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Physical Science Final Exam Study Guide At the end of an experiment you must draw a ______________________. This step indicates whether the data supports your hypothesis or not. What is a scientific model? Once you’ve asked questions and made observations, what is the next step in the scientific method? Measuring something is one way of collecting _______________. What kinds of changes in substances are always physical changes? How does a physical change differ from a chemical change? Why is density considered a useful property for identifying matter? How could you change the mass of an object? Why is freezing water to make ice considered a physical change? What happens to matter during chemical changes? How does a basketball under high pressure compare to a basketball under low pressure? The melting point of salt is the same as its ______________________. How do the particles of water that evaporate from an open container differ from the particles that remain? How do elements join to form compounds? How are metalloids similar to metals? 1 How can a compound be broken down? Explain the difference between speed and velocity? As the distance between two objects increases, the force of gravity between them _______________. What is the net force on an object when you combine a force of 10 N north with a force of 5 N south? What does the law of universal gravitation state? What is an object that appears to stay in place that helps you detect motion in another object? Which is an example of friction that is helpful? When something changes position, what is it doing? Why does a crumpled piece of paper hit the ground before a flat sheet of paper? According to Newton’s first law of motion, a moving object that is not acted on by an unbalanced force will do what? A cue ball rolls toward a billiard ball with a velocity of 1.0 m/s east. Both balls have identical masses. What happens to the total momentum after the two balls collide? List examples of action/reaction pairs. If the work output of a machine is always less than the work input, where does the missing work go? List examples of compound machines. What does a fixed pulley change? 2 What is a machine with a grooved wheel that holds a cable? What type of energy comes from a compound that changes as its atoms are rearranged? Whenever one form of energy is converted into another, some of the original energy is always converted into which type of energy? When you eat fruits and vegetables, what type of energy are you taking in? What do you call the energy of motion? What is the purpose of insulation? The transfer of thermal energy through a substance by direct contact is called ___________________. In both hot-water and solar-heating systems, the thermal energy from heated water circulates through the air of a room by __________________________. How would you describe the nucleus of an atom? Which of the subatomic particles has the least mass? What did Bohr, Democritus, Thomson, Dalton, and Rutherford all have in common? What is an isotope? What does periodic mean? Each vertical column on the periodic table is called a(an) ___________________________. Mendeleev arranged the elements by _________________________________. 3 What are most of the elements in the periodic table? What can group numbers on the periodic table help you determine? How are electrons in an atom organized? What is the joining of atoms to form new substances? What is the most important factor in determining how an atom will bond? What are the properties of metals associated with metallic bonds? What are some signs that provide PROOF that a chemical reaction has taken place? What is the force that holds atoms together called? A calcium carbonate molecule has 1 calcium (Ca) atom, 3 oxygen (O) atoms, and 1 carbon (C) atom. What is the chemical formula for calcium carbonate? What is the rate at which electrical energy is changed into other forms of energy? What does the amount of energy released per charge depend upon? What goes down as resistance goes up? What determines whether a material is magnetic or not? In a solenoid, what would result in a stronger magnetic force? What causes an echo? How is a standing wave formed? 4 What is the amplitude of a wave related to? What unit is used to describe the frequency of a wave? What can a violinist do if one string is producing a sound that is too low? Sound waves are best reflected off which surfaces? What does the mixing of pitches through interference produce? What wave interaction occurs when waves combine and the resulting wave has a greater amplitude than the individual waves had? What wave interaction occurs when waves combine and the resulting wave has a smaller amplitude than the individual waves had? The amount a wave diffracts depends on its wavelength and ___________________________. What determines the colors of translucent and transparent objects? What is an electromagnetic wave? The major source of energy on Earth originates from ____________________________________. What kinds of waves are used in radar for detecting the speed of a car? The amount a wave diffracts depends on what? 5