Download A Nation Divided The Civil War and its Causes

Reforms, Sectionalism,
Causes of the Civil War
Events that Led to the Civil War
1. Sectional differences
2. Abolitionist Movement
3. Doctrine of Nullification
4. Missouri Compromise
5. Wilmot Proviso
6. Compromise of 1850
7. Kansas – Nebraska Act
8. Bleeding Kansas
9. Lincoln – Douglas Debate
10. Election of 1860
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To_Civil_War_Timeline.htm
Second Great Awakening
• 2nd Great Awakening – occurred in early
1800s through the revival movement
– Emphasized individual responsibility for
seeking salvation
– Revivals: an emotional meeting to regenerate
religious faith and bring people back to the
Church.
Second Great Awakening
• Result of 2nd Great Awakening
– Christianity spreads to slavery
– Slaves see it as a promise of freedom
– Black churches develop = African Methodist
Episcopal Church
Transcendentalist Spur Reform
• Transcendentalist believe in an alternative
to traditional religion.
– Believe in living a simple life
– Began a literary movement that stressed
American ideas of optimism, freedom, and
self-reliance
Ralph Emerson’s
Essay on Self-Reliance 1841
Henry David Thoreau
• Famous for writing Walden in
1854
• Spent two years living in the
woods thinking, reflecting,
writing, and reading.
– Wanted to live simply.
Other Social Reforms
• Temperance Movement – favored
prohibition (ban on alcohol)
• Dorthea Dix – persuaded Massachusetts
to create institutions that would rehabilitate
the mentally ill.
Reforming Education
• Emma Willard – founded Troy Female
Seminary, the first college level school for
women.
• Horace Mann – pioneered public
education in Mass.
• The first public high school was English
High School of Boston, it opened in 1821.
Abolitionist Movement
• Began in the 1830 – 40’s
• Immediatists
- wanted emancipation now
- favored violence or force
- more effective for public attention
Abolitionist Movement
• Moderates
- emancipation slow and gradual
- nonviolent tactics
- methods would win more public support
Causes for the Movement:
• Quakers
- challenged slavery on religious
grounds
• Great Awakening Ministers
- believed morally wrong; actions matter
Abolitionist Movement
• Women
- played a big role as reformers
- understood being treated unfairly
• Westward expansion
- new territories kept slave issue in focus
Opposition to Abolition:
• Many Northerners were racist
• Southerners’ defense
– Economic reasons
– Antebellum South / part of culture
– Slaves not able to care for themselves
Opposition to Abolition
• Federal gov’t using the Gag Rule
– South refused to debate slavery
– Congress could not discuss slavery issue
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe
• People are exposed to the horrors of
slavery
• Sold millions of copies
• When Lincoln meets Stowe, he says "So
you're the little woman who wrote
the book that made this great war!"
Impact: help to add fuel to the
burning desire to see slavery
abolished
Slavery in 1860
In the US
• Roughly 4 million slaves
in US (12.7% of the
population)
States that formed the
Confederacy
• Roughly had 3.5 out of
the 4 million slaves living
in it (38.7% of the
population)
• Only 7.6% of the
population owned slaves
• 30.8% of the population
owned slaves
Events Leading to the
Civil War
Sectionalism
Factors Contributing to Sectionalism
* Different economic systems
* Tariffs of 1828 and 1832
* Manifest Destiny
* Industrial Revolution
Wilmot Proviso - 1846
• Propose:
1. territory from MX war remain “free soil”
2. California - free state
3. UT & NM terr. - closed to slavery
• North - favored
• South – against (why?)
Compromise of 1850
• Proposed by Henry Clay (his last
compromise)
• 4 Provisions
–
–
–
–
CA admitted as a free state
UT & NM territories could choose (Popular Sovereignty)
Slave trade would be abolished in D.C.
Stricter Fugitive slave laws
How do the Compromise and the
K-N Acts affect the popular
sovereignty choice?
Kansas – Nebraska Act 1854
• Divided Territory into 2 sections (Kansas
and Nebraska)
• Both north of Missouri Compromise line
• Popular Sovereignty given to territories
– What's that get rid of?
Bleeding Kansas 1854-1855
• Settlers from North and South rush to
Kansas to vote for their cause
• Pro Slavery groups crossed border with
weapons to illegally vote
• John Brown leads a antislavery group that
kill many people
– He believed God had sent him to stop slavery
• The civil war in Kansas starts in 1855
• Bleeding Kansas widens the
gap between North and South
Free
• Kansas enters as _______?
John Brown depicted in a mural titled, "Tragic Prelude" by John Steuart Curray.
On display in the Kansas State Capitol in Topeka.
Dread Scott Case 1857
• Dread Scott was a slave in Missouri (slave
state)
• He traveled with his master to Illinois and
Wisconsin (both free states)
• He sued for his freedom when his master
returned to Missouri (he had lived in a free
state after all)
Dread Scott Continued
• Legal Impact – slaves considered
property, this expanded slave owners
reach (how?)
• Increased sectional tension between North
and South (why?)
Birth of the Republican Party
• Northern Whigs, anti-slave Democrats, &
free-soilers formed the Republican Party
• Party became strong due to diversity
• Party was only unified on one issue
– Opposed the expansion of slavery
Lincoln-Douglas Debate
• Senate race in Illinois
• Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen A. Douglas
• Anti Slave vs. Popular Sovereignty
• Lincoln loses the senate race but becomes
well known.
Harpers Ferry
• John Brown raids the federal arsenal at
Harpers Ferry, VA.
• Goal was to gather weapons and start a
slave rebellion
• He was hanged as a traitor but many
radical abolitionists view him as a martyr.
John Brown going to his hanging
by Horace Pippin
Election of 1860
• 4 candidates run for President
– Northern Democrats – Stephen A. Douglas
– Southern Democrats – John Breckenridge
– Republicans – Abraham Lincoln
– Constitutional Union Party – John Bell
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• The deep south left before Lincoln’s inauguration
• Lincoln’s stand:
1. would not interfere w/ slavery where it existed
2. slavery would not be extended
3. no state could lawfully withdraw from the union
4. did not want to provoke war
Secession
• Southerners were afraid of Lincoln and the
Republican party they saw them as a
threat
• They saw secession as only option, and
thought it would be peaceful
• SC secedes on Dec. 20, 1860 – voluntary
to join, voluntary to leave (States Rights?)
Secession Continued
• Over the next 8 weeks 7 more states leave (the
deep south)
• They elect Jefferson Davis as the first President
of the Confederate States of America
The Civil War
North and South
• North, Union, Blue, Yanks
• South, Confederates, Gray, Rebels
State or Federal Property?
Fort Sumter, Charleston, South Carolina
Fort Sumter
• Fort in Charleston
Harbor still controlled
by the Union
• Major Robert Anderson
refused to surrender
the fort
• General P.G.T.
Beauregard was in
charge of the forces in
Charleston
• Lincoln had to choose
– He doesn’t want to start the war, if he does
more states may secede
– However he can’t treat the CSA as a
legitimate country
– He decides to send a resupply ship (the Star
of the West) to the fort
– He forces Jefferson Davis to make the first
move
• April 12, 1861 4:30 am – Confederates
open fire on the fort
• Bombardment lasts 33 hours and nobody
is killed
• This is the immediate cause of the Civil
War.
More states secede
• Lincoln calls for troops to stop South’s
rebellion
• This causes NC, VA, TN, and AK to leave
• May 1861 the CSA move their capital to
Richmond, VA
Border States
• There were 5 slave states that stayed in the
Union 4 of them shared a border with the CSA
• Delaware – had legalized slavery but there were
very few slaves (does not touch the CSA)
• Maryland – Lincoln ordered federal troops to
secure the state preventing it from leaving
Border States Continued
• West Virginia – formed as a state, most of it
was against slavery and resented the rich
plantation owners
• Kentucky – tried to remain neutral but was
invaded by the Confederates and joined the
Union
• Missouri – did not gain a majority vote to
secede
Who has the Advantage?
• Resources are important for success in
any war
Strengths
North
• Larger Population
• More Factories
• Greater Food
Production
• Extensive Rail Road
System
• More Natural
Resources
• Lincoln was a strong
political leader
South
• Better Generals
• Military Tradition
(more military
academies in south,
better shots early on)
• Motivation
• Fighting on their
terrain
• Cotton
Weaknesses
North
• Lacked Experienced
Officers
• Not fully prepared for
war
• Did not know terrain
• Army was mostly
untrained volunteers
from the city
South
• Low Population
• Limited Number of
Soldiers
• Fewer Factories/Rail
Roads
• Fewer Natural
Resources
• Poor political and
local leadership
Battles of the Civil War
Battles
Location
Winner
Importance
Fort
Sumter
SC
Confed.
First battle of the war
Bull Run /
Manassas
VA
Confed.
First true battle; shocked North
Antietam
MD
Union
Stopped Lee’s advance into MD,
Major Union win, emancipation
announced after
Vicksburg
MS
Union
Gave Union Control of
Mississippi River
Gettysburg
PA
Union
Stopped Lee’s invasion of the
North, Shocked the South,
Turning point in war
Atlanta
GA
Union
Beginning of the end for South
Union Strategy
• Anaconda Plan
– Naval Blockade of South
– Control the Mississippi River
– Isolate the South from Europe
– Take Richmond
• This strategy would eventually work
Anaconda Plan
Winifred Scott, Union General devised the plan
Southern Strategy
• Fight a defensive war (avoid heavy losses)
• Sell cotton to Europe to
bring them into the war
Emancipation
• Robert E Lee invades
MD in 1862
• Union stops him at
Antietam (1st major
Union win vs. Lee)
• Lincoln issues the
Emancipation
Proclamation
afterwards
• Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in
the Confederate States
• Allowed Blacks to enlist in the Union Army
• Prevented Great Britain and France from
aiding the Confederacy
African Americans in the Army
• Approximately 180,000 blacks served in
the army – 10% of the army
• Discriminated against
– Paid $3.00 less per month
– Whites got $13/month
– Limited role on battlefield
– Segregated Units, white officers
– 1864 Congress grants equal pay
• 54th Massachusetts
was the most famous
unit
• Most famous battle
was the assault on
Fort Wagner (in SC)
• 1/3 of Black soldiers
died in the war.
Legacy
• One of the most
decorated units in the
war
• Memorial in Boston,
Massachusetts
Military Factors that led to the
South's Defeat
• Defeat at Vicksburg and Gettysburg in
1863
• Sherman’s March
– Burned Atlanta and Columbia
– Destroyed the southern economy
– Union soldiers tried to raid Aiken
Economic Factors that led to
defeat
• South could not sell their cotton due to
blockade
• Loss of Slavery due to Emancipation
Proclamation causes chaos
Sherman’s
March
Election of 1864
• Lincoln runs for reelection against his
former General George B. McClellan
The Confederacy Surrenders
• Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S.
Grant at Appomattox Court House, VA on
April 9, 1865.
• Jefferson Davis and Confederate leaders
flee Richmond, VA.
• The Civil War ends after four years.
Lincoln’s Assassination
• Only five days after the surrender, Lincoln
is assassinated on April 14th, 1865.
• John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln while he
watches Our American Cousin at Ford’s
Theater.
Aftermath of the Civil War
• Immediate Effects:
– Loss of Life 625,000 people died
– Emancipation
– Preserved the Union
– States Rights debate is put to rest
Aftermath of the Civil War
• Intermediate Effects:
– Industrial boom in the North
– Reconstruction of the South
– Reconciliation – no more sectionalism
• Long-term Effects:
– Civil Rights
– Increased Power of the Federal Government
– New Amendments to the Constitution