Download STUDY GUIDE Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best

STUDY GUIDE
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1.
A subducting oceanic plate
a.
is less dense than the plate it moves under.
b. is pushed up and over the continental crust.
c.
sinks into the mantle, forming a trench.
d. moves horizontally in the opposite direction past the other plate.
____
2.
What changes are involved when mud from a lake bottom turns into a sedimentary rock and then into a metamorphic rock?
a.
compaction and cementation, and then melting
b. heat and pressure, and then weathering
c.
compaction and cementation, and then heat and pressure
d. melting, and then compaction and cementation
____
3.
The heat that drives mantle convection comes from the gradual cooling of Earth’s interior and
a.
the sun.
c.
sea-floor spreading.
b. the decay of radioactive isotopes.
d. trenches.
____
4.
Older stars are most likely found in
a.
the arms of spiral and barred-spiral galaxies.
b. elliptical galaxies.
c.
irregular galaxies.
d. both (a) and (b)
____
5.
How might a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere on the moon affect the range of temperatures on the moon?
a.
An atmosphere might hold heat in, making the moon very hot.
b. An atmosphere might block heat radiating from the sun, making the moon very cold.
c.
An atmosphere might moderate temperatures, making them more even, as on Earth.
d. An atmosphere would have no effect on the range of temperatures on the moon.
____
6.
Tilted telephone poles and fences curving in a downward direction on a hillside are evidence of
a.
a landslide.
c.
a slump.
b. a mudflow.
d. creep.
____
7.
A sequence of rock layers consists of horizontal layers of sandstone, granite, and limestone. What type of intrusive igneous feature does the
granite layer represent?
a.
a sill
c.
a batholith
b. a dike
d. a volcanic neck
____
8.
What is meant by the statement “The moon is geologically dead”?
a.
The moon has little erosion and no plate movement.
b. The moon is devoid of living things.
c.
The moon has no atmosphere.
d. The moon has no air currents or weather patterns.
____
9.
What is the difference between a meteoroid and a meteorite?
a.
A meteoroid is made of metal; a meteorite is made of rock.
b. A meteoroid is larger than a meteorite.
c.
A meteoroid is located in space; it becomes a meteorite when it hits Earth.
d. A meteoroid has a tail like a comet; a meteorite burns up in Earth’s atmosphere.
____
10.
The sun remains stable over time because
a.
its supply of hydrogen is inexhaustible.
b. the product of fusion, helium, is a stable element.
c.
the inward pull of gravity and outward push of thermal pressure are balanced.
d. nuclear fusion is a stabilizing process.
____
11.
The parallax of a star is observed because
a.
all stars have the same apparent brightness.
b. parallax increases with distance.
c.
stars do not move.
d. the observer moves.
____
12.
P waves
a.
cause Earth to vibrate in the direction of the wave's motion.
b. cause Earth to vibrate at right angles to the direction the wave moves.
c.
travel along Earth’s surface.
d. move in a rolling motion similar to ocean waves.
____
13.
What causes the magna inside a volcano to rise toward the surface?
a.
It is a thick liquid, denser than the surrounding rock.
b. It does not contain dissolved gases.
c.
It is less dense than the surrounding rock.
d. It is cooler than the surrounding rock.
____
14.
Which of the following helps explain why the planets remain in motion around the sun?
a.
density
c.
inertia
b. gravity
d. both (b) and (c)
____
15.
The apparent brightness of a star
a.
varies with the position from which it is viewed.
b. can be calculated from its absolute brightness and mass.
c.
is greater as distance from the sun increases.
d. is a measure of its light viewed from any position.
____
16.
Forces that shape Earth’s surface can be divided into
a.
constructive and physical.
b. constructive and destructive.
c.
chemical and destructive.
d. chemical and physical.
____
17.
Intense heat, intense pressure, or reactions with hot water can modify a pre-existing rock to form a(an)
a.
metamorphic rock.
c.
igneous rock.
b. sedimentary rock.
d. organic rock.
____
18.
A hot, bright star would appear in which section of an H-R diagram?
a.
lower left
c.
b. upper right
d.
upper left
lower right
____
19.
The two layers that make up the lithosphere are the
a.
upper mantle and lower mantle.
b. oceanic crust and continental crust.
c.
inner core and outer core.
d. crust and upper mantle.
____
20.
Which kind of star is most likely to spend the longest time on the main sequence?
a.
a low-mass red star
c.
a high-mass blue star
b. a yellow star like the sun
d. a bright white star
____
21.
Which of the following is the most likely reason that ancient observers believed that Earth was the center of the universe?
a.
The Earth seemed to move on its axis.
b. Earth’s motions are only recently known because of high-powered telescopes.
c.
Objects in the sky appear to circle around Earth.
d. Ancient observers believed the universe was stationary.
____
22.
Hubble’s Law states that the speed at which a galaxy is moving away is proportional to the
a.
mass of the galaxy.
c.
galaxy’s distance from Earth.
b. number of stars in the galaxy.
d. age of the galaxy.
____
23.
Which of the following provides support for the big bang theory?
a.
red shift
b. cosmic microwave background radiation
c.
elliptical galaxies
d. both (a) and (b)
____
24.
Why was Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift originally rejected by geologists?
a.
Wegener did not have any data to support his hypothesis.
b. The continents of South America and Africa do not fit well together.
c.
Wegener could not explain how the continents could move through the ocean floor.
d. Wegener’s data were incorrect.
____
25.
Groundwater forms caves and sinkholes by the process of
a.
chemical weathering.
b. physical weathering.
c.
d.
condensation.
mineral deposition.
____
26.
What is a mineral’s hardness?
a.
a type of fracture in which a mineral breaks along regular, well-defined planes
b. the resistance of a mineral to scratching
c.
the color of a mineral’s powder
d. a type of fracture in which a mineral breaks along a curved surface
____
27.
In the formation of our solar system, nearly all of the mass of the solar nebula became
a.
the terrestrial planets.
c.
the sun.
b. the gas giants.
d. the Oort cloud.
____
28.
Why do most ocean organisms live above a water depth of 500 meters?
a.
Pressure below that depth is too great.
b. Temperature below that depth is too high.
c.
Pressure below that depth is too low.
d. Light below that depth is too bright.
____
29.
Beyond the Kuiper belt lies a great reservoir of comets called
a.
the gas giants.
b. the Oort Cloud.
c.
d.
Charon.
the Great Dark Spot.
Stress in Earth’s crust is caused by
a.
folds.
b. plate movements.
c.
d.
earthquakes.
faults.
____
30.
____
31.
What evidence suggests that asteroids are like rubble heaps and not solid like rock?
a.
They are held together by weak gravity.
b. They have not shattered on impact with other objects.
c.
They mostly have irregular shapes.
d. They are remnants of a shattered planet.
____
32.
Soon after the collision with Earth, the materials that eventually formed the moon
a.
orbited Earth in a large, irregular clump.
b. were bits of Earth’s mantle encircling Earth.
c.
were mostly broken pieces of the object that hit Earth.
d. none of the above
____
33.
Why is studying star clusters useful?
a.
because there is such a large diversity of stars in a cluster
b. because they are about the same age and distance from Earth
c.
d.
because they are all about the same size and temperature
because all of them are always young, bright stars
____
34.
What type of ocean current brings cold water from the deep ocean to the surface?
a.
a density current
c.
a surface current
b. upwelling
d. a current caused by wind
____
35.
What will happen to the relative amounts of hydrogen and helium in the sun over the next few billion years?
a.
Hydrogen will increase and helium will decrease.
b. Hydrogen will decrease and helium will increase.
c.
Both hydrogen and helium will decrease.
d. Both hydrogen and helium will remain the same.