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10S Science
Reproduction
REPRODUCTION
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10S Science
Reproduction
Unit B – Reproduction
B1 – Cell Division
Outcome Questions
S1-1-13:
 How are the terms
DNA, chromosome,
genes, and trait
connected?
Vocabulary & People
Chromosomes
DNA
Genes
Trait
Heredity
Concepts
Information
Text:
p.112-119
Activities
Reviewing the
Cell
S1-1-01:
 Why do cells divide
and how does it
work?
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Cell Cycle
Text:
p. 138-145
Stages of
Mitosis
p. 152-161
Asexual
Reproduction
170-175
Stages of
Meiosis
IPMAT
Asexual Reproduction
Binary Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore
S1-1-05:
 What role do
gametes play in
reproduction?
S1-1-07:
 What are the pros
and cons of asexual
and sexual
reproduction?
Genetic Diversity
Diploid
Haploid
Gamete
Meiosis
Homologous Pair
Polar Body
Mitosis
Vs.
Meiosis
176-177
Sexual
Reproduction
Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis
Asexual
Vs.
Sexual
B2 – Human Reproduction (SEX)
S1-1-09:
Hormone
Male System
 What parts make up Testosterone
the male and female Estrogen
Progesterone
Female System
sex systems and
what is the function Ovulation
Menstruation
of each part?
Menstrual Cycle
p.161
p.194
196-197
The Male
System I/II
The Female
System I/II
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S1-1-10:
 How does a
fertilized egg turn
into a baby and
what determines the
gender?
10S Science
Fertilization
Zygote
Embryo
Fetus
198-200
Reproduction
Human
Reproduction
Fetal
Development
B3 – Genetics and Diversity
S1-1-12:
 How are the
features of the
parents inherited to
create unique
offspring?
Genotype
Phenotype
Dominant
Recessive
S1-1-14:
Sex-linked
 What is a pedigree
and how is it used to
track the inheritance
of a trait?
Traits Data
Collection
Bikini Bottom
Genetics I/II
Pedigree
Genetics
Review
X-linked
Genes
Pedigrees
S1-1-8:
 What are some
ways plants and
animals improve
their chances to
reproduce?
Adaptation
B4 – Environment and Health
S1-1-15:
 How can lifestyle
choices affect your
genetics and
development?
Mutagen
Cancer
122-127
146-147
S1-1-16:
 What new
biotechnologies are
being explored in
genetics and
reproduction?
Genome
Karyotype
Syndrome
Stem Cell
204-207
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Reviewing the Cell
1. Complete the table below, giving definition / function and location / shape of each new structure.
(You could also check the Glossary for some of the words).
2. Label the diagrams given for a plant and an animal cell.
STRUCTURE
DEFINITION and/or FUNCTION
LOCATION
Organelle
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cell wall
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Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
In all the forms of asexual reproduction, there is just one parent. The unicellular organisms of the Protista
kingdom, such as the amoeba, reproduce asexually by standard mitosis. Members of the Monera kingdom,
such as bacteria, are single-celled organisms that do not contain a true nucleus. Bacteria reproduce asexually
by a process called binary fission.
Yeast cells are unicellular fungi that reproduce asexually by budding. In the budding of yeast, the parent cell
pushes out part of its wall forming a bulge or bud. Then the nucleus divides by mitosis. One of the two new
nuclei moves into the bud and the other one stays inside the parent cell. After a new wall forms between the
two nuclei, the daughter cell may remain attached to the parent, or it may break away and produce a new
yeast culture.
In binary fission, the parent cell divides equally into two daughter cells. In budding the parent cell divides
unequally. The daughter cell is smaller than the parent cell. But after budding is complete, the daughter cell
may grow to the size of the parent.
Organisms of the kingdom Fungi, such as the mould Penicillium and mushrooms, also reproduce by
sporulation. The formation of spores or sporulation is another form of asexual reproduction. In sporulation,
the parent organism produces a large number of spores. Each spore is a cell that was formed by mitosis and
contains the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Moulds grow in thin web-like strands called hyphae. The hyphae grow over the surface of the food (bread)
and eat the food for energy. Sporangia form on the tips of the hyphae that have grown across the surface. In
each sporangium, hundreds of spores develop by mitosis.
Vegetative propagation is a kind of asexual reproduction that can take place in any of the growing parts of
plants. These parts may be roots, leaves, or stems, including the kinds of underground stems called tubers and
bulbs. A potato is an example of a tuber, and an onion is an example of a bulb.
The root of a carrot or turnip (the part we eat) placed in water will grow into a new plant. Strawberry plants
propagate themselves by stem-like structures called runners. A runner takes root and produces a new plant.
Many house plants, such as geraniums may be grown from stem cuttings placed in water. Bulbs of onions and
tulips grow into complete new plants. The tubers of potatoes and yams sprout new plants from their eyes.
In the kingdom Animalia, animals are divided into two main groups – vertebrates and invertebrates.
Invertebrates, such as sponges, jellyfish, worms, shellfish and insects, make up about 97% of all animal
species. Most invertebrates can reproduce by asexually means. Some animals are able to replace or
regenerate a lost part. Lizards, starfish and planeria, can regenerate whole limbs. Lobsters can regenerate a
lost claw. One arm of a starfish can re-grow a whole new body. Examples like these are sometimes called
fragmentation, and are another example of asexual reproduction.
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10S Science
Reproduction
A. On the line below each diagram, write the type of asexual reproduction that is shown. Choose from
the following: sporulation budding regeneration binary fission
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. One the line below each diagram, write the type of vegetative propagation that is shown. Choose from
the following: tuber bulb leaf runner stem
5.
6.
7.
8.
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Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis II
Determine whether the following characteristics apply to mitosis, meiosis, neither or both by putting a check
mark in the appropriate column(s).
Mitosis
Meiosis
1. Pairing of homologous chromosomes
2. Two divisions
3. Four daughter cells produced
4. Associated with growth and repair
5. Daughter cells are different than parent cell
6. Chromosome number is halved
7. Necessary for sexual reproduction
8. One Division
9. Two daughter cells produced
10. Involves the replication (duplication) of chromosomes
11. Chromosome number is maintained
12. Involves sister chromatids
13. Daughter cells are identical from parent cell
14. Produces gametes (sex cells)
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SEXUAL Reproduction
1. State two differences between a somatic (body cell) cell and a sex cell.
2. State two ways in which asexual and sexual reproduction differ.
3. Write two sentences that use the words haploid and diploid; gamete and body cell. Each sentence
should use one of the words in each pair.
4.
a. What are the two stages of meiosis labeled in the diagram above by the letters A and B?
b. For each stage of meiosis shown in the diagram above, state the number of chromosomes.
5. What would happen to the offspring in sexual reproduction if meiosis did not occur?
6. Explain what the term homologous chromosomes mean in terms of meiosis?
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7. What are the two characteristics that identify mitosis?
Reproduction
8. Fill in the blanks for the following statements.
a. A male gamete is called a(n) _____ and a female gamete is called a(n) ______ .
b. When two gametes unite, they form a ______ .
c. The two stages of meiosis are ___________ and ___________ .
d. During _________ reduction takes place.
e. One parent cell will produce ________ daughter cells in meiosis.
9. Based on this statement, answer the following questions:
An animal has 54 chromosomes in a somatic cell.
a. The diploid number for this animal is___________.
b. The haploid number for this animal is ___________.
c. A gamete will have ________chromosomes.
d. An egg will have ______ chromosomes.
e. When the egg and sperm combine, there are ______ chromosomes.
f. A cell taken from the animal's muscle has ______ chromosomes.
10. Show with pictures how the chromosomes of a cell are divided during Meiosis. Use 4 chromosomes in
your example diagrams.
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Reproduction
THE MALE SYSTEM I:
The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce and store __________.
1. Complete the table below using the following diagram.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
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2. The part of the body responsible for the regulating most hormones is the _________________.
3. Testosterone is produced in the ______________________.
4. What functions does testosterone have?
6. Write a brief description of the function of the sex organ or hormone in the table below.
Sex Organ/Hormones
Function
Urethra
Epididymis
Testes
Vas deferens
Prostate gland
Seminal vesicle
Scrotum
Androgens
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THE FEMALE SYSTEM I:
1. The main sex organ in a female is the ________.
2. The main female reproductive hormones are __________and _______________.
3. Once fertilization takes place cells reproduce by ____________.
4. Each cell in an embryo contains ____________ pairs of chromosomes.
5. Fill in the labels for the diagram showing the female reproductive system below
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
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6. Briefly describe the two stages of the female reproductive cycle – menstruation and ovulation.
7. How do the production of sex cells in males and females differ?
8. Describe the hormonal differences between males and females?
9. Contrast the reproductive function of the human male and female.
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THE MALE SYSTEM II
Label the parts of the male reproductive system on the diagram below:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Bladder
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Vas deferens
Scrotum
Testis
Cowper’s gland
Seminal vesicle
Epididymis
Fill in the blanks with the correct answers:
The human male gamete, or _______________ , is highly specialized for its role as a carrier of genetic
information. Produced by meiosis, sperm cells have _____ chromosomes instead of the 46 found in other cells
of the male body. The sperm-producing organs, the _______________ , hang between the legs of the male,
maintaining a temperature about 3˚C cooler than the rest of the body for optimal sperm development. The
testes contain cells that secrete the male sex hormone _______________. Sperm production,
_______________ , takes place inside the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
After a sperm cell is manufactured, it is delivered to a long, coiled tube called the _______________ , where it
matures. Mature sperm are relatively simple cells, consisting of a 3 parts: _______________ ,
_______________ , _______________ .
From the epididymis, the sperm is delivered to another long tube, the _______________. When released
during intercourse, they move passed the _______________, where the reproductive and urinary tracts join,
emptying through the ________ in the penis. Sperm is released in a fluid called _______________.
An adult male produces _______________ continuously, several hundred million each day of his life. Those
that are not ejaculated from the body are _______________ in a continual cycle of renewal.
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THE FEMALE SYSTEM II
Label the parts of the male reproductive system on the diagram below:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Ovary
Uterus
Bladder
Urethra
Vagina
Cervix
Fallopian tubes
Fill in the blanks with the correct answers:
In females, eggs develop from cells called _______________, located within the female gonads –
_______________ . In females all of the oocytes needed for a lifetime are already present at birth. With the
onset of puberty, females mature sexually. This is controlled by the release of chemicals in the brain called
_______________ . Usually only a single oocyte is initiated to continue development and be released, in a
process called _______________. Approximately every ______ days, another oocyte matures and is released,
although the timing varies. Only about 400 of the approximately 2 million oocytes a woman is born with
mature and are ovulated during her lifetime.
The _______________ (also called fallopian tubes) transport eggs from the ovaries to the _______________.
In humans, this is a muscular, pear-shaped organ about the size of a fist that narrows to a muscular ring called
the _______________, which leads to the vaginal canal.
The inner-lining of the uterus is called the _______________. The surface of the lining is shed approximately
once a month during _______________, while the underlying portion remains to generate a new surface
during the next cycle. Ovulation and Menstruation are controlled by the hormonal interaction of the brain
and the ovaries using the female sex hormones _______________, and _______________.
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HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Fill in the blanks from the words list below. Words may be used more than once.
Semen
Puberty
Fertilization
Seminal Fluid
Corpus luteum
Progesterone
Prostate
Ovulation
Estrogen
Menstruation
Ovary
Testes
Seminal vesicles
Hormones
Uterus
Vas deferens
Vagina
scrotum
Oocytes
Fill in the blanks with correct answers:
The production of sperm takes place in the _______________. These paired glands are contained in a sac
called the _______________. The sperm travel to the urethra through a long tube called the
_______________. During this passage, _______________ , secreted by the _______________,
_______________ and Cowper’s glands are mixed with the sperm. This mixture is called _______________.
The female gonad is called the _______________. Beginning at _______________, _______________
released from the pituitary gland to stimulate maturation of eggs. Usually, only one of the _______________
matures fully each month. As the oocyte develops, a thick outer called the follicle secretes the hormone
_______________ which causes the lining of the _______________ to thicken. After about 9 to 19 days, a
surge in hormones causes the release a mature egg - this is called _______________. The empty outer layer,
or follicle of the egg now becomes a mass of yellow tissue called the _______________ . This secretes the
hormone _______________ which further thickens the lining of the uterus in preparation for receiving and
nourishing a fertilized egg. If no fertilization occurs, _______________ will start as the next cycle begins.
During sexual intercourse, semen is released through the urethra and deposited in the female’s
_______________. An egg is only functional within 24 hours of ovulation, while sperm can remain viable for
up to six days. Therefore, if sexual intercourse takes place five days before ovulation or one day after,
_______________ may occur.
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FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Label the parts of the embryo in utero in the diagram below. Give the function/purpose for each part.
a. Embryo
b. Placenta
c. Fallopian tube
d. Endometrium
e. Umbilical cord
f. Amniotic sac
g. Amniotic fluid
h. Vagina
i.
Uterus
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Fetus
implantation
Amnion
10S Science
Labour
Placenta
Zygote
Umbilical cord
Organogenesis
Endometrial
Reproduction
Diploid
Mitotic
Pregnancy
Fill in the blanks with correct answers:
When haploid nucleus of the ovum combines with the haploid nucleus of the sperm, a _______________ cell
called a _______________ is formed. The fertilized cell then begins a series of _______________ divisions
traveling down the fallopian tube over six days. It reaches the uterus, attaches itself to the _______________
lining in a process called _______________, establishing the _______________. The zygote now begins to
grow rapidly by cell division into many distinct layers: the outer _______________, will enclose the developing
embryo, the inner layer will join with the uterus wall to form the _______________, which will nourish the
growing embryo. The _______________ of the placenta connects the developing embryo to the mother as a
way to exchange nutrients and waste. In the fourth week of pregnancy, the body organs begin to form, a
process called _______________ During the second month of pregnancy, limbs and bones of the embryo
assume their adult shapes, while the brain continues to develop even after birth. From this point on, the
developing human is referred to as a _______________ rather than an embryo. What remains is essentially
growth. At approximately 40 weeks from the last menstrual cycle, the process of birth begins as hormonal
changes in the mother initiate the onset of _______________.
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Traits Data Collection
This activity requires you to collect data about easily observable traits of friends and family.
1. You are given two tables below to fill with data. In the first table, record data from ten friends who are not
related to you. In the second table record data that you have gathered from ten relatives. You may include
mother and father, grandmother and grandfather, cousins, and so on.
Table 1: Traits of Friends
Characteristic Tongue Tongue Thumb Thumb
Can
Roll
Can't
Roll
Bent
Back
Earlobe
Earlobe
Hairline
Straight Attached Detached Smooth
Hairline
Pointed
Friend 1
Friend 2
Friend 3
Friend 4
Friend 5
Friend 6
Friend 7
Friend 8
Friend 9
Friend 10
Table 2: Traits of Relatives
Characteristic Tongue Tongue Thumb Thumb
Can
Roll
Can't
Roll
Bent
Back
Earlobe
Earlobe
Hairline
Straight Attached Detached Smooth
Hairline
Pointed
Relative 1
Relative 2
Relative 3
Relative 4
Relative 5
Relative 6
Relative 7
Relative 8
Relative 9
Relative 10
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2. Draw a bar graph showing the number of people who can roll their tongue, bend back their thumb, have
attached earlobes and have smooth hairlines. Make one bar graph for your friends that could represent
the population as a whole. Draw another bar graph for your family.
3. Which of the trait possibilities is dominant according to your data? Complete the table below.
Trait
Trait Alternatives
Tongue
Roll
Tongue
Won't roll
Thumb
Bends back
Thumb
Stays straight
Earlobe
Attached
Earlobe
Detached
Hairline
Smooth
Hairline
Pointed
Number Friends
Number family
4. Does your family have a trait that is not as common in the general population? If so, what would be the
reason for it?
5. Where you able to observe any traits other than the ones on your list? Write some of them down and
check them in friends and family.
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Genetics Review
Reproduction
1. One parent has a dominant allele for dark hair and and a recessive allele for light hair. The other parent
has two recessive alleles for light hair.
a. Write the dominant and recessive genes with symbol letters
b. Write the parental genotypes
c. Write the parental phenotypes
d. Write whether the parents are homozygous or heterozygous
2. One parent has two dominant alleles for dimples and the other parent has two recessive alleles for no
dimples.
a. Write the dominant and recessive genes with symbol letters
b. Write the parental genotypes
c. Write the parental phenotypes
d. Write whether the parents are homozygous or heterozygous
PART 3
1. Use the Punnett square given to predict the phenotypic and genotypic outcome (offspring) of a cross
between a plant heterozygous for yellow (Yy) peas and a plant homozygous for green (yy) peas. Yellow
is dominant and is shown by a capital Y, green is recessive and is shown by a small y.
2. In humans Large nose(N) is dominant over small nose(n). Use a Punnett Square to predict the
phenotypes and genotypes that result from a cross between two parents heterozygous for big noses.
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3. Brown eye colour(B) in humans is dominant over blue eye colour(b). Use a Punnett square to predict
the phenotypes and genotypes that are produced when a homozygous brown eyed mother and a
homozygous blue eyed father produce offspring.
4. Migraine headaches(H) are dominant over no migraine headaches(h). Use a Punnett Square to predict
the probable phenotypes and genotypes when two parents heterozygous for migraine headaches
produce offspring.
5. Recall that a mother is homozygous female and a father is heterozygous male. If the male gene is
dominant, what is the probable phenotype and genotype for the offspring? Use a Punnet Square to
illustrate your answer.
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