* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download classificaiton2005
Survey
Document related concepts
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal lineage marker wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Adoptive cell transfer wikipedia , lookup
Precambrian body plans wikipedia , lookup
Dictyostelium discoideum wikipedia , lookup
Cell-penetrating peptide wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of life wikipedia , lookup
Regeneration in humans wikipedia , lookup
Microbial cooperation wikipedia , lookup
Cell (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Classification of Organisms 1. Aristotle developed 1st classification system 2. Linneaus began the modern system of classification 3. Today we use a phylogenetic classification system -it uses binomial nomenclature (2 word naming system) -organisms are classified in a hierarchy of taxa -kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, specie (from the broadest to the most specific) 4. Things biologists use to classify organisms are similarities in phylogeny (evolutionary relationships), structure, development, biochemistry and behavior 5. 5 or 6 Kingdoms -Monerans – prokaryotes without membrane bound nuclei (bacteria) -now being divided into 2 kingdoms; archaebacteria and eubacteria -Protists – eukaryotes without complex organ systems, usually live in water or moist environments (protozoans, algae, and slime molds) -Fungi – eukaryotes that obtain food by absorption -Plants – multicellular eukaryotes that produce own food -Animals – multicellular eukaryotes that are consumers (lack cell wall) Viruses 1. History -in ancient Romevirus meant poison or venomous secretion -“attack” all kinds of organisms a. examples of animal viruses, table 21.3 b. most viruses are specie specific -each type of virus can multiply only in certain hosts -ex. bacteriophages infect bacteria -rabies is an exception -today defined as noncellular infectious agents with 2 characteristics a. made of only nucleic acids (usually RNA) and proteins -the protein coat protects the genetic material and helps the virus bind to receptors on host cell -genes for many viral proteins mutate at high frequencies b. cannot reproduce themselves, they need a host cell to accomplish this 2. smaller than bacteria 3. not considered living because they don’t meet the 4 criteria for life, the only thing they “do” is reproduce and they need a host to accomplish this 4. because they are nonliving, they are not included in the 6 kingdoms and they are not given Latin names 5. in order for a virus to reproduce, it must first get into a host cell -this is done by the recognition of and attachment to a specific receptor molecule on the host cell plasma membrane -this means that most viruses are specie specific and sometimes even cell type specific, because they must recognize a certain receptor on the host cell 6. 5 basic steps in viral multiplication -attachment -penetration -replication (synthesis)] -assembly -release 1 7. they have 2 reproductive cycles (some viruses use only one type, some use both) -lytic cycle -attachment to host cell, entry (inject nucleic acid into host cell), replication (host DNA is destroyed and viral nucleic acid and proteins are produced), assembly (new virus particles are assembled), lysis and release (the host cell is broken open releasing all of the newly produced virus) -usually kills host cell -lysogenic cycle -attachment and entry, provirus formation (viral nucleic acid becomes part of host chromosome), cell division (provirus is inactive/latent but replicated within the host nucleic acid) -can go into the lytic cycle at any time when “triggered” (we don’t know exactly what can trigger the virus), the provirus comes out of the host nucleic acid and begins the lytic cycle -page 358 7. non-virus infectious agents; -viroids (naked strands of RNA) -mainly cause plant disease -prions (protein particles) -ex. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Kuru, Mad-Cow Prokaryote (“before nucleus”, no membrane bound organelles) classification 1. General -most abundant & most far flung kingdom -longest evolutionary history -not all “bad” -small, non-elaborate structure, but they aren’t “simple” or inferior -not well represented in the fossil record -classified by comparing traits of new unidentified cells with those of a known group a. traits usually include: shape, motility, staining attributes, nutritional requirements, metabolic patterns and endospores (a small asexual spore, as that formed by some bacteria) b. the more in common, the closer the relationship is inferred to be -used to be Monerans, now being considered as 2 separate kingdoms (archaebacteria and eubacteria) -remember, early prokaryotes made an important divergence a. 1 branch led to the eubacteria (most common prokaryotes) and the other branch led to the archaebacteria and the first eukaryotic cells -All prokaryotes but they can be aerobic or anaerobic, autotrophs or heterotrophs (parasitic or saprobic) -great metabolic diversity -photoautotrophs – photosynthesis (sunlight as energy, carbon from CO2) -chemoautotrophs – chemosynthesis (oxidize compounds for energy, carbon from CO2) -photoheterotrophs – sunlight for energy, carbon from eating other organisms -chemoheterotrophs – parasites (nutrients from living host) or saprobes (nutrients from dead) 2 2. Size and Shape -on average, between .5 and 1 micrometer -since they are so small we measure the “growth” of populations, not individuals -Bacteria are usually classified by shape (there are variations) -rods (bacillus) -spheres (coccus) -spirals (spirillum) -see picture page 487 3. Structural Features -no membrane bound nucleus, most don’t have any membrane bound organelles -reactions take place in the cytoplasm or at the membrane -do have cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material (DNA or RNA) -cell wall – permeable, semi-rigid -maintain shape, resist rupturing -staining properties – because of cell wall attributes -gram positive - purple -gram negative - pink -glycocalyx – encloses cell wall -2 forms -capsule – highly organized, well attached -slime coat – less organized, loosely attached -helps attachment -helps avoid engulfment -bacterial flagella -different structure than eukaryotic flagella -motility -rotate like a propeller -may have 1 or more -pilli -short, filamentous proteins that project from cell wall -helps adhere to surfaces -helps in attachment 4. Reproduction -prokaryotic cells nearly double in size, then divide -they contain a single bacterial chromosome -circularized, double stranded DNA with only a few proteins attached to it -some contain and extra piece of DNA – a plasmid -a small circle of self replicating DNA with a few genes -a few prokaryotic cells merely “bud” from the parent cell, most undergo prokaryotic fission -prokaryotic fission – not the same as binary fission which is a form of asexual reproduction in some eukaryotes -steps (page 350) a. replicates DNA -both sets of DNA are attached to the plasma membrane b. synthesizes lipids and proteins to incorporate into the membrane and cell wall between the 2 DNA’s and move them apart c. new membrane and wall material grow through the cell midsection to divide the cytoplasm d. results in 2 genetically equivalent daughter cells 3 -conjugation – transfer of a plasmid between 2 different cells -donor and recipient cells -page 351 5. Classification *Archaebacteria – more ancient type (resemble early cells), inhabit extreme environments. -Three types: a. methanogens – strict anaerobes, release methane gas -live in oxygen free habitats like swamps and the guts of mammals and termites b. thermofiles – “heat lovers”, do best above 80°C -nearly all anaerobes that require sulfur -live in geothermically heated soil, sulfur-rich hotsprings, waste from coal mines, around volcanoes and hydrothermal vents c. halophiles – thrive in exceptionally salty habitats (the dead sea and the great salt lake) -most aerobic -some can perform photosynthesis with a unique light absorbing pigment (bacteriorhodopsin) in the plasma membrane * Eubacteria – heterotrophs and photosynthetic autotrophs, chemosynthetic autotrophs -most common bacteria - they have fatty acids in their plasma membranes and peptidoglycan in their cell walls a. peptides crosslinked with polysaccharides - Examples -Cyanobacteria – autotroph, blue green, in ponds and streams -streptococcus -E. coli -many are decomposers Evolution and Infectious Disease *New problems -emerging pathogens – with world travel, pathogens are easier to spread -drug resistance -pathogens in food -biological weapons *virusesvaccines, bacteriaantibiotics Protists 1. Most diverse kingdom, unicellular or multicellular 2. Eukaryotes, heterotrophs, autotrophs and some get nutrients from decaying organic matter 3. Three types – grouped by feeding types A. Protozoans – animal like, unicellular, heterotrophs B. Algae – plant like protist, unicellular & multicellular, photosynthetic -Have no roots, stems or leaves -Known as phytoplankton (Photosynthetic protists) -Major producers in aquatic ecosystem -Classified into six phyla by pigments, food storage and cell wallstructure – Most are different colors because of chlorophyll and different pigments C. Fungus-like protist –obtain energy from decaying organic material, live in cool moist places 4 See Attached Detailed Chart Kingdom – Protista, Summary 3 types Phyla Description Protozoan (animal-like) Grouped by movement -unicellular, -sarcodina -move with pseudopods heterotrophs -zoomastigina -move with flagella -ciliophora -move with cilia -sporozoans -do not move (apicomplexa) Algae (plant-like) Grouped by pigment -photosynthetic and cell wall -no true roots, stems -euglenophyta -autotrophic and or leaves heterotrophic, no cell -unicellular and wall multicellular forms -bacillariophyta -silica shells, little box -dinoflagellates -flagella, red tides -rhodophyta -marine, tropical -phaeophyta -marine, cool -chlorophyta -freshwater Fungus-like -decomposers -myxomycota -mass of cytoplasm with no cell walls or membranes; many nuclei -acrasiomycota -mass of separate cells with individual nuclei -oomycota -vary 5 Examples -amoebas, foraminiferans, radiolarians -flagellates, -paramecium -plasmodium (malaria) -euglena - diatoms -red algae -brown algae, kelp - green algae, volvox, spirogyra -plasmoidial slime molds -cellular slime molds -water molds and downy mildew Fungi -look up key terms 1. live by decomposing living and nonliving organic matter 2. the basic structural units of fungi are hyphae (thread-like filaments) that grow to form mycelia (mass of interwoven hyphae) -hyphae have chitin containing cell walls that may or may not be divided into individual cells by septa (partitions between hyphae) 3. they are heterotrophs that carry out extracellular digestion 4. they can be a saprobe, a parasite, or a mutualist in a symbiotic relationship 5. most fungi produce asexual and sexual spores 6. the way in which spores are produced is the basis for fungal classification 7. fungi play an indespensible role in deocmposing organic material and recycling nutrients 8. lichen is a symbiotic relationship of a fungi and an algae or cyannobacteria 9. certain fungi associate with the plant roots to form mycorrhizae, a relationship in which both plants and fungi benefit Kingdom - Fungi Phylum or Division Description Example Pictures of sexual reproduction Zygomycota Form zygospores during Molds, Rhizopus sexual reproduction (bread mold) Ascomycota Sac fungi, form ascospores during sexual reproduction Yeast, morels, truffles Basidiomycota Club fungi, form basidiospores during sexual reproduction Mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi Deuteromycota Imperfect fungi, unknown sexual reproduction Form symbiotic relationships with species of other kingdoms Penicillium, aspergillus Lichen, mycorrhizae Symbionts 6 Kingdom - Plantae (Plants) 1. eukaryotic, multicellular autotrophs (photosynthetic), most with true roots, stems and leaves, and all have the ability to prevent dessication of their embryos, nonmotile, but do “respond to stimuli”, 2. plants are classified into divisions (same as phyla, see below) 3. alteration of generations 4. phylogenetic tree a. see page 387, fig. 23.3 b. pictures attached Phylum Description (division) Bryophytes Nonvascular spores Simplest plants; no true roots, stems or leaves; Bryophyta water is major limitation in size and reproduction; Hepatophyta small, moist habitat, sperm must swim to egg; Anthocerophyta predominantly haploid Sphenophyta or Vascular Spores hollow jointed stems Arthrophyta or with scalelike leaves Equisetophyta Psilophyta vascular spores Thin green leafless stems Lycophyta vascular Spore Pterophyta vascular Spore Cycadophyta vascular seeds in Short palm-like trees cones with scaly trunks, male and female cones on separate trees Gnetophyta vascular Seeds in Only 3 genera cones Ginkophyta vascular Seeds in Only one specie, tree cones with fan shaped leaves Coniferophyta vascular seeds in Conifers, needles or scaly cones leaves, male and female cones on same tree Anthophyta vascular seeds in Flowering plants, 2 (angiosperms) fruit classes (monocotyledons and dicotyledons), “coated seeds” 7 Examples Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Mosses Liverworts Hornworts Horsetails “whisk ferns” Club mosses Ferns Gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia Ginko biloba Pines, firs, cypress, redwood Apple trees, roses, violets Kingdom Animalia More than 30 phyla, we will look at 9 major I. General Characteristics A. Multicellular – nearly all have tissues, organs and organ systems B. most are motile during at least part of their life cycle C. aerobic, heterotrophic, reproduce sexually and some also asexually, life cycles with the adult is always diploid, embryo has specific stages of development, originated late in the Precambrian Era, more than 2 million modern species, less than 50,000 are vertebrates II. Variation in Body Plans A. Symmetry 1. Assymetry 2. Radial – body parts arranged regularly around a central axis -live in water 3. Bilateral – body axis passing from anterior end to posterior end -Key terms -anterior – front, head area -posterior – back, tail end -dorsal – back side -ventral – underside, “belly” side -Advantage – paired body organs -Cephalization – sensory parts and nerve cells in head B. Gut Type 1. gut - sac projecting into the body or part of a tube through the body, digestive tract 2. 2 types -“sac like” gut – single opening, mouth, food in and out same opening -“tubular” gut – two openings, mouth and anus, specialized regions, complete digestive system, sometimes referred to as a tube within a tube, allows for specialization of parts along the tube C. Tissue Complexity 1. Parazoa – no tissue, no organs, cellular level only 2. Eumetazoa – tissue organization -number of germ layers -diploblastic – 2 8 -triploblastic – 3 a. ectoderm – outer layer of cells, gives rise to skin and nervous system b. mesoderm – middle layer of cells, becomes muscles, skeleton, connective tissue, kidneys, circulatory and reproductive organs c. endoderm – inner layer of cells, will form the lining of the gut and major organs derived from it D. Segmentation 1. repeating series of body units 2. body parts modified and adopt specialized functions E. Body Cavities (see picture page 417) – the space that separates the gut and internal organs from the rest of the body, it isolates the internal organs from body wall movements, it also bathes the internal organs in a liquid through which nutrients and waste can diffuse 1. Acoelomate – no body cavity 2. Pseudocoelomate – “false” body cavity, a body cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm 3. Coelomate – true body cavity, has peritoneum (lining that encloses organs in the coelom), favors increase in size, protects and cushions internal organisms, allows organs to move separately from the body wall, located within the mesoderm -types of coelomates: protostomes and deuterstomes -differ in embryo development: cleavage type, opening to internal cavity (archenteron), and how the coelom develops 9 -Protostomes a. spiral cleavage b. first opening in embryo becomes mouth c. coelom forms from spaces that open in mesoderm -Deuterostomes a. radial cleavage b. first opening in embryo becomes anus c. coelom forms from outpouching of gut wall F. Circulatory System 1. open circulatory system Blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by the blood. the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells. 2. Closed circulatory systems have the blood closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness. In this type of system, blood is pumped by a heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities. 10 III. Invertebrate Phyla A. Porifera -sponges B. Cnidaria C. Platyhelminthes – flatworms D. Nematoda – roundworms E. Annelida – segmented worms F. Mollusca G. Arthropoda – “jointed appendages”, largest animal phyla H. Echinodermata page 782 for summary of invertebrates Phylum Chordata I. Invertebrate Chordates (Hemichordates) A. Urochordates – tunicates, sea squirts (p446) B. Cephalochordates – lancelets (p447) III. Vertebrate Chordates Vertebrate Classes Fish – I. Agnathans – jawless fish A. scavengers, parasites or filter feeders II. Gnathostomates – jawed fish A. class Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous B. class Osteoichthyes – bony Tetrapods – four limbs I. class Amphibia – Amphibians II. class Reptilia – Reptiles A.amniotic egg -shell (leathery in reptiles) to prevent drying out -extra-embryonic membranes 1. amnion; encloses “fluid/private pool” to keep embryo from drying out 2. allantois; stores waste 3. chorion; gas exchange 4. yolk sac; provides nutrients 5. albumin; protein food source III. class Aves – birds IV. class Mammalia - Mammals Types of “birth” -oviparous – lay eggs and hatch outside of mother (birds, amphibians) -viviparous – embryos draw nutrients from mother and are born “live” (most mammals) -ovoviviparous – embryos develop within the mother, but receive nutrients from yolk sac, then are born live (some snakes, lizards and sharks) 11 Phylum Porifera Type/Subphylum/Class Invertebrate -three taxonomic classes based on the chemical composition of their skeletons. - Calcarea with skeletons made of calcium carbonate - Hexactinellida with skeltons composed of silicon dioxide - Demospongiae with skeletons made from protein fibers Cnidarian Invertebrate 4 main classes -hydrozoans – portugese man of war, siphonophores, hydras, fire corals (many colonial) Characteristics *no body symmetry, cellular level of body structure (parazoa), *sessile filter feeders, no gut, *sexual reproduction (release sperm into the water, but retain fertilized egg and embryo), * asexual reproduction by fragmentation or gemmules, *sponge body plan (pores, spicules, amoebocytes, collar cells) -The body wall is approximately two cell layers thick with a gel like substance in-between. -The body wall is perforated by many pores and channels through which water enters the animal, passing into the spongocoel (the empty middle), and exiting it through a large opening, the osculum.-There are no organs or appendages and digestion is intracellular (within cells). -The outer layer is made up of flattened cells with numerous pores throughout. -The middle layer of cells contains mobile cells as well as the skeletal cells which give the sponge its shape. The skeletal cells are tough protein fibers or sharp glass-like spicules. The mobile cells are called amoebocytes. These cells are able to move by use of pseudopodia. They are constantly moving, and their main function is to pick up food vacuoles from the choanocytes, digest the food inside them, and carry the nutrients to the cells that need them. However, they also function to carry oxygen to other cells, dispose of waste products, maintain the structure of the sponge, and even change into another cell type if they have to. -The third, innermost layer is made completely of cells called choanocytes, or collar cells, which trap food and move water. *radial symmetry, tissue level of body structure (eumetazoa), 2 germ layers, simple nervous system; nerve net, no brain to control, 2 body stages (-polyps – sessile, asexual reproductionmedusa - floating umbrella shaped body, sexual reproduction), mesoglea – jelly-like material , stinging cells with nematocysts, incomplete digestive tract -scyphozoans - true jellyfish -anthozoans – corals, anemones sea pens 12 Examples sponges jellyfish, coral, sea anemone, hydra Platyhelminthes Flatworms -cubozoa, - box jellies with complex eyes and potent toxins Invertebrate. 3 main classes -cestoda – tapeworms (parasitic) -trematoda – flukes (parasitic) Nematoda Roundworms Annelida Segmented worms -turbellaria – planaria (free living) Invertebrate Invertebrate 3 main classes -hirudinae – leeches, front and rear suckers, no setae, anesthetic and aticoagulants -polychaeta – bristle worms -oligochaeta – earth worms Mollusca Invertebrate 3 main classes -gastropods – “belly foot” single or no shell, examples; snail, slugs, conchs, nudibranchs *bilateral symmetry, tissues, organs and systems Tapeworms, level of body structure (eumetazoa), 3 germ layers, flukes, planaria defined head, protonephridia and flame cell – excrete water, incomplete digestive system, acoelomates, tapeworms - proglottids (body units), scolex (“head” with suckers, hooks or both), sexual reproduction - hermaphroditic (both male and female in same organisms), asexual reproduction – regeneration, ladder type nervous system *bilateral symmetry, tissues, organs and systems level of body structure (eumetazoa), 3 germ layers, free living or parasitic, complete digestive system, psuedocoelomates, sexual reproduction with separate sexes, tough, protective, flexible covering called a cuticle *bilateral symmetry, coelomates (protostomes), complete digestive system with a crop (storage) & gizzard (a sac with muscular walls and hard particles for mashing), simple nervous system, rudimentary brain and ventral nerve cord, closed circulatory system with a primitive heart, segments allow for specialization of body parts, setae, chitin reinforced bristles, eumetazoa, 3 germ layers, enclosed in a flexible cuticle of secreted material (slime), good for gas exchange, but not for water conservation, hydrostatic skeleton (fluid cushioned coelomic chambers), nephridia, sexual reproduction, hermaphroditic ascarids, hookworms, trichinella, pin worms Leeches and earthworms *bilateral symmetry, coelomates (protostomes), Snails, clams, complete digestive system, eumetazoa, 3 germ octopus layers, basic structure – soft body, muscular foot, mantle (tissue that drapes like a skirt over the body mass), visceral mass (organs), some with shells, sexual reproduction; most separate sexes except gastropods, circulatory system open except in cephalopods closed -bivalves – 2 shells with hinge, examples; clams, oysters, mussels, scallops -cephalopods – “head 13 Arthropods foot”, sharp eyes, tentacles, jet propelled, complex brains, closed circulatory system. ex; squid, octopus, cuddle fish, chambered nautilius (full shell) Invertebrate main classes -trilobites - extinct -chelicerates (subphylum) -merostomates – horseshoe crabs 5 pairs of legs, marine -arachnids – spiders, mites, scorpions, ticks 4 pairs of legs, a pair of pedipalps, a pair of chelicerae, spinnerettes -uniramia (subphylum) -insects 3 pairs of legs, 1 pair antennae, 3 body segments, some with wings *jointed appendages, bilateral symmetry, coelomates (protostomes), complete digestive systems, eumetazoa, 3 germ layers, exoskeletons (a cuticle of chitin, proteins and surface waxes often impregnated with calcium carbonate deposits) that molt, segmented bodies (some many segments, some head/thorax/abdomen, some cephalothorax/abdomen), efficient respiratory structures – depending on environment and type (gills, aquatic-tracheal tubes with spiracle openings, insects-book lungs, spiders), Nervous system-double ventral nerve cord, anterior brain, ganglia (groups of nerve cells), acute senses (antennae, compound eyes, pheromones), open circulatory system with vessels and heart(s), malphigian tubes for waste excretion, some have asexual reproduction – parthenogenesis, where organism develops from unfertilized egg, some are helpful others are harmful to humans, metamorphosis (complete – egg/larva/pupa/adult and incomplete – egg/nymph/adult), usually separate sexes, some hermaphrodites -chilopods – centipedes a. flat bodied, predatory, all but 2 segments with 1 pair of walking legs, fangs and venom glands -diplopods – millipedes 2 pair of legs per segment, scavengers, body usually 14 Bees, spiders, crabs, mites, centipedes cylindrical -crustaceans -most aquatic, gills,mandibles, 5 pairs of walking legs, 2 pair of antennae, 2 to 3 body segments -crabs, lobster, shrimp, pill bugs, barnacles Echinoderms Invertebrate 5 main classes -opiuroids – brittle stars, use slithering motion instead of tube feet -asteroids – starfish, 5 – 46 rays -holotheroids – sea cucumbers *spiny skinned, marine animals, adults, radial symmetry – larval stage, bilateral symmetry, pedicillaria (skin pinchers), asexual reproduction – regeneration, sexual reproduction, watervascuale system for movement, madreporite (lets water in), tube feet, coelomates (deuterstomes), eumetazoa, complete digestive system, internal skeleton, composed of calcium carbonate and other substances excreted from specialized cells, simple nervous system; nerve net and nerve rings, most without sensory organs, some with light sensitive eyespot -echinoids – sand dollars and sea urchins -crinoids – sea lilies and feather stars -only sessile echinoderms 15 Starfish, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, sea urchins Chordates *eumetazoa with 3 germ layers, bilateral symmetry, complete digestive tract with 2 openings (mouth and anus), coelomates that are deuterostomes, notochord: a long dorsal rod of stiffened tissue (can be replaced by cartilage or bone in vertebrates), Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord: a bundle of nerves housed in a fluid filled canal, anterior end develops into brain posterior develops into spinal cord, Pharyngeal Pouches: gill slits (at least at the embryonic stage), 3 pairs – Eustachian tubes, tonsils, thymus and parathymus), Internal skeleton: endoskeleton, post-anal tail Invertebrate Urochordates -Tunicates, sea squirts (p774) -lancelets (p773) Cepalochordates Vertebrate Fish *have all chordate characteristics, notochord replaced by vertebral column, paired appendages, high degree of cephalization, closed circulatory system, efficient respiration and excretion *cold blooded, 2 chambered heart, scales and gills Agnathans *jawless, lack bony skeleton Chondricthyes *cartilage skeleton, placoid scales, lateral line system – series of pressure sensitive cells, sense pressure, gills uncovered (5-7 gill slits) Osteoicthyes *skeleton of bone, operculum - cover gills, swim bladder – gas filled sac whose pressure can be altered to change buoyancy, scales formed by bone, ray-finned fish, lobed-fin fish, lung fish Amphibians *smooth, nonscaly skin (moist), small underdeveloped lungs, 3 chambered heart (poikilotherms – mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood), need water for fertilization, eggs not water tight, ectothermic – body temperature depends on environmental sources, cloaca – enlarged duct that delivers feces, excretory and reproductive products (1 opening), metamorphosis, 16 *Lampreys & hagfish *sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras (rat fish) *trout, perch, bass, salmon, tuna *salamander, frog, toads, caecilian (legless) Reptiles *internal fertilization, amniotic egg, thick scaly skin with keratin (water proof protein) that molts, well developed lungs, nearly 4 chambered heart (poikilotherms – mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood), ectothermic, cloaca – body temperature depends on environmental sources, moved to land; totally independent of water, kidneys – excrete uric acid * crocodiles – 4 chambered heart * Jacobson’s organ: sensory structure in snakes * Carapace – turtle shell * tortoise: land *turtles, snakes, lizards and crocodilians Aves *feathers, endothermic – warm blooded, 4 chambered heart, cloaca, amniotic egg (hard shell) *chicken, cardinal, ostrich Mammals 3 orders *hair, endothermic, mammary glands, 4 chambered heart, dentition (teeth), care for young monotremes – egg laying mammals -platypus and spiny ant-eater marsupials -pouched mammals eutherians -placentals -koala and kangaroo -bats, manatees and humans 17