Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Study Guide Human Body Homeostasis Organ system Neuron Gland Cartilage Extensor Cell Nervous System Brain Hormone Ligaments Tendons Tissue Central Nervous System Spinal cord Skeletal System Muscular System Respiratory System Organ Peripheral Nervous System Endocrine System Marrow Flexor Respiration Homeostasis -the maintenance of a stable internal environment inside the body. Cell - the basic unit of all living things that can perform all of life’s functions. Tissue - a group of similar cells that perform a common function. Organ - a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body. Organ System- organs that work together to perform a specific function. Nervous System - the body system responsible for receiving and sending electrical messages throughout the body. Central Nervous System - the brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System - all of the parts of the nervous system except for the brain and spinal cord. Neuron - a nerve cell specialized to receive and conduct electrical impulses. Brain - the main control center of the nervous system. Spinal cord - a collection of neurons and axon bundles that pass impulses to and from the brain. Endocrine system - a collection of glands and groups of cells that secrete hormones. Gland - a group of cells that make special chemicals (hormones) for the body. Hormone - a chemical messenger made in one cell or tissue that causes a change in another cell or tissue in another part of the body. Skeletal System - the organ system whose primary function is to support and protect the body, allowing it to move. Marrow- soft tissue in bones that either stores fat and nutrients or is responsible for blood cell production. Cartilage - flexible tissue that cushions joints and makes up flexible parts of the body like the nose and ears. Ligaments - strong elastic bands of connective tissue that hold joints together. Muscular System - the organ system whose primary function is movement and flexibility. Flexor- a muscle that bends (flexes) part of your body. Extensor- a muscle that extends (straightens) part of your body. Tendons - strands of tough connective tissue that connect your skeletal muscles to your bones. Respiratory System - a collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Respiration - the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between living cells and their environment. 1. Describe one way the body can fall out of homeostasis, and react in order to maintain homeostasis. (pg. 149) There are many examples: When you are hot, your body gives off heat or sweats to return the body to its normal temperature. When you need to get rid of waste, your body exhales, sweats, or uses the restroom. When you are sick, your body increases its temperature to encourage the immune system to work. 2. Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest: tissue, organ system, cell, organ (pg. 150-151) Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, (organism) 3. List and describe the four types of tissue found in the human body. (pg. 150-151) Epithelial tissue - covers and protects underlying tissue. (ex. Skin) Nervous tissue - sends electrical signals through the body. (ex. Brain) Muscle tissue - made of cells that contract and relax to produce movement. (ex. Biceps) Connective tissue - joins, supports, protects, insulates, nourishes, and cushions organs. (ex. Ligaments) 4. Explain how the pituitary gland is involved in the Endocrine System. The pituitary gland receives messages from the brain and hypothalamus. It then decides which Endocrine gland(s) need to respond, and sends hormones to cause that response. 5. Complete the following table about the Endocrine System (pg. 241): Gland Hormone Thyroid thyroxine Parathyroid parathormone Thymus Killer T Cells Adrenal glands Epinephrine or Adrenaline Pancreas Insulin and glucagon Job/Function Body growth Metabolism Nervous system development Regulates calcium levels in the blood Regulates the immune system Helps the body respond to danger by increasing heart and breathing rate Regulates blood-sugar 6. L ist fou r jobs /fu ncti ons of 7. List four functions of the skeletal system (pg. 154) a. protection (ribs, skull, vertebrae) b. storage (minerals and fat stored in yellow marrow) c. movement (muscles connect to bones to cause movement) d. blood cell formation (red marrow) 8. Complete the following table about the joints of the skeletal system (pg. 156) Joint Example Gliding Wrists and ankles Ball and Socket Shoulder Hinge Elbow and Knee Pivot Neck 9. List and describe the three types of muscle. (pg. 158) a. skeletal muscle- connected to bones to allow movement b. smooth muscle- found in digestive organs like the stomach and blood vessels c. cardiac muscle – found in the heart 10. If a muscle is under your control, is it voluntary or involuntary?(pg. 158) voluntary 11. If a muscle is not under your control, is it voluntary or involuntary? (p. 158) involuntary 12. Complete the chart below: Muscle Heart Bicep Intestine Skeletal, Cardiac or Smooth? Cardiac Skeletal Smooth Voluntary or Involuntary? Involuntary Voluntary Involuntary 13. All muscles work in pairs. The muscle that is bending is called the (flexor or extensor)(pg.159)flexor. 14. The muscle that is straightening is called the (flexor or extensor) (pg. 159) extensor. 15. Using the following terms (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and capillaries), explain how oxygen goes from the air into your bloodstream in paragraph form. Air enters through the nose or mouth and then travels through the pharynx (throat) and the larynx (voice box). It then travels down the trachea (windpipe) and towards the lungs. At the bottom of the trachea, it travels through one of the bronchi (either left or right) and then through the bronchioles. Once there, it continues into the alveoli. Attached to the alveoli are capillaries (tiny blood vessels). The oxygen from the air can then travel into the blood through the capillaries. 16. Label the following diagram showing the Respiratory System (pg. 190): Word Bank Pharynx Bronchus Mouth Alveoli Trachea Diaphragm Lung Bronchus Larynx Nose Bronchiole 1. nose 2. mouth 3. larynx (voice box) 4. lung 5. bronchus 6. diaphragm 7. pharynx (throat) 8. trachea (windpipe) 9. bronchus 10 bronchioles 11. alveoli 17. What part of the respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of your blood? (pg. 192) alveoli 18. What wraps around the alveoli that will allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to go into the blood? capillaries 19. Describe one of the disorders related to the respiratory system. (pg. 193) Asthma – causes the bronchioles to narrow so that the person has difficulty breathing. SARS - a virus that causes the person to have a fever and difficulty breathing. Emphysema- happens when the alveoli have been damaged causing the person to have trouble getting the oxygen they need.