muscles of throat, voice box, and tongue
The Vertebral Column
 The spine or vertebral column
o Protects the spinal cord
o Supports the head and body
o 26 bones (24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and the coccyx)
 Vertebrae
o The neck
 Seven cervical vertebrae
o The upper back
 12 thoracic vertebrae
 Each articulates with one or more pair of ribs
o The lower back
 Five lumbar vertebrae
 Sacrum
 Coccyx
 Vertebrae are designated by letter abbreviations indicating level and within each level are
numbered from superior to inferior
o By region, from top (superior) to bottom (inferior)
 Cervical (C)
 Thoracic (T)
 Lumbar (L)
 Sacral (S)
 Coccygeal (Co)
 C1 is the highest vertebra and it articulates with the skull
 L5 is the lowest lumbar vertebra and articulates with the sacrum
o Vertebrae of each region have characteristics determined by functions
 Stacking the vertebrae into a column
o Vertebral bodies line up over one another
 Weight bearing portion
 Note great changes in size from cervical to lumbar levels
 Key principle – bones that bear more weight are bigger
o Spinous processes point posteriorly
o Vertebral foramina line up over one another
 Create vertebral canal which encloses and protects spinal cord