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MUSIC 3RD TRIMESTER____________________________________________ Texture Thinness or thickness of sounds 1. Monophony – single, independent melody without accompaniment 2. Homophony – single, independent melody with accompaniment 3. Polyphony – 2 or more independent melody without accompaniment 4. Mixed Texture – 2 or more independent melody with accompaniment Tone Color/Timbre Quality or sound in music May be determined by the physical structure of the sound-producing source (for voice or instrument), the material it was made of and the way it is being played (for instrument) Infinite variety of tone colors are present in environmental sounds Orchestra Instruments – have varied shapes and sizes and are made up of different materials such as wood, metal, dried stretched skin, plastic, etc. Four basic classifications given by Sachs and Hornbostel: a. Aerophone Played by blowing Vibrating air column produces sound b. Chordophone Played by plucking, blowing or hitting Vibrating string produces sound c. Idiophone Played by hitting, banging, scraping, shaking Vibrating body d. Membranophone Played by hitting Vibrating skin or membrane produces sound e. Electrophone Produces sound by means of an electric current WOODWIND AND BRASS STRING PERCUSSION 1. Strings Section o More than half of the orchestra - Violin - Viola - Cello - Double bass - Harp 2. Woodwind o These instruments, except for the flute, use a thin piece of wood called a “reed” which vibrates when the player blows across it - Piccolo - Flute - Clarinet - Bass clarinet - Saxophone - Oboe - English horn - Bassoon - Contra-bassoon 3. Brass o Made of brass - Trumpet - Trombone - French horn - Tuba 4. Percussion - Bongo drums, Bass drums, Snare drum, Kettle drum or timpani, Maracas, Triangle, Cymbals, Gong, Guiro, Cabassa, Vibraslap, Tambourine, Jingle bells, Marimba, Xylophone, Band Lyre, Chimes, Castanets, Rhythm Sticks, Rattle, Tone Block Philippine Music Music is a universal language. How about our Philippine Music? As, Filipinos, we are very much rooted on the indigenous culture and traditions of varied ethnic communities surrounding our country. There are three important styles: I. Indigenous Music or Pre-Hispanic Music Found mainly in three regions: Northern Luzon, Central Luzon and the Southern islands of Mindanao and Sulu Maguindanao Music Palabunibuyan Most widely performed instrument in the Maguindanao region. It means an ensemble of loud-sounding instruments. Maguindanaons learn how to play the instruments by watching and imitating their peers and elders Children interested to play are trained first in bamboo kulintang (a set of eight blades that are laid horizontally on a wooden base) or on the saronay, a set of eight rectangular iron plates with central protusion. Kulintang Gongs are considered valuable possessions of the Maguindanaons. The gongs, beside their economic value, bring social prestige to the owners of the instruments. Kulintang – a set of eight bossed gongs of graduated size Gandigan – a set of four hanging thin-rimmed gongs Babandir – small thin-rimmed gong with a shallow bass Agong – wide rimmed gong that sometimes it comes in pairs and exclusively played for men E. Dabakan – goblet-shaped drum A. B. C. D. Kulintang Music often heard in festive occasions like wedding and baptism of infants called PAIGO SA RAGAT (baptism by water) also heard in the curing rite called KAPAGIPAT, a ritual for aliments caused by evil spirits Kulintang pieces Features a particular characteristic that can be seen in the rhythmic pattern, tempo and emotion conveyed. Consists of an introduction, repeated sections, ascending and descending transitional passages and a conclusion. The length of the pieces may be altered depending upon the performer’s choice of section to repeat. a. BINALIG – played to express different feelings like love, joy and anger b. SINULOG – relates to loneliness and sentimental feelings. It is said that these pieces can make a listener cry and are best played at night or at an early dawn when there is great silence c. TIDTU – used to display one’s virtuosity and these are often heard in musical competitions d. TANGUNGGO – exclusively played for rituals. It is used to accompany a dance called SAGAYAN Tangunggo is a traditional piece from Maguindanao, arranged by Aga Mayo Butocan. II. - III. Spanish-Influenced Music (1565-1898) Introduced the Western musical traditions MARCELO ADONAY: was referred to as the Palestrina of the Philippines wrote many great religious compositions that were based on Gregorian chants also wrote Misas and Cantatas, often sung by boys’s choir called tiples Extra-liturgical music – new religious music flourished through the rituals and activities connected with Christianity American-Influenced Music European operas and American popular music through the stage/theatre show, movies, radio, dance halls and televisions Made music an educational curriculum CLASSICAL Sonata, Concerto, Symphony, Opera, Ballet, Rhapsody, Suites, Fantasy, Chorals, Tone poems, Avant-Grande SEMI-CLASSICAL Kundiman, Sarwela, Balitaw, Komedya, Stylized Folk Song, Broadway-inspired Songs, Patriotic hymns, Marches, Bands, Ensembles, Love song, Ballad, Song from the movies POP Jazz, Rock and Roll, Heavy rock, Slow rock, Folk, Disco, Manila Sound, Rap, Ethnic Pop, Ballad, Reggae, Gospel, Novelty, Protest/political songs, Jazz fusion 1. Classical: Includes both western Classical and the art music composed by Filipinos 2. Semi-Classical: Music usually heard on semi-formal musical events like open air concert, programs, parades, singing contest, informal concerts 3. POP/Popular music: Music created by Filipinos using western pop forms and local music tradition: a. Reggae: Jamaican pop music Style, Combination of West Indian and afroAmerican style b. Rock: A form of pop music characterized by fast rhythm, heavy metal instruments, and youth oriented lyrics c. Rap: A rhythm half sung, half spoken style often enhanced by electronic effect d. Ballad: Usually a love song in slow tempo that tells a story e. Protest Song: Songs that are made popular by political events like rallies, elections, assembly which raises national sentiments, written to stir emotions, generates support or cause doubts f. Novelty Songs: A song with humorous/unusual lyrics g. Modern Gospel: Distinctly religious music that is associated with evadelism, usually based on folk music blended with elements of spirituals and jazz music h. Disco: pop dance music, a combination of fast jazz tempo with heavy rock music beat, often spiced by Latin percussion instrument i. Pinoy Folk: A kind of pop that is not rooted folk tradition of Filipinos but draws mainly from repetitive simple folk tunes popularized j. Manila Sound: Usually in disco style/ dance style music making use of TAGLISH (lyrics) k. Ethnic Pop: Seeks to integrate ethnic elements, into pop culture l. Pinoy Jazz Fusion: The fusing of elements of rhythm and blues and the heavy highly amplified variety of rock music Filipino composers of the 70’s and 80’s Julian Felipe (1861 – 1944) - Born in Cavite city on January 28, 1861 - Studied at the recollect covent and in a public school and took his secondary education in Binondo, Manila - Studied music at 10 years of age and learned piano from a recollect pries - Even with the Cavite Mutiny interrupting his studies, he became the official organist of San Pedro Church in Laguna - Some of his compositions were “Aurorita, Danza”, “Motete al Santisimo”, and “Cintas y Flores” - He was imprisoned at Fort San Felipe during 1896 Revolution together with the 13 matyrs of Cavite. He was released after a few months. - He was commissioned by Emilio Aguinaldo to put into music the country’s sentiments and longing for freedom. - Our Philippine National Anthem (originally named Marcha Magdalo) was composed. It was first played during the proclamation of Philippine independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898. A year after, Jose Palma wrote a poem “Filipinas” and became the lyrics of the National Anthem. - He became the director of Banda Nacional in 1899 and served as Band Master in the U.S. Navy Francisco Santiago (1889 – 1947) - Composer, Pianist, Teacher - After graduating U.P. Conservatory of Music, he continued his studies in Chicago U.S.A - In 1917, he wrote the first art song – kundiman entitled ANAK DALITA and was sung before the Royal Court of Spain - He was considered the Father of Philippine Sonata - Composed “Pilipinas Kong Mahal”, the most popular petrictic song in the Philippines; solemnity and nobility; expresses the inherent Filipino sentiment Nicanor Abelardo (1893 – 1934) - Composer, Pianist, Teacher - Prolific composer of the art song Kundiman (talks about the lofty sentiment of love) - Among His Known works were “Nasaan Ka Irog”, “Kundiman ng Luha”, Mutya ng Pasig”, “HImutok” and “Ikaw Rin” - Composed semi-classical sytle like sarswelas and patriotic songs and also of classical mode like suites, concertos and pastorals - Aberlardo’s Concerto in Bb Major – first concerto ever written in the contry which made use of folk materials in 1923 Antonio Molina (1894 – 1980) - National Artist In Music - Took up architecture, Bachelor of Atts and law - Graduated at the University of Philippines Conservatory major in violoncello - Had concerts in Hanoi and Indochina - His Most Widely Known Work was “Hatinggabi” a piece for violin and piano - Last of the triumvirate of the Filipino composers who led the first nationalistic movement in Philippine music. The other two were Nicanor Abelardo and Francisco Santiago. Constancio De Guzman (1903 – 1982) - Composer - He composed and recorded a lot of songs like “Babalik ka rin”, “Bayan Ko” “Ang Tangi Kong Pag-ibig” and “Maalaala Mo Kaya” - Became a musical director of numerous Philippine Music companies and served director of Filipino Society of composers, arrangers and publishers (FILSCAP) Lucio San Pedro (1913 – 2002) - National Artist in Music - Started playing banjo and bandurria - Joined his father’s band in Angono, Rizal - Earned his degree in composition and conducting in 1937 and took further studies at the Julliard School of Music in 1947 - He was the man behind the philosophy “Creative Nationalism”, a composition based on folk materials not in its entirety but fragmentary. This was showm in his composition Lahing Kayumanggi, a symphonic poen, which was based on the first four notes of Bahay Kubo. - He was given an award for his song Isang Pagkain, Isang Katawan, Isang Bayan He made the Poveda Alma Mater Levi Celerio (1910 – 2002) - Great Lyricist, Violinist - National Artist in Music - In 1930’s he was asked to write the theme song for the film Dalagang bukid - Was listed in the Guiness Book of World Records for being the only man who could play music on a lead - Received numerous awards and citations and was considered the Dean of Filipino Lyricists.