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Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SECTION 23-1 REVIEW PROKARYOTES VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following groups of terms. 1. halophile, thermoacidophile __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. bacillus, coccus, spirillum ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. staphylococcus, streptococcus ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. Gram-positive bacterium, Gram-negative bacterium _______________________ _________________________________________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. _____ 1. Fossil evidence indicates that the earliest prokaryotes on Earth lived about a. 1 billion years ago. c. 2.5 billion years ago. b. 5 billion years ago. d. None of the above _____ 2. Which of the following types of bacteria would you be most likely to find in very salty water? a. chemoautotroph c. cyanobacterium b. halophile d. thermoacidophile _____ 3. Archaea and Bacteria are placed in separate domains because a. Bacteria lack cell c. proteins of Bacteria have no membranes. amino acids. b. Archaea have cells walls that contain d. their rRNA sequences are peptidoglycan different. _____ 4. Actinomycetes are a. archaea that are spiral-shaped. b. proteobacteria that cause tooth decay. c. Gram-positive bacteria that form branching filaments. d. Gram-negative bacteria that are photosynthetic. _____ 5. Which of the following types of bacteria would you be most likely to find in the human intestinal tract? a. spirochete b. cyanobacterium c. thermoacidophile d. enteric bacterium Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 123 Prokaryotes Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Why do some bacteria retain the Gram stain while others do not? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. Why are nitrogen-fixing bacteria important to plants? ____________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. Identify two ecologically important characteristics of cyanobacteria. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. Identify one beneficial and one harmful role of Gram-negative enteric bacteria found in the human body. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5. Explain how the evolution of aerobic organisms depended on a metabolic product of cyanobacteria. ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 6. Critical Thinking How have explorations of saltwater lakes and hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor led biologists to revise their ideas about the origin of eukaryotes? _______________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Label each drawing below with the most appropriate term from the following list: coccus, streptococcus, spirochete, bacillus. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 124 Prokaryotes Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SECTION 23-2 REVIEW BIOLOGY OF PROKARYOTES VOCABULARY REVIEW Distinguish between the terms in each of the following pairs of terms. 1. capsule, endospore _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. pilus, conjugation __________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe _________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. transformation, transduction __________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. _____ 1. One structure you would not find in a bacterial cell is a a. cell wall. b.cell membrane. c.mitochondrion. d. chromosome. _____ 2. Which of the following is not a method of movement used by bacteria? a. gliding through a layer of slime b. forceful expulsion of water from contractile vacuoles c. producing a corkscrew-like motion d. propulsion by flagella _____ 3. Photoautotrophic bacteria obtain energy a. from the sun. c. by feeding on living organisms. b. by oxidizing inorganic d. by feeding on dead and decaying compounds. material. _____ 4. Which types of bacteria can live in the presence of oxygen? a. only obligate c. only obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes anaerobes b. only obligate aerobes d. all bacteria _____ 5. The process by which two living bacteria bind together and transfer genetic information is called a. conjugation. b. transformation.c. transduction. d. encapsulation. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 125 Prokaryotes Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Where does photosynthesis take place in a photoautotrophic bacterium? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. What is a glycocalyx, and what function does it serve? ___________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. Name three environmental factors that affect the growth of bacteria. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. What type of genetic recombination in bacteria involves DNA transfer by viruses? ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5. Critical Thinking Why are bacterial transformation, conjugation, and transduction not considered to be methods of reproduction? _______________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS Briefly describe the function of each labeled structure in the drawing of a bacterial cell shown below. 1. Pilus _____________________________________________________________ 2. Capsule __________________________________________________________ 3. Cell wall _________________________________________________________ 4. Cell membrane ____________________________________________________ 5. Chromosome ______________________________________________________ 6. Plasmid __________________________________________________________ 7. Flagellum ________________________________________________________ Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 126 Prokaryotes Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SECTION 23-3 REVIEW BACTERIA AND HUMANS VOCABULARY REVIEW Define the following terms. 1. pathology _________________________________________________________ 2. exotoxin __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. endotoxin _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. zoonosis __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 5. bioremediation ____________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the correct letter in the blank. _____ 1. One bacterial disease that is transmitted by contaminated drinking water is a. Lyme disease. b. gonorrhea. c. tuberculosis. d. cholera. _____ 2. A poison that is released from the outer membrane of dead Gram-negative bacteria is called a. a pathogen. c. an endotoxin. b. an exotoxin. d. a broad-spectrum toxin. _____ 3. Which of the following is not a way that bacteria cause disease in humans? a. destroying body tissues c. damaging blood vessels b. conjugating with human cells d. dissolving blood clots _____ 4. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by a. secreting antibiotics. b. assisting the passage of antibiotics through the cell wall. c. acquiring an R-plasmid for resistance. d. growing only on Petri dishes. _____ 5. One of the positive ways bacteria affect our lives is by a. producing dental caries. b. consuming improperly preserved foods. c. preventing the decomposition of dead plants and animals. d. helping to clean up oil spills. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 127 Prokaryotes Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ SHORT ANSWER Answer the questions in the space provided. 1. Identify three ways that bacteria can be transmitted from person to person. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. Name one bacterial disease that affects nerves, one that affects the intestine, and one that affects the skin.______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe two ways that antibiotics work. ________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. List four foods that are produced with the assistance of bacteria. ___________ _________________________________________________________________ 5. Critical Thinking Why are broad-spectrum antibiotics often used to treat infections caused by unidentified pathogens? What is the danger associated with overusing such antibiotics? ________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS The diagram below shows a Petri dish containing a bacterial culture and four paper disks (labeled A–D) treated with different antibiotics. The concentrations of all four antibiotics are the same. Dark areas on the dish indicate bacterial growth, and clear areas indicate inhibition of bacterial growth. State whether the bacteria in this culture are very sensitive, moderately sensitive, or insensitive to each antibiotic, and explain your reasoning. A. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ B. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ C. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ D. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Biology 128 Prokaryotes