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Chapter 2, Section 1 ID’s and Questions (pp. 137-143)
ID’s:
1. Radical Republicans: a minority number of Congressman who were completely opposed to slavery before
and during the Civil War—and who after the war were in favor of giving the former slaves total freedom—the
right to vote and “equal” rights. Members of this group wanted to completely remake the South (politically and
economically) and were in favor of harshly punishing the South for seceding from the Union.
2. Thaddeus Stevens: Radical Republican in the House (of Representatives-from Penn) who favored harsh
treatment for the South’s reentry into the Union. Helped draw up the 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts
of 1867—eventually proposed the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.
3. Charles Sumner: Radical Republican in the Senate (from Mass)—a staunch opponent of slavery in the
Senate—like Stevens, demanded harsh treatment of South after Civil War—instrumental in President Andrew
Johnson’s impeachment trial (1868)
4. Wade-Davis Bill: a bill passed by Congress in July of 1864 that proposed harsh measures for the
reconstruction of the southern states; Lincoln killed the bill with a pocket veto (p. 140)
5. pocket-veto: a method of vetoing a bill presented within ten days of the end of a session of Congress; if the
president does not sign the bill before Congress adjourns, the bill does no become a law (p. 140)
6. 13th Amendment: amendment to the Constitution that abolished slavery (freed the slaves throughout the
U.S.)--- passed in 1865.
7. Freedman’s Bureau: U.S. agency created in 1865 (during Lincoln’s administration) empowered to protect
legal rights of former slaves, provide for their education and medical care, and feed and care for war refugees.
(p. 140)
Questions:
Classify the following people as being conservative, moderate, or radical (and explain your reasoning—why
you came up with this idea):
1. Abraham Lincoln: moderate (he wanted to punish the leaders of the South, but he wanted the states of the
Confederacy to be brought back into the Union as quickly as possible)
2. Thaddeus Stevens: radical (he wanted to grant equal rights to the former slaves; he wanted to thoroughly
and completely recreate the South—which would be done by punishing the states of the Confederacy and by
taking the people who had supported the South out of positions of power and wealth)
3. Charles Sumner: radical (same as Stevens)
4. a pro-slavery Southerner: conservative (after the war, this type of person wanted as little change as
possible to safeguard the status quo before the Civil War--- to make things be as if the Civil War had never
happened)
5. Which group promoted equal rights for former slaves?
radicals
6. Which group required new state constitutions to prohibit slavery?
Moderates
7. What were the main features of Lincoln’s plan of Reconstruction?
1) to pardon all supporters of the Confederacy who signed a loyalty oath and pledged to accept the end of
slavery
2) to allow a state to apply for readmission to the Union after 10% of its prewar voters took the oath (his plan is
often referred to as the 10% plan)
3) his plan did not give former slaves a role in shaping the political future of the South
8. What were the central points of the plan of Reconstruction proposed by Radical Republicans?
1.) black suffrage (giving the right to vote to the former slaves)
2.) equal rights for the former slaves
9. What Reconstruction measures were passed by Congress under Lincoln?
1.) the 13th amendment (freeing the slaves in the entire Union)
2.) provisions for the Freedman’s Bureau
10. How did Andrew Johnson’s policy of Reconstruction differ from Lincoln’s?
Answer: Lincoln believed in limited black suffrage—Johnson believed that African Americans should play no
part in politics.
11. What did freedom mean to former slaves?
Answer: economic independence (as long as they could find jobs)---economic independence made it possible
for them to move, find new jobs, and to get an education
Chapter 2, Section 2 ID’s and Questions (pp. 144-149)
ID’s:
1. Black Codes: after the Civil War, a series of laws passed by the new Southern governments that
attempted to regulate and repress former slaves (p. 144)
2. 14th Amendment: amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1868)
1) granted citizenship to former slaves,
2) established equality before the law as fundamental right of American citizens,
3) punished former Confederate officers, and canceled Confederate debts. (p. 146)
3. Tenure of Office Act: act of Congress in 1867 that barred the president from removing officeholders
without Senate approval (an act that caused much animosity between the members of Congress and
President Johnson)
4. 15th Amendment: amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1870) that guaranteed the right of former
slaves to vote (p. 149)
5. Lyman Trumbull: moderate Republican senator from Illinois who proposed two important bills after
the Civil War: the first extended the life of the Freedmen’s Bureau and second was the Civil Rights Act
of 1866 (p. 145)
** Civil Rights Act of 1866: defined all persons born in the U.S. (except Indians) as national citizens and
spelled out rights they were to enjoy without regard to race—making contracts, bringing lawsuits, and
enjoying “full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property as is
enjoyed by white citizens.” -- this Act was vetoed by President Johnson (p. 146)
Questions:
1. What set of Southern state laws passed in late 1865 restricted black freedom?
Black Codes
2. What amendment made the federal government rather than the state governments the primary protector
of civil rights?
the 14th Amendment
3. Who proposed the Civil Rights Act of 1866? Lyman Trumbull
4. What did the 15th amendment do?
Prohibited any state from limiting the right to vote because of race—(essentially gave the former
slaves the right to vote)
5. What Southern actions undermined support for Johnson’s plan of Reconstruction?
When they began to pass the Black Codes (which angered the Radicals and many Moderates in
Congress)
6. What were the major pieces of legislation that led to a clash between President Johnson and Congress?
The Freedman’s Bureau and the Civil Rights Act of 1866
7. What were the main features of Congressional Reconstruction?
1) The South was divided into five military districts
2) Each state was required to hold a constitutional convention with members elected by both black
and white voters.
3) Former Confederate officials were not allowed to vote or to serve as delegates
4) New state constitutions could not restrict the right to vote based on race.
5) New state legislatures had to ratify the 14th Amendment
8. What were the results of the impeachment trial of President Johnson?
Johnson was acquitted by one vote.
9. What were the basic issues of the election of 1868?
1) Democrats denounced Reconstruction and condemned black suffrage.
2) Republicans reminded voters of Civil War casualties and identified their opponents with
secession and treason
10. How were African Americans affected by the addition of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the
Constitution?
13th: Released African Americans from slavery;
14th: Established the principle of equality before the law as a fundamental
right;
15th: Gave African American (males) the right to vote