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ISLAM
I.
RISE OF ISLAM
A.
INTRODUCTION
1.
AMAZING STORY ABOUT EXPANSION OF ARABS & ISLAM FAITH
2.
ORIGINALLY ARABS NOMADIC HERDSMEN IN DESERT
3.
ULTIMATELY ISLAMIC EMPIRE STRETCHED FROM BORDERS OF CHINA IN EAST TO
SPAIN IN WEST
4.
NEW RELIGION OF ISLAM BROUGHT THIS ABOUT THROUGH THEIR "HOLY WAR"
OF CONQUEST
5.
EVENTUALLY ISLAM WORLD'S SECOND LARGEST RELIGION
a.
800 MILLION MUSLIMS TODAY
b.
CHRISTIANITY LARGEST NUMBER OF FOLLOWERS
6.
MANY HISTORIANS SAY ISLAM'S FOUNDER, MOHAMMED THE PROPHET
a.
MOST INFLUENTIAL INDIVIDUAL IN MEDIEVAL HISTORY
B.
BACKGROUND TO MOHAMMED
1.
ARABIA - HOMELAND OF MOHAMMED
2.
WHILE CHIEFLY POPULATED BY SEMITIC TRIBES
3.
ALSO HAD ITS COMMERCIAL & CULTURAL CENTERS OF MECCA & MEDINA
4.
MECCA IMPORTANT TRADING CENTER FOR CARAVAN TRADE BETWEEN INDIA &
NEAR EAST
5.
NEVER HAD FALLEN UNDER DOMINATION OF ROME
6.
ARABS EXCELLENT WARRIORS
7.
& DELIGHTED IN RAIDING NEIGHBORING TRIBES & ROBBING CARAVANS
8.
BEFORE MOHAMMED ARABS POLYTHEISTIC
a.
WORSHIPING ANIMISTIC SPIRITS
(1)
NATURE GODS
b.
EACH TRIBE HAD ITS OWN SPECIAL GOD
(1)
SYMBOLIZED BY SACRED STONE
c.
ALSO WORSHIPPED GODS OF GREEKS & ROMANS
d.
& JUDEO-CHRISTIAN GOD
e.
WITHOUT MUCH DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN THEM
9.
ALL GODS WORSHIPED AT CITY OF MECCA AT KAABA OR HOLY TEMPLE
10.
WORSHIPING TOGETHER AT MECCA UNIFYING FORCE FOR INDEPENDENT TRIBES
C.
MUHAMMED 570-632
1.
FOUNDER OF ISLAM
2.
BORN IN MECCA OF POOR FAMILY
3.
BEGAN CAREER AS MERCHANT IN CARAVAN TRADE
4.
AGE OF 25 MARRIED HIS EMPLOYER
a.
WEALTHY WIDOW KHADIJA
(1)
MORE LATER
5.
IN HIS COMMERCIAL TRAVELS BECAME ACQUAINTED W/BOTH CHRISTIANITY &
JUDAISM
6.
BUT DID NOT BECOME ENTIRELY ABSORBED IN RELIGION UNTIL 40 YRS OLD
7.
OFTEN RETIRED TO CAVE FOR MEDITATION
8.
IN YEAR 610 HAD VISION
a.
ANGEL GABRIEL APPEARED TO HIM
9.
& INFORMED M - HE WAS MESSENGER OF ALLAH
a.
ONE TRUE GOD
10.
M CONTINUED TO EXPERIENCE SIMILAR VISIONS WITH RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTIONS
OVER TIME
11.
HE BECAME CONVINCED HE WAS PROPHET OF ALLAH
a.
HIS 1ST CONVERT - HIS WIFE
12.
MOHAMMED'S IDEAS MET WITH GENERAL SKEPTICISM
13.
TURNED INTO ACTIVE PERSECUTION AFTER HE DENOUNCED KAABA WORSHIP AS
2
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
II.
IDOLATRY
IN YEAR 622 HE FLED TO CITY OF MEDINA FOR SAFETY
THIS FLIGHT FROM MECCA TO MEDINA IS KNOW AS HEGIRA
YEAR 622 WHEN HE FLED LATER BECAME OFFICIAL YEAR ONE FOR ARAB WORLD
WELCOMED IN MEDINA, MOHAMMED LAID DOWN TENETS & PRACTICES OF HIS
RELIGION
HE DID NOT CLAIM HIS IDEAS TO BE NEW RELIGION
BUT CULMINATION OF OLDER RELIGIONS OF JUDAISM & CHRISTIANITY
HE ALSO AUTHORIZED RAIDS ON NEARBY CARAVANS
a.
IN ORDER TO ENRICH CITY OF MEDINA AT EXPENSE OF MECCA
ALSO SANCTIONED MURDER OF HIS CRITICS
PROVING HIMSELF TO BE ABLE GENERAL
a.
MOHAMMED SUCCESSFULLY REPULSED ATTACKS FROM MECCA
IN YEAR 630 HE MARCHED ON MECCA AT HEAD OF 10,000 MEN UNOPPOSED
HE DECREED MECCA TO BE HOLY CITY OF HIS RELIGION, ISLAM
& DESTROYED ALL IDOLS IN KAABA BUT RETAINED BLACK STONE
a.
BLACK STONE
(1)
PROBABLY METEORITE
(2)
TRACED BACK TO ABRAHAM BY MECCA'S MOST INFLUENTIAL
TRIBE,
(a)
QUARISH TRIBE
M CONTINUED CUSTOM BEGUN BEFORE ISLAM OF ANNUAL PILGRIMAGES TO
MECCA TO WORSHIP AT TEMPLE OR KAABA
HE GAINED TREMENDOUS PRESTIGE AMONG ARAB TRIBES BY HIS EASY
CONQUEST OF MECCA
BEFORE HIS DEATH 2 YRS LATER
a.
MOHAMMED ACKNOWLEDGED AS SPIRITUAL & POLITICAL LEADER OF
MOST OF ARABIA
HE HAD LIVED BASICALLY SIMPLE LIFE
HE QUOTED - 3 GREATEST PLEASURES IN LIFE
a.
WOMEN, FRAGRANT ODORS & PRAYERS
GREAT ARAB EXPANSION & EMPIRE
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
BY MID 7TH C ALL ARABIA PENINSULA UNITED & SUBDUED TO ISLAM FAITH
2.
BEGAN CONVERTING OTHERS VIA HOLY WAR
3.
BY END OF 8TH C. VAST AREA CONQUERED
B.
ORDER OF CONQUEST
1.
TEXT COVERS
2.
BYZANTINE EMPIRE FIRST
a.
SYRIA, PALESTINE, MESOPOTAMIA, EGYPT 634-42
b.
BUT FAILED TO TAKE CONSTANTINOPLE
3.
CONQUEST OF PERSIAN EMPIRE
a.
CONQUERED IRAQ & PERSIA MID 7TH C
(1)
DESTROYING SASSANID DYNASTY
b.
EASTERN PART OF GEORGIA (RUSSIA)
c.
DEFEAT OF BOTH BYZANTINES & PERSIANS AT SAME TIME
d.
GREATLY FACILITATED BY FACT THEY EXHAUSTED THEMSELVES
FIGHTING ACH OTHER
4.
CONQUEST OF NORTH AFRICA
a.
SEIZED AREA BETWEEN EGYPT & ALGERIA IN 670
b.
FIERCE BERBER TRIBES OF MOROCCO BECAME ALLIES 703
5.
CONQUEST OF SPAIN
a.
MIXED FORCE OF ARABS & BERBERS DEFEATED VISIGOTHIC KING
RODRIGO 711
3
6.
7.
III.
b.
BY 718 SPAIN CONQUERED &
c.
ARAB ARMIES HAD REACHED PYRENEES
HALT OF ARAB ADVANCE IN EUROPE
a.
AT DECISIVE BATTLE OF TOURS
(1)
POITIERS 732 MOSLEM ARMY DEFEATED BY CHARLES MARTEL &
FRANKS
CONQUEST OF PARTS OF ASIA
a.
BY 750 HAD MOVED INTO EASTERN AFGHANISTAN, WESTERN INDIA &
SEIZED PART OF TURKESTAN IN CENTRAL ASIA
POLITICAL & RELIGIOUS HISTORY
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
NOT POSSIBLE TO SEPARATE POLITICAL & RELIGIOUS HISTORY
a.
AS MOSLEMS DO NOT DO IT
2.
MUSLIMS FEEL WE ARE NOT RELIGIOUS BECAUSE OF OUR SEPARATION OF
CHURCH & STATE
3.
FOLLOWING M DEATH HIS SON-IN-LAW ELECTED CALIPH- ABU BAKR
4.
W/HIS ELECTION ISLAM NOW HAD BOTH RELIGIOUS & POLITICAL STRUCTURE
5.
UNDER ABU'S SUCCESSORS SAME PATTERN OF CONQUEST & CONVERSION
CONTINUED
6.
BUT PROBLEMS DEVELOPED ON HOW TO DETERMINE CALIPH
7.
TEXT DISCUSSES BUT NB TO STATE FEW REMARKS
8.
DIVISION OF ISLAM DEVELOPED AT THIS POINT OVER HOW TO DETERMINE WHO
WOULD BE CALIPH
9.
CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT MAINLY OVER QUESTION OF SUCCESSION TO CALIPHATE
10.
CONFLICT OVER SUCCESSION LED TO PERMANENT SPLIT IN MOSLEM WORLD
a.
BETWEEN 2 FACTIONS BASED ON RELIGIOUS & POLITICAL DIFFERENCES
B.
SUNNITES
1.
MAJORITY SECT OF ISLAM
2.
FAVORED ELECTION OF ANY CAPABLE PERSON AS CALIPH
C.
SHITES
1.
FAVORED ELECTION OF ONLY RELATIVES OF MOHAMMED TO OFFICE OF CALIPH
2.
CONSIDERED DESCENDANTS OF ALI TO BE INFALLIBLE & SAINTS
a.
MARRIED TO MOHAMMED'S DAUGHTER FATIMA
3.
IN RELIGIOUS VIEWS ACCEPTED ONLY KORAN AS AUTHORITATIVE
a.
BY DENYING VALIDITY OF CERTAIN TRADITIONS "SUNNA" ADDED LATER
4.
BECAME DOMINATE IN PERSIA, EGYPT & INDIA
5.
MAJOR RELIGION OF PERSIA OR IRAN
6.
TEXT COVERS MORE DETAIL
D.
UMAYYAD (OMAYYAD) CALIPHATE 661-750
1.
ARAB CAPITAL MOVED TO DAMASCUS IN SYRIA
2.
OFFICE OF CALIPH BECAME HEREDITARY
a.
APPEARANCE & SPLENDOR OF ORIENTAL MONARCH
3.
ARABS RULED AS PRIVILEGED ARISTOCRACY OVER CONVERTED MILLIONS OF
NON-ARABS IN ARAB EMPIRE
4.
TEXT COVERS MORE OF THIS
E.
ABBASID DYNASTY 750-1258
1.
ABBASID DYNASTY APOGEE OF MOSLEM POWER
2.
ISLAM'S GOLDEN AGE
3.
WHEN CAPITAL TRANSFERRED TO BAGHDAD IN IRAQ
4.
GOVT & ADMINISTRATION BECAME PERSIAN-ORIENTED
a.
ENDING ARAB DOMINANCE
5.
NEW OFFICE OF VIZIER CREATED
6.
ABBASID RULE PERIOD OF GREAT PROSPERITY
7.
MARKED BY FLOURISHING OF ARTS & SCIENCES
4
8.
F.
G.
ESPECIALLY UNDER REIGNS OF
a.
HARUN AL-RASHID 786-809
(1)
MOST BRILLIANT COURT IN WORLD AT TIME
(2)
HIS REIGN SUPPOSEDLY SETTING FOR FAMOUS THOUSAND & ONE
NIGHTS
b.
AL-MAMUN
(1)
MAMUN GREAT 813-33
(2)
MOSLEM SCIENCE & KNOWLEDGE FULLY FLOWERED
9.
BUT AT SAME TIME RULERS BEGAN TO DEPEND MORE & MORE ON MILITARY
SUPPORT OF LARGE TURKISH BODYGUARD AFTER 836
10.
MUCH SAME STYLE AS PRAETORIAN GUARD OF ROME
11.
THIS FORCE BEGAN TO CONTROL CALIPHATE
12.
ABBASID DYNASTY WENT INTO RAPID DECLINE AFTER MID 9TH C
13.
LOST TERRITORIES
14.
BY 1055 SELJUK TURKS
a.
NOMADS FROM ASIA CAPTURED BAGHDAD
b.
THEIR LEADER PROCLAIMED SULTAN
c.
ALTHOUGH NOMINAL RULE BY ABBASIDS ALLOWED TOO CONTINUE
d.
1258 ABBASID DYNASTY COMPLETELY ENDED
e.
MONGOLS SACKED BAGHDAD & EXECUTED LAST CALIPH
INDEPENDENT CALIPHATES
1.
SPAIN
a.
UMAYYAD KINGDOM OF CORDOBA IN SPAIN FOUNDED 756
b.
UNDER RULE OF ABD AR-RAHMAN III (912-61
c.
CORDOBA BECAME GREAT INTELLECTUAL CENTER OF EUROPE
(1)
TEXT COVERS THIS WONDERFUL COSMOPOLITAN & LARGE CITY
2.
MOROCCO, TUNIS & EGYPT ALSO FORMED INDEPENDENT CALIPHATES
RELIGION OF ISLAM
1.
ISLAM = MEANS SUBMISSION TO GOD
2.
A MEMBER OF ISLAM = MOSLEM OR MUSLIM
a.
MEANS "ONE WHO HAS MADE HIS SUBMISSION"
3.
DUTIES OF MOSLEM ORGANIZED INTO "5 PILLARS OF ISLAM"
a.
UNITY OF GOD
(1)
THERE IS NO GOD BUT ALLAH AND MOHAMMED IS HIS PROPHET
(2)
INITIATION INTO FAITH CONSISTS SIMPLY OF ACCEPTANCE &
REPETITION OF THESE WORDS
b.
DAILY PRAYER
(1)
PERFORMED 5 TIMES DAILY
(a)
AT DAWN, NOON, MID-AFTERNOON, SUNSET & AFTER DARK
(2)
CALL TO PRAYER IS MADE AT APPOINTED TIMES BY CRIERS
(a)
MUEZZINS
(3)
WORSHIPER BOWS & PROSTRATES HIMSELF TOWARD MECCA
(a)
HOLY CITY
(b)
ORIGINALLY MOHAMMED DESIGNATED JERUSALEM BUT
DISCARDED IT AFTER HIS BREAK W/JEWS OF MEDINA
c.
ALMSGIVING TO POOR
(1)
CONCEPT OF PURIFYING ONE'S WEALTH BY DONATING PART OF IT
(2)
ORIGINALLY PRACTICED AS AN INDIVIDUAL ACT OF CHARITY
(3)
IT LATER DEVELOPED INTO A MANDATORY DONATION OF 1/40TH
OF ONE'S INCOME TO STATE
d.
FASTING
(1)
COMPLETE FASTING
(a)
NO FOOD, NO DRINK & ABSTINENCE FROM SEXUAL
RELATIONS FROM DAWN TO DUSK DURING 30 DAYS OF HOLY
MONTH OF RAMADAN
5
(2)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
IV.
9TH MONTH OF MOSLEM LUNAR CALENDAR, RAMADAN WAS
MONTH IN WHICH MOHAMMED RECEIVED HIS FIRST REVELATION
FROM ANGEL GABRIEL
e.
PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA
(1)
HOLY VISIT TO MECCA AND KAABA MUST BE UNDERTAKEN BY
EVERY MOSLEM WHO CAN AFFORD IT DURING HIS LIFETIME
(2)
HAS SERVED TO GIVE MOSLEMS A POWERFUL SENSE OF
BROTHERHOOD & UNITY
MOHAMMED PREACHED HOLY WAR OR JIHAD ORIGINALLY AS DUTY OF EACH
MOSLEM MALE
THIS SPARKED GREAT ARAB CONQUESTS WHEN THEY WENT BEYOND ARABIAN
PENINSULA
KORAN = QURAN
a.
HOLY BOOK OF ISLAM
b.
CONSIDERED TO BE WORDS OF GOD = ALLAH SPOKEN TO MOHAMMED BY
ANGEL GABRIEL
c.
BASICALLY WORK OF ONLY 1 MAN MOHAMMED
d.
DICTATED IN FRAGMENTS AS REVELATIONS OF GOD DURING LAST 23 YR
OF MOHAMMED'S LIFE
e.
EACH REVELATION WAS WRITTEN DOWN ON PARCHMENT
f.
BUT NO COMPLETE COLLECTION WAS MADE UNTIL AFTER MOHAMMED'S
DEATH
g.
CONSISTS OF 114 CHAPTERS ARRANGED IN ORDER OF DECREASING
LENGTH
h.
ABOUT SAME SIZE AS NEW TESTAMENT
i.
KORAN IS MOST IMPORTANT TEXTBOOK USED IN MOSLEM UNIVERSITY
j.
AND THE FINAL AUTHORITY ON THEOLOGY, LAW & SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
k.
IT INCLUDES DETAILED RULES FOR FAMILY, BUSINESS & PROPERTY,
JUSTICE AND POLITICS
l.
& TREATS LAW & MORALS AS ONE
m.
KORAN IS ACCEPTED BY EVERY MOSLEM
n.
EACH WORD IS MEMORIZED BY MOST DEVOUT
EXAMPLES OF KORAN'S RULES
a.
FORBIDS EATING OF PORK, DRINKING OF WINE & GAMBLING
b.
REGULATES INHERITANCE SO AS TO PROTECT RIGHTS OF ORPHANS AND
WIDOWS
c.
MAKING OF IMAGES IS PROHIBITED AS PRACTICE OF IDOLATRY
BASIC BELIEFS OF ISLAM
a.
FOUNDED PRIMARILY ON BASIC TEACHINGS OF JUDAISM
b.
ACCEPTS OLD TESTAMENT
c.
& SUCH CONCEPTS AS
(1)
MONOTHEISM,
(2)
CREATION,
(3)
ANGELS,
(4)
DEVILS,
(5)
SATAN,
(6)
HEAVEN AND HELL
(7)
DAY OF JUDGMENT
MUSLIMS ALWAYS CALL JEWS, CHRISTIANS AND THEMSELVES AS PEOPLE OF
SAME BOOK
a.
OT & NT
MARRIAGE & FAMILY CUSTOMS & STATUS OF WOMEN
A.
GENERAL REMARKS
1.
ISLAM DID NOT BRING RADICAL CHANGE
6
2.
3.
B.
C.
D.
BUT CONTINUATION & ACCENTUATION OF LIFE-STYLES ALREADY IN PLACE
FAR FROM BRINGING ABOUT IMPROVEMENT FOR WOMEN AS IS COMMONLY
CLAIMED
4.
RECENT RESEARCH HAS FOUND OTHERWISE
BACKGROUND TO ISLAMIC MARRIAGE PATTERNS
1.
ARABIA LAST REMAINING REGION WHERE PATRILINEAL, PATRIARCHAL
MARRIAGE NOT YET INSTITUTED AS SOLE LEGITIMATE FORM OF MARRIAGE
2.
MATRILINEAL MARRIAGES COMMON PRACTICE
a.
WOMEN REMAINED WITH HER TRIBE AFTER MARRIAGE
(1)
WHERE MAN COULD VISIT OR RESIDE WITH HER
(2)
CHILDREN BELONGED TO MOTHER'S TRIBE
3.
BOTH POLYANDROUS & POLYGAMOUS MARRIAGES PRACTICED
4.
BUT POLYGYNY IN A MATRILINEAL CONTEXT PROBABLY ENTAILED HUSBAND'S
VISITING HIS DIFFERENT WIVES WHERE THEY RESIDED WITH THEIR TRIBES
5.
& SOME OF THEIR WIVES MIGHT HAVE BEEN VISITED BY DIFFERENT HUSBANDS
6.
LIVES & MARRIAGES OF 2 OF MUHAMMAD'S WIVES
a.
KHADIJA & AISHA
b.
ENCAPSULATE KINDS OF CHANGES MARRIAGE & WOMEN EXPERIENCED IN
ISLAM
KHADIJA
1.
MUHAMMAD'S 1ST WIFE
2.
WEALTHY WIDOW BEFORE HER MARRIAGE TO M
3.
EMPLOYED HIM TO OVERSEE HER CARAVAN
a.
TRADED BETWEEN MECCA & SYRIA
4.
SHE PROPOSED TO & MARRIED HIM WHEN SHE 40 & HE 25
5.
SHE REMAINED HIS ONLY WIFE UNTIL HER DEATH AT 65
6.
HER WEALTH FREED HIM FROM NEED TO EARN LIVING
7.
& HE WAS ABLE TO LEAD LIFE OF CONTEMPLATION AS PRELUDE TO HIS
BECOMING A PROPHET
8.
HER ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE
9.
HER MARRIAGE OVERTURE APPARENTLY W./O MALE GUARDIAN TO ACT AS
INTERMEDIARY
10.
HER MARRIAGE TO MAN MANY YRS YOUNGER THAN HERSELF
11.
& HER MONOGAMOUS MARRIAGE
12.
ALL REFLECT EARLIER ARABIAN PRACTICES
AISHA
1.
IN CONTRAST AUTONOMY & MONOGAMY CONSPICUOUSLY ABSENT IN LIVES OF
WOMEN MUHAMMAD MARRIED AFTER 1ST WIFE DIES & HE LEADER OF ISLAM
2.
& 1ST WIFE DIED
3.
EVIDENCE OF CONTROL OF WOMEN BY MALE GUARDIANS
4.
& MALE PREROGATIVE OF POLYGYNY BECAME FORMAL FEATURES OF ISLAMIC
MARRIAGE
5.
AISHA WAS 9 OR 10 WHEN SHE MARRIED M
6.
SEVERAL MONTHS AFTER M MARRIAGE TO AISHA HE MARRIED AGAIN
a.
BUT TO WIDOW
7.
HE THEN FOLLOWED WITH MARRIAGE TO MORE WIDOWS
a.
WIDOWS OF MUSLIMS SLAIN IN SUPPORT OF ISLAM
8.
ALL M WIVES ASIDE FROM HIS FIRST ONE WERE EITHER DAUGHTERS OF HIS
MOST NB OFFICIALS
a.
OR WIDOWS OF NEW CONVERTS
9.
INTERESTING THAT M'S MULTIPLY MARRIAGE PATTERN
a.
WHEN QURANIC VERSES ENCOURAGING POLYGAMY REVEALED TO M BY
GOD
b.
MARRY OTHER WOMEN AS MAY BE AGREEABLE TO YOU, TWO OR THREE
OF FOUR
7
10.
E.
WOMEN FROM MEDINA OFFERED IN MARRIAGE TO M BUT FAMILIES OF WOMEN
DISAPPROVED
a.
POINTED OUT THEY COULD NEVER PUT UP WITH CO-WIVES
11.
SOON AISHA WITH HER CO-WIVES BEGAN TO OBSERVE NEW CUSTOMS OF
VEILING & SECLUSION
a.
HISTORIAN AHMED SEES ORIGINS OF THIS AT WEDDING FEAST OF ONE OF
M MARRIAGE
b.
GUESTS STAYED TOO LONG IN HIS WIFE'S ROOM & M ANNOYED SO THIS
WAS WHEN REVELATION CAME TO M ABOUT SECLUSION FOR HIS WIVES
12.
VEILING NOT INTRODUCED INTO ARABIA BY M BUT ALREADY EXISTED AMONG
SOME CLASSES
13.
PARTICULARLY IN TOWNS IN SYRIA & PALESTINE
14.
IN THOSE AREAS AS IN ARABIA IT WAS CONNECTED W/SOCIAL STATUS
15.
AS WAS ITS USED AMONG
a.
GREEKS, ROMANS, JEWS & ASSYRIANS
b.
ALL WHO PRACTICED VEILING TO SOME DEGREE
16.
VEILING IS NOWHERE EXPLICITLY PRESCRIBED IN QURAN
17.
THROUGHOUT MUHAMMAD'S LIFETIME VEILING LIKE SECLUSION OBSERVED
ONLY BY HIS WIVES
18.
VEILING, MEANT SHE BECAME WIFE OF M
19.
M WIVES NOT HIS CONCUBINES DONNED VEIL WHEN BECAME HIS WIFE
20.
M TOOK TURNS VISITING HIS WIVES
21.
DIED IN HIS FAVORITE WIFE'S ROOM AISHA
a.
WHERE HE WAS BURIED
b.
NOW 2ND MOST SACRED SPOT IN ISLAM AFTER KAABA
AFTER MOHAMMED'S DEATH CHANGES IN MARRIAGE & FAMILY
1.
UMAR'S REIGN 634-44 IS REGARDED AS PERIOD WHEN MANY OF MAJOR
INSTITUTIONS OF ISLAM ORIGINATED
2.
HE WAS HARSH TOWARD WOMEN IN BOTH PRIVATE & PUBLIC LIFE
3.
STONING AS PUNISHMENT FOR ADULTERY INAUGURATED BY HIM
4.
UMAR WAS ILL-TEMPERED WITH HIS WIVES & PHYSICALLY ASSAULTED THEM
5.
HE SOUGHT TO CONFINE WOMEN TO THEIR HOMES
6.
& TO PREVENT THEIR ATTENDING PRAYERS AT MOSQUES
7.
UNSUCCESSFUL IN THIS LAST ATTEMPT HE INSTITUTED SEGREGATED PRAYERS
8.
HIS SUCCESSOR REVOKED SOME OF UMAR'S RESTRICTIONS AGAINST WOMEN
9.
BUT TIDE WAS MOVING IN DIRECTION OF RESTRICTIVE LIFE FOR WOMEN
10.
AS ARAB CONQUEST CARRIED ISLAM TO LANDS BEYOND ARABIA
11.
ISLAM CAME IN CONTACT WITH SOCIETIES MORE RESTRICTIVE TOWARD WOMEN
a.
& MORE MISOGYNIST
12.
UNDER THE ABBASID SOCIETY
a.
POLYGAMY, CONCUBINAGE & SECLUSION ALL PRACTICED
13.
CONQUESTS HAD BROUGHT ENORMOUS WEALTH & SLAVES TO MUSLIM
CENTERS IN ARABIA
14.
MAJORITY OF SLAVES WOMEN & CHILDREN
a.
MANY OF WHOM HAD BEEN DEPENDENTS OR MEMBERS OF HAREM OF
DEFEATED PERSIAN ELITES BEFORE THEIR CAPTURE
15.
WHEREAS M HAD 1 CONCUBINE & COULD NOT AFFORD A SLAVE OR SERVANT
16.
HIS FAVORITE WIFE'S AISHA'S BROTHER IN LAW LEFT 1000 SLAVES & 1000
CONCUBINES WHEN HE DIED IN 656
17.
THUS PRACTICES & ATTITUDES OF PERSIAN NOBILITY ADOPTED BY MUSLIM
NOBLES
18.
KEEPING ENORMOUS HAREMS OF WIVES & CONCUBINES GUARDED BY EUNUCHS
ACCEPTED PRACTICE
19.
EVIDENTLY EVEN MODERATELY WEALTHY ROUTINELY ACQUIRED CONCUBINES
20.
1 YOUNG MAN ON RECEIVING HIS INHERITANCE WENT OUT TO PURCHASE
8
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
a.
HOUSE
b.
FURNITURE
c.
CONCUBINES
d.
OTHER OBJECTS
ANOTHER PRACTICE ADOPTED BY ISLAM AT THIS TIME
a.
EMPHASIS ON VIRGINITY
b.
& DISGUST AT IDEA OF REMARRIAGE FOR WOMEN
IDEAS PARALLELED IN ZOROASTRIANISM
WHICH FORMALLY DESIGNATED WIVES AS BELONGING TO THEIR 1ST HUSBAND
& THEREFORE PERMITTED THEM TO ENTER INTO 2ND MARRIAGES ONLY AS
INFERIOR WIVES
BECAME PART OF ISLAMIC PRACTICE
JEALOUSY & INTRIGUE IN HAREM BECAME COMMONPLACE
AS WOMEN ENGAGED IN INTRIGUES TO ADVANCE FORTUNES OF THEIR
CHILDREN
POISON ACTIVE AGENT IN MANY STORIES OF HAREM LIFE
BASED ON PRINCIPLE THAT WOMEN WERE CHATTEL
SALE OF WOMEN AS CONCUBINES OR SLAVES BECAME NB ECONOMIC PART OF
LIFE