Download 1400 -1750

Time Period 1400 -1750
When reading and prepping focus on:
1. The major social, political and economic changes and how they shaped cultural
interaction.
2. How and why global interaction came about during 1450-1750.
3. How did the global economy change during this time period (1450-1750)?
4. What was the overall impact on the world’s civilizations?
5. Why did Europe become a dominant power during 1450-1750?
6. Why did some European nation states develop into power houses, while others did not?
7. How did non-European cultures interact with Europe?
8. What influences contributed to these interactions, and what were the consequences?
9. What was the impact of global interaction on the environment?
10. What new items, developments and demographic shifts came about due to the
Columbian Exchange?
11. How did religious events shape the global landscape?
Europe:
Events:
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2.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The Rise Nation States (1000-1500)
The Commercial Revolution (1300-1700)
The Renaissance 1400-1750
Exploration (1400-1700)
The Protestant Reformation (1500-1800)
The Catholic Reformation (1600-1800)
The Scientific Revolution (1500-1800)
The Enlightenment (1600-1700)
The Age of Absolutism (1500-1800)
What led to the Renaissance, Rise of nation states, Commercial Revolution and Protestant
Reformation?
For starters:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The Crusades (11-14) brought back wealth
Which led to the revival of trade with the Silk Road, Indian Ocean Trade Sub-Saharan
Route and Atlantic Slave Trade (all of these are discussed later in the outline)
Which led to the Commercial Revolution
Which led to the formation of strong nation states?
The overall wealth led to a movement called the Renaissance
The revival of trade led to the Black Death (1347).
How did the Crusades bring back wealth and trade?
The Crusades (11-14 centuries)
In the eleventh century, a new people, the Seljuk Turks, replaced the Arabs as the dominant
power in the Islamic world, overrunning most of Asia Minor after crushing the Byzantine army at
Manzikert (1071) and seizing Palestine from the Shiite Fatimids of Egypt. These conquests led to
pleas to the West for help, both from Christian pilgrims to Palestine who suffered from
mistreatment at the hands of the Turks and from the Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, who just
wanted mercenaries with which he could reconquer Asia Minor.
This led to the pilgrimage to the Holy lands; but it failed (recapture of the Holy lands) However
there was major economic, political and cultural consequences for western Europe.
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For one thing, they opened Europeans' eyes to a broader world beyond Europe, stirring
interest in and a bit more tolerance of other cultures.
An influx of Arab texts and translations of classical Greek and Roman literature created
a more secular outlook that helped lead to the Italian Renaissance in the 1400's.
The Arabs passed on knowledge in a wide array of topics ranging from math,
astronomy, and geography to such techniques as papermaking and the refining of
alcohol and sugar (both of which are Arabic words)
On a more basic level, the Crusades stimulated an increased desire for luxury goods
from the East.
When they lost control of these trade routes to the Turks, they embarked upon a series
of voyages of exploration in search of shorter and cheaper routes to get those luxuries.
In the process, Africa was circumnavigated, Asia was more thoroughly mapped, and the
Pacific Ocean, the Americas, and Australia were discovered.
Thus, the Crusades, by helping lead to the Renaissance and Age of Exploration, were
instrumental in opening the way to the modern world.
How did it bring back nation states?
7.
Merchants gained money and used it to pay kings for protection
The Rise of France:
The Renaissance and the Commercial Revolution: What were they?
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The rebirth of Roman and Greek Culture and the economic transformation of Europe
How did the Commercial Revolution come about?
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10-11th centuries: 2nd wave of invasions came to an end
Trade revival due to Crusades
Cities return because of trade
Money returned because of trade
New business methods:
- From 1300s to 1700s change in commerce
Why did commerce come about?
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Europeans wanted silk, spices and exotic goods
Barter replaced by monetary system
1300s money lending became a business, trade fairs, credit of exchange
Banking & common currency needed
Interest new business concept
New economic systems:
Capitalism
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Capitalism emerged as an important economic system (14th century)
Capitalism= Private sector invests money in the means of production and/or distribution
to make a profit
Impact of Capitalism
1. It led to putting out system: Which was: a system where raw materials were shipped out
to rural areas
2. Then rural folks would turn them into finished products. Example: Raw materiel = a tree
Finished product: a table made out of the tree
3. After the Rural folk would turn tree into table they would ship it back to urban areas.
How did the rise of Capitalism/putting out system weaken the power of guilds?
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Ans. Guilds now had competition for goods and services; therefore the guilds monopoly
on products and services was gone
meaning: the consumer (middle classes) could afford to participate in this new economy
the return of the Monetary system,
The rise of the Middle class (which included bankers, merchants and traders) allowed for
new economic systems such as Began in14th century capitalism to form.
Capitalism: is an economic system which centers on private enterprise.
Which means: private citizens control supply and demand and hence prices
This led to Exploration:
Europe's reviving economy was that its expanding internal markets prompted Spanish and
Portuguese explorers to search for new trade routes to the sources of spices in the Far East.
Besides opening up whole new continents for discovery and exploration, this also vastly
expanded the volume of Europe's trade.
This Global Economic Revival led to new business techniques:
In order to handle this higher volume of trade, new techniques of handling money became
prevalent about this time. The Italian city-states especially pioneered these new methods. The
prosperity that these new business techniques brought Italy largely explains why Italy would lead
the rest of Europe in the Renaissance. Very briefly, these techniques were:
Joint stock companies. These allowed people with small amounts of cash to take part in
business enterprises such as merchant expeditions. Their importance was that, instead of
hoarding their money, people put it into circulation in Europe's economy, allowing it to grow even
more.
2.
Insurance companies. These reduced the risk of losing all of one's investment in a
business venture. The result was much like that of joint stock companies, in that it encouraged
people to invest, rather than hoard, their money, which stimulated further growth in Europe's
economy.
3.
Deposit banks and credit. These gave bankers more money to invest in business
ventures since they attracted investors with their promise of guaranteed interest from the
deposits. Banking houses also opened branches and extended a system of credit across Western
1.
Europe. Credit allowed a businessman to use more money than he actually had to embark on
some venture, paying his creditor back with interest when he made his profit. Europe's economy
grew much more quickly this way than if it had been limited by the amount of cash on hand at
any particular time. Banking and credit also made the transfer of funds across Europe much
safer. For example, with a strictly cash economy, someone transferring funds from Florence to
London ran the risk of being ambushed by brigands and losing his money. With credit, the same
merchant could send an agent to London with a note saying he was worth so much money
guaranteed by the bank back in Florence. The agent might get that money in the form of church
taxes bound for Italy. He could use that cash in England, and then send a credit note back to
Florence worth the amount he borrowed in Church taxes. If brigands ambushed an agent either
way, all they got was a credit note that they could not spend. Meanwhile, the Florentine banker
got hold of all the funds he needed in England, and the Church in Italy safely collected its taxes
from England.
How does all this link to the Renaissance
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The revival of trade brought back wealth and money.
Patrons (who are consumers) now had money to buy arts and architecture
Italy was where it started because:
1. It was a revival of Roman culture.
2. It location: the port cities and the Italian peninsula are perfectly located between Europe
and the far east.
Characteristics of the Renaissance
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It was a secular movement.
It did not reject religion.
It focused on the individual.
It focused on the here and now.
At the heart of the movement was Humanism
What was Humanism?
- Humanism:
1. System of thought or action that focused on human interests
2. study of ancient classics literature and languages
3. Human beings were notable creatures; intelligent beings that could make a difference in
the world.
4. Petrarch , Boccaccio were early humanists
5. Education created the Renaissance man
How did education compare Middle Ages vs. Renaissance?
- Education in the Middle Ages served two purposes:
A. To train priests for preaching
B. To teach scholars to debate
Renaissance education focused on
The individual, the here and now, Humanism and Roman and Greek culture
Art
Painters:
Middle Ages vs. Renaissance
1. Middle Ages dominated art was religious in theme
2. Renaissance created the natural world
3. By the 15th century painters and sculptures had depicted human figures that seemed
real; studied human anatomy
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Florence led the way in the early 1300 hundreds; became wealthy due to industrial and
banking activity; famous for their art and architecture
Michelangelo(1508-1512 Sistine Chapel/Brunelleschi;
Medieval art: humans as flat, stiff and out of proportion; Renaissance art perspective,
portrayed humans realistically (realism/autopsy; Leonardo da Vinci/Donatello
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Medieval Art: religious, at cathedrals, flat/stiff and dark
Renaissance art: colorful, more realistic, perspective, secular and religious/ all over the
place
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Giotto Bondone led the way, making figures appear to be alive
Feeling/human emotions in paintings/ mixed colors, shadows and light, perspective.
Raphael; most notable; Madonna’s Mary, school of Athens
Venice by the 1500’s becomes Florence’s rival; painting done on canvas instead of walls
Sculpture:
8. Followed same pattern of painting; stone or bronze; Donatello
9. Michelangelo most famous artist; Sistine Chapel story of the creation to the flood, David,
Moses
The Renaissance spreads to other cultures
1. 15th century the Renaissance spreads northward; northern tended to be more
religiously inclined
What allowed the Renaissance to spread?
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Printing (China Song dynasty; moveable type and paper help spread movement; 1100’s
Europeans learned about paper from the Moors who learned it from their
Arab neighbors, who learned it from the Chinese;
Who brought the printing press to Europe?
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Johan Gutenberg 1450, 1455 the Gutenberg bible was printed; by the end of 1400s
18 countries had printing press with movable type by1500 8 million books were printed
What was the impact?
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the cost of books dropped 20 %
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Literature blossoms in low countries (Luxembourg, Belgium and Netherlands (northern
Europe) and England
For example:
Erasmus (the Da Vinci of Northern Europe) consulted kings and popes (praise of
Folly) critical of human greed and ignorance and superstition
Sir Thomas More (England wrote Utopia (ideal society where everybody needs were
met)
William Shakespeare exemplified Humanism
Example: His writing focused on character flaws/strengths and comedy/tragedy (his
focus was on here and now)
The Protestant Reformation
When was it
1. 15th and 16th centuries a huge transformation in Europe in al aspects of society
Where did it begin?
- northern Europe
What was it?
- A reform movement that began at of Martin Luther’s rejection of the papal hierarchy and
their corruption.
How did it come about?
The Renaissance weakened the power of the Roman Catholic Church, WHY?
The rise of the Black Death (1347) also weakened the power of the church WHY?
- When the Bubonic Plague broke out people turned to the church for guidance
The Church’s response was: God is punishing people for their sins; therefore people must
repent
However, people kept on dying; therefore people looked toward Renaissance for answers.
1. Latin and Greek texts were rediscovered, used for writers in the humanities and
philosophy.
2. Meaning: The Catholic church did not have monopoly on knowledge and learning
anymore
3. Then: printing press helped spread literacy and knowledge throughout Europe.
Technology and thought also weaken the power of the Catholic church
4. At the same time: geographical and astronomical discovers brought new views on
mankind’s place in the universe which led to:
5. the Christian church also went through a transformation led by Protestant reformers and
Humanist scholars
Money also brought diminished return for the church
6. by the end of the 15th century new monarchies were taking form in England, Spain,
France with strong national and centralized governments, these governments challenge
the powers of the nobility and church
7. Holy Roman Empire was a collection of hundreds of fiefs, ecclesiastical city-states, free
city-states, and countries. This encompassed central Europe and northern Italy
8. trade, wealth and the population was growing.
Corruption
9. The Papacy also started selling indulgences which was in effect collecting money and in
return promising wiping a way one’s sins in return
10. The protestant reformation is going to bring with tension in the church, it brought an end
to a 1000 period of peace in the church.
As a result it all of the events led to a religious crisis
1. The church during the 14th century faced a period of schism and heresy. Popes and
clerics undermined the papacy by involving themselves in scandalous behavior and
schism- many popes were elected simultaneously
The Protestant Reformation
Who led it?
A. Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Why:
He was fed up with the corruption of the church; he posted his objections in the 95 Theses
Main objections:
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Clerical immortality
ceremony and sacraments
Selling of indulgences
Church services be held in Latin
The Papacy control over who archived salvation
His main beliefs
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Most Important: Salvation was only achieved by the grace of God
faith and the bible allowed for a connection to God (not the papacy)
Church services should not be preformed in Latin; instead they should be preformed in
the vernacular
His objections led to the Protestant Reformation
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which led to new forms of Christianity: The Lutheran Church, Calvinism, The Church of
England (AKA the Anglican Church)
Impact of the Protestant Reformation
1. led to weakened authority of Papacy
2. the printing press allowed for Europeans to become literate; increased literacy allowed
for more people to read the bible and led to increased criticism of the church
3. It also led to people looking for their own answers; which led to the Scientific Revolution
(more on that later)
The Protestant Reformation transformed Europe; why?
1. It split European nation-states; either they were Catholic or Protestant
2. After the Counter-Reformation ( which was in the 16th century); Europe was religiously
split: Spain, France, Italy, southern Germany was Catholic
3. While northern Germany, England, Scotland, parts of Central Europe and parts of
northern France were Protestant
4. Eventually this split led to conflicts and wars; the biggest was the Thirty Years War;
which was from 1618-1648 (more on the war later)
When and why does the Catholic Church fight back?
- Starting in the 16th century
Why?
- The main reason Luther successfully captured the momentum and Catholicism was under
threat of being wiped of the European map.
What did it lead to?
The Catholic Reformation AKA as the Counter Reformation
Here are the basics of the Counter Reformation
1. started in the 16th century; counter revolution
2. Started in Spain ( most devout catholic country; during this period)
According to the Catholic Church: What was the main goal of the Catholic Reformation?
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clarifying beliefs not admitting any wrong doing by the Papacy
What were the major changes that took place during this reform effort?
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The sale of indulgences was forbidden.
Bishops and priests started living the gospel; instead of just preaching it
Weekly mass became mandatory
Supreme authority of the pope reestablished
Latin was reestablished as official language of Catholic Church
What groups were instrumental in aiding transformation?
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The Council of Trent (1545-1563), a church organization presided over the reform.
What were the main responsibilities of this council?
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clarifying the Catholic interpretation of religious doctrine
clarifying the Churches position on important religious questions such as:
The nature of salvation
Another group that was instrumental in aiding the Catholic Reformation was: “The society of
Jesuits”
Who was the founder: Ignatius Loyola
What was his main goal: To restore the faith in the Catholic Church in the teaching of Jesus
What were the beliefs/methods used by the Jesuits
Beliefs:
1. they practiced self control and moderation
2. They believed that good works and prayer earned salvation.
Methods:
1. These beliefs led to a reformed clergy; in other words, clergy members renewed vows of
pious behavior.
2. This also led to the Jesuits beginning missionary movements (more on that later)
What were the results of the Catholic Reformation?
1. It divided Europe in the 16-17th centuries :
A. It led to a rebirth of the Roman Catholic Church: For Example by 1600:
B. Southern Europe ( became mostly Catholic) (Italy, France Spain Portugal and
southern Germany)
C. Northern Germany and Scandinavia ( became Lutheran)
D. Scotland, parts of central Europe and France became a Calvinist
E. It led to the restoration of the Inquisition “Known as the Spanish Inquisition”
F. It brought conflict and war
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
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an effort to oust non catholic “AKA heretics out of Spain/Europe
Pope Paul III (1534-49) efforts to end corruption, clarify doctrine and to root heresy.
The Inquisition of 1542 aimed out rooting out heresy, torture and no need to inform
accused. It was most successful in Papal States.
It originally was to root out Muslims and Jews from the Iberian Peninsula.
When and who did it start with?
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It started in the 15th century under the rule of king Ferdinand and queen Isabella
It continued under Phillip II in the 16th century.
The Rise of Exploration (1400-1700)
Why Exploration
A.
B.
C.
D.
Curiosity
Religious favor
Wealth
Better trade routes – However, these imports reached Europe by a long chain of
Indianan, Chinese, Arab and Italian merchants
New technology led to exploration
Improvements in navigation
These new innovations came from the Arabs by way of the Chinese
1. Triangular sail vs. rectangular sail
2. sternpost rudder (steering)
3. Magnetic compass vs. sun and stars
4. larger ships
Early voyages (led by Portugal and Spain)
1. Inspired by search for trade route to India
2. began in Portugal, explored Atlantic Ocean
3. inspired by prince Henry (the navigator)
4. Through the Indian Ocean
Routes used to Africa and Asia
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Portuguese forces seized Ceuta, which guarded the Strait of Gibraltar in the south. Important
because it was a Christian victory at the expense of Islamic forces, he viewed this as opportunity
Christian vessels to travel between the Mediterranean and Atlantic.
He believed that ships could find Asia by sailing south and east around Africa, giving Portugal
direct access to the profitable Asian trade, as well as the African trade then controlled by the
Muslims.
Participated in the slave trade; by mid 15th
Some trades also entered the spice and silk trade
Trading posts were established along the African coast (Gold, Pepper, Ivory. and Slaves).
Bartholomew Dias 1488 rounded the Cape of Good Hope (the southern tip of Africa confirming
that there was a sea route to Africa.
Vasco Da Gamma wanted to sail from Portugal to India (14970 They dominated seas for nearly
the next century they dominated trade
1498 Vasco Da Gamma rounded the Cape of Good Hope and continued eastward to India
he returned with goods worth 60 times his cost of his voyage
Spain entered (Late 15th century)
The voyage of Columbus
1.
Seeking a trade route to India by going west across the Atlantic.
2.
In the1500’s Spain and Portugal took the lead in world exploration and colonization
Spanish Empire
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The Spanish carved out an empire in the New World
Formed settlements on the Caribbean to Panama, the Spanish set exploring parities into Central
and South America
90% of the Indian pop. dies within four years due to smallpox, measles, and common cold
Population went from 35 mil. To 4 mil.
Europeans takeover government roles/ tribute payments
Leading the way were a few daring Spanish conquistadors- part discoverer, part adventurer and
part conqueror- who sought riches such as precious woods, metals, pearls and a route to the Pacific
Ocean
Exploration of Americas led to Treaty of Tordesillas
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the two nations finally agreed that the demarcation land should be about a 1,000 miles west of the
Azores.
Portugal gained rights to the lands lying southeast of the line while Spain gained rights to the land
lying southwest of the land
Portugal continues to look eastward
Exploration of the Americas led to Columbian Exchange (16th-18th centuries)
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Exchange of items, ideas, diseases from Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) to New World
(Americas)
Impact of Exchange:
Americas:
Africa
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Demographic shifts: 16th and 17th century; Aztecs and Incas were wiped out
Cities depopulated; Europeans moved by the thousands
Europe: Pigs, horses, goats, chili peppers and sugar cane flowed to the Americas
American side: corn, potatoes, beans, squash
Diseases: small pox measles weapons
Population growth: 1500 425; 545 million (Europe); 1750 720 million; 1800 900 million
In 1519, Cortez invaded Mexico and attacked the Aztecs and in 1521, more then 100,000 Aztecs
had died
Tenochtitlan, the center of Aztec Civilization, had been reduced to rubble (Mexico City)
Francisco Pizarro capturad Inca capital in 1533
African migration by the millions; City growth in Europe on the rise;
New foods, animals and resources (New world/old world)
The Atlantic Slave Trade 1500-1800
What led to this trade? Discovery of silver mines and the rise of sugar industry
- Blacks were imported from Africa and were forced to worked on cotton, rice and sugar plantations
- Most of them were imported to Brazil to work on the sugar plantations
Details of slavery
Progression in the 15th century
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1500s
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1441 Portuguese raiders seized 12 men and brought them back to Portugal; raiders met tough
resistance, but 1460 they discovered.
By 1460 they were delivering 500 slaves to Portugal and Spain. (yearly).
The early slave trade produced porters, miners or domestic servants because the cultivations came
were serfs and free peasants.
Slave traders also delivered their cargo to Portuguese island colonies in the Atlantic.
There were no inhabitants to work the land in the Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Madeiras or the
Sao Tome in the 15th century.
Sugar plantations called for a large number of slaves on the island of Sao Tome demand for sugar
soared in Europe.
By 1520s 2000 slaves went to the island.
Portuguese entrepreneurs spread slave trade to South America. During the 1530s the slave trade
went directly from Kongo and Angola to Brazil. Which became the wealthiest of the sugar
producing lands in the western hemisphere?
Spanish explores and conquers also sought workers to work in the Caribbean and the Americas;
the Spanish relied on African slaves due to revolt and diseases.
1518 from slave ship goes directly to Caribbean from West Africa to work on sugar plantations.
1520s slaves introduced to Mexico to work in mines and as cultivators.
1600s
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By the early 17th century, English colonists introduced slave to North American mainland.
The Triangle Trade:
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The need for labor in the western hemisphere introduced the triangular trade; European ships
undertook voyages of three legs;
- 1st leg they took horses and manufactured goods to Africa (metal wares/firearms and cloth for
slaves;
2nd leg to slaves to the Caribbean and American destinations; they sold them for two to three
times their value; for cash or sugar/molasses.
3rd leg: Raids and/or wars were started to capture slaves; next was the forced march to the coast
where they were held until transport to the western hemisphere; “the Middle Passage” Trans –
Atlantic journey (took 4-6 weeks).
The impact of the slave trade
1.
2.
3.
Before 1600 the slave trade operated on a minor scale; two thousand slaves left Africa in 15 th and
16th century.
By the 17th century 22000 slaves were leaving Africa; the height of the slave trade was in the 18 th
century when an average of 55,000 slaves were transported a year.
12 million Africans were transported from beginning to end of the Atlantic slave trade. Certain
kingdoms like resisted slave trade; others embraced it (especially in west Africa)
Social Effects of the Slave Trade
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Demographics were impacted the slave trade, but they actually went up due to healthier diets.
Senegal and Angola especially hit from raiders
gender racial unbalanced due to 2/3 0f slave being men from the age of 14-30
Polygamy encouraged and women took on responsibilities previously held by men; 18 th century
2/3 of population was women in Angola.
Political effects: wars/conflicts were increased due to firearms obtained from slave trade.
16th century sugar major cash crop by 17th century tobacco also was in high demand. As well as
indigo and rice;18th century cultivation of coffee and cotton were in high demand; Caribbean and
American plantations shared some similarities: they relied on slave labor; cash crops; 100 slaves
per plantation;
Impact: In Americas and Europe
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the Caribbean and South America slaves maintained by natural means due to disease, brutal
work conditions and low nutritional value
only 5 percent of slaves went from Africa to North America;
Large numbers of African females were transported to the Americas; 18 th century this was
common Slave distance and revolt differed from region to region;
African- American cultural traditions
A. Traditional languages and religions were often preserved, but Creole languages were developed.
(18th century South Carolina and Georgia). Syncretism Christianity , food was also adopted
B. Revolutions and African resistance called for abolition;
C. Slaves proved to be costly.
D. Increase in Sugar production led to a drop in prices in the 18 th century (Caribbean)
E. 1803 Denmark, 1807 G.B, 1808 U.S., France 1814, Spain 1845; abolishes slavery
F. In the 19th century slavery abolished completely in parts of the world
The Rise of Nation States Highlights
England:
England (Norman Conquest)
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1066 Battle of Hastings (William the Conquer)
4 king in total (Norman kings)
Henry II ( Plantagenet) 1154-1189
United all of England under one rule
Common law
Circuit courts
Jury system
Magna Carta: 1215: three main principles:
Law above king
King must obey king
Equal justice under the law
The rise of Parliament in England
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Edward (I) 1239-1307: tried to gain all of Great Britain (Scotland, England, Wales)
1455 two branches of royal family fought over thrown (House of York) (House of Lancaster)
War lasted for 30 years (War of the Roses)York emblem white Lancaster Red rose
1485 Henry Tudor (Lancaster) wins
Tudor dynasty rules until 1603
Two most notable were (Henry VIII) and (Elizabeth I)
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King Henry VIII 1509-1547)
1534 Act of Supremacy: break from Roman Catholic Church/
He became leader of Church of England; took land from church
Changed services from Latin to English
The Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) Golden Age of the Arts
France:
Major developments during her time:
Religion:
- battle between Protestants and Catholics
- Most people happy with church; Puritans were not (Catholic symbols and rituals still used)
Group Based principals on Calvinism
Expansion
Brought commercial expansion, exploration and colonization
- Elizabeth see Spain as main enemy; allowed English pirates to raid Spanish ships
- Helped Protestant rebels in the Netherlands
- English warfare during much of the 1500s and 1600s troubled English
Late 1500’s, when English merchants wanted to find spices from West Indies problem arise
(Spain and Portugal)
- Led by Queen Elizabeth I, the English challenge the Spanish and Portuguese
- Raid Spanish and Portuguese ships from New World and Asia (Sea Dogs)
- 1588 Phillip II ( sent Spanish Armada) to English Channel; Spain’s defeated
- Two results: England remained free Protestant nation; and England becomes power
Colonization, Migration and Economics
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150,000 English migrated from England in17th century
Reasons:
fertile land, religious freedom, wealth reasons for move, Enclosure Movement. Primogeniture
1 million people moved from Europe by 1800 European population 5 million; 1 million slaves;
America; used better use of land; due in large part to disease 6000 indigoids people left in 1800
England’s Exploration and Colonization
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Since Portugal and Spain controlled southern shipping lanes- those around Africa and South
America- England started to look for a northwest passage to Asia
In 1607, a trading venture called the London Company successfully est. Jamestown in present day
Virginia
A few years later the Pilgrims, a protestant group reached an agreement with the London
Company. However, they landed in Massachusetts. Formed their own colony in 1620
By 1650, over 80,000 colonists along the eastern coast of North America in 20 separate
settlements and by 1700, 300,000 organized in 12 colonies
1600’s English government takes notice
English colonies est. for different reasons from religious freedom to economic activity
The English challenge Spanish and Portuguese in Africa and Asia as well
1607-1689 Religious conflict
Who was it between? Protestants and Catholics
Background Info
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- Anglicans battling Catholics; Puritans persecuted
James I 1607 (reign brought together England and Scotland)
James I (fan of Protestants and Puritans) = reforms/Devine right)
Protestants didn’t want king to rule over religious matter
(crossed Atlantic) Plymouth colony (1607)
The main causes that led to the English Civil War
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1625 Charles I inherits throne (son of James)
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Needed funds because of wars with Spain and France
Forced people to quarter troops; forced rich to give loans to the government
Petition of the right of 1628 banned loans, quartering, parliament won right to control money
supply and banned unlawful imprisonment
Charles ignored parliament and dismissed it in 1629
Scottish resentment led to invasion of England
1640 lack of funds and Scottish rebellions forced king to recall parliament
Parliament must meet every three years and king could not levy taxes without parliamentary
consent
1641: parliament denied his request to fund conflict (Irish rebellion)
The Civil War begins
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1642 Charles failed attempt at arresting 5 leaders of parliament members (House of Commons;
sparked civil war
Charles fled to north England
Supporters in Parliament came to kings aid (Cavilers); Roundheads opposition
(Oliver Cromwell leader) 1649 King beheaded
Parliament abolished monarchy establishes a representative commonwealth
Cromwell (dictator) ruled with religious intolerance (against Catholics & Irish)
Encouraged Protestants to move into Northern Ireland (problems/future centuries)
Cromwell died 1658
Stuart Restoration: 1660-1668)
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1660 Parliament and Charles II agreed to restoration (Charles II (closet Catholic) religious
toleration and the rights of the people
1679 Habeas Corpus Act cannot arrest anyone without just cause (due process)
The causes to the Glorious Revolution
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James II (brother took) throne in 1685; not popular (open Catholic)
Believed in divine rights of kings: rule right given by God and not accountable to the people
Led to the Glorious Revolution (1688-89): parliament (bloodless change of power)
Parliament invited Mary/Dutch husband (James’s daughter) to rule
Major results from the Glorious Revolution
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Established: kings/parliament would rule English Bill of Rights (1689)
Bill provided all Kings would be Anglican and powers would be limited
Germany
- Otto I briefly established centralized rule (960)
- Slavic and central Europe
- Part of Holy Roman Empire (1400-1750) included the following territories: Austria and Germany
- Problems in the region included :Very decentralized (local lords lots of power)
- Also religious complications Protestant and Catholic (Protestant Reformation 16th century)
Meanwhile in the 16th century
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Powerful family on the rise (Hapsburgs/Austria)
Charles V (son of Ferdinand & Isabella) ruled from (1519-1556) through intermarriage
controlled Holy Roman Empire, Spain parts of northern Italy
Fear of strong Holy Roman Empire ( scared France & Ottoman Empire)
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To make matters worse northern Germany (collection of city-states); Brandenburg, Saxony
Prussia; Northern states: Protestant; southern Catholic (also Spain and France)
Three things: Major events happened during this time period
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Ottoman Empire: took Hungary from Holy Roman Empire (16 th CENTURY)
Thirty years war (1618-1648) devastated region and power of emperor
18th century foundation of strong centralized rule (Prussia)
Thirty Years War
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Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Causes of the war: power politics and religion
Ferdinand tried to force Bohemian subjects to return to Catholic church
Revolt stopped and country returned to Catholicism
Other Protestant states fearful of the Hapsburgs power and Catholicism declared war
Denmark was 1st and lost; Sweden Gustavus Adolphus crushed Hapsburgs; died in battle 1632
France Spanish, Dutch, Sweden, Russia and Poles were involved
German states nervous; Protestant states fearful (Sweden defeats Hapsburgs)
France joins war effort in in1635
Economic, Political and religious motives
Fighting stayed within German territory (7 million people were lost/1/3 of their population)
German states of the Holy Roman Empire
divided between Catholic (south) and Protestant (north)
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Peace of Westphalia (1648)
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laid foundation for independent states
Sovereignty of all including (religion)
Independence for German states
Global Independence/Global Trade
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Trade, colonization and competition led conflict between European nations during the 17-18th
centuries
The competition was located in India, the Americas and southeast Asia
The Dutch (17-18th)
United East India Company (Dutch company AKA the VOC)Trade route competition leads to
conflict among European nations, Monopolies also led to conflict (Dutch VOC kept English ships
from gaining a foothold and pushed most of the Portuguese merchants out of out of southeast
Asia)
17th and 18th centuries- Dutch dominate the Indian Ocean spice trade
British and French join Indian trade (17-18th centuries)
by the early 18th century Indian cotton and tea (from Ceylon) out showed the spice trade, English
and French merchants from trading posts in India begin to dominate in these areas (Indian Ocean)
1746 French Vessels took control of the English trading post at Madras, one of the three key
trading posts of the British in India
Conflict spread between the French, English, and Spain spread to the Americas
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Commercial activities also led to conflict in the Caribbean and the Americas English pirates and
privateers preyed on Spanish ships coming from Mexico Often carrying cargos of silver
French and English ships were fighting of sugar islands in the Caribbean; while also fighting
over territorial claims in North America
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Commercial and political differences came to the forefront in (1756-1763) with the Seven Years
War
A global conflict (1756-1763)
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It was considered a Global Conflict because it took place in many different geographical areas
(North America, Caribbean, Europe) Had a Great impact on Europe because it laid the foundation
of British imperial hegemony for 150 years in the world
Britain and Prussia vs. Austria, France and Russia (7 years war)
British and France fighting for hegemony in India; In Caribbean, Spanish forces teamed up with
French forces to try and limit British expansion in the Western Hemisphere
In Europe the war was pitted against Britain and Prussia; Russia, Austria and France.
Prussian forces fought mostly in Europe; whereas Britain forces concentrated in India where they
ousted French merchants, and took control of Canada
They allowed France took maintain most of the Caribbean and Spain to maintain control of Cuba,
but took Florida.
This (the seven years war) did not make British forces the masters of the world; or Europe but it
did lay the foundation for the British empire in the 19 th century.
Scientific Revolution (1500-1800)
Basic beliefs
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The Renaissance and Exploration brought about the Scientific Revolution
17th and 18 centuries new vision of the earth and its universe; this new movement brought social,
political and moral thoughts under new scrutiny
basing scientific methods and using reason instead of traditional cultural authorities for
explanation
Thus tweaking the church and adding to the secular movement
Fit into the Renaissance; exploration and Reformations
Greeks responsible for getting experimentation going (nature)
Leading People of Movement
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DaVinci (questioned theory sciences from classical time full of errors)
Bacon and Descartes (16th century) led charge; Bacon encouraged experimentation/observation
Descartes (math); Geometry/Algebra) used mathematical principals/formulas
Basic truths of nature that could be understood this way (mathematical formulas)
Formula = doubt, seeks truth using logic/experiment, (scientific method)
1st and 2nd centuries, The Ptolemaic Universe: Earth was at the center of the universe; it was
motionless and it was centered around 9 concentric spheres
Copernicus offered a different theory the sun was at the center of the universe and the plants
revolved around it
Differed from religious believes that the earth and humanity were god’s creations
Tycho Brahe (astronomer) 1st researcher center; rejected Copernican theory
Mid 17th century analytical reason had become new moth of choice in astronomy and mechanics
Johannes Kepler (17h century) three laws of planetary motion) planetary orbits are elliptical not
circular supports Copernicus
Galileo (astronomer) backed Copernicus theory; used telescope to observe (Netherlands;1600
discoverers modern Physics) studied movements of plants and stars)
Greek theory heavy bodies fall faster then light bodies; he proved that they move at same speed
Discovered forces move objects through space; and mathematics can be used to describe
movements
With the Telescope; spots could be seen on the sun and mountains on the moon ; he also came up
with the law inertia that states a moving body will move in a straight line until forced to move
22. Isaac Newton 1642-1727; Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy
23. Newton laws: Same for big or small
24. Universal gravitation: Three laws of motion
1. Object in motion stays in straight line, unless moved off course (by pressure)
2. Pressure will cause object to move in the direction its going
3. for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
The Enlightenment
A new intellectual movement swept across Europe (17 & 18 th century)
Focused on the role of mankind in relation to government
From Renaissance through counter reformation church allied itself with monarchs
from 10 century monarchs centralized power
Nationalism rose during Enlightenment
Divine Right God ordained them to rule & people had obligation to obey them
James I (England) “King is from God and the law is from the king”
Kings who supported Protestant Reformation (rejected church) & some king aligned themselves
with the church (Spain & France)
9. All claimed Divine Right
10. Mandate of Rule and Divine Right difference: Heaven = just rule Right = no responsibilities
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Social Contract:
11. 17th century philosophers look at political and social structure
12. Social contract formed to meet the economic and social needs of the people
13. Theory= individuals existed before government; meaning government formed to meet needs of the
people
14. Different viewpoints of social contract; philosophers looked at world differently
15. (Thomas Hobbes:1588-1679) Leviathan: People inherently evil; government should provide
stability (Machiavelli)
16. John Locke(1632- 1704) Two Treaties on Government
17. People good an rationale
18. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Social Contract 1762; men are created equal; and society
should be based on majority rule
19. individuals should subject themselves to the general will
20. essence people need to obey laws that they prescribe
21. writers of the time Votarie: individual freedom and religious toleration
22. against oppressive regimes (French government and Roman Catholic Church )
23. When French king suggested to save money get rid of horses in his stable; he suggested to get rid
of the asses that rode on them
24. Philosophers of time believed in Deism: believed in God; but denied the super natural teachings
of Christianity
25. Example Jesus virgin birth and resurrection
26. God got ball rolling (universe in motion) and developed natural laws to govern it
27. Free agency and no personal interest in development
28. Baron Montesquieu: separation of powers in branches of government
29. Writers did not support divine right; best interest of the people
30. all men are created equal; unalienable rights life, liberty and property
31. Government: should protect peoples natural rights; and people should obey government
32. Theory of Progress: Optimistic viewpoint of society,
33. Rationale understanding of human and natural affaires would bring progress
34. Enlightenment: - cultural transformation of European society & weakened the power organized
religions
Seljuk Turks
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around 100 the Seljuk Turks migrated to Persia
They converted to Islam; served as soldiers for Abbasid
Before they end of the century they dominated Islam from Mediterranean to China
1055 Turks invaded Baghdad did not conquered Abbasid caliph; took name of Sultan(meaning
ruler in Arabic)
Seljuk Turks invaded Byzantine holdings in Asia Minor (1071)
This led to the 1st Crusade
In mid 1200s Mongols advanced into this region; led by Genghis Khan
The Ottoman Empire: (1299-1923)
The early years and goals of the empire (13-14th centuries)
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Islamic empires began as small warrior principalities on the frontiers.
Nomadic Turks migrated from central Asia
To Anatolia (Turkey) Seljuk Turks took from Byzantine Empire
Led by Osman 13-14 centuries carved out small state
1299 Osman declared independence from Seljuk Turks (once vassals)
Goal was to conquer new lands for Islam
The methods to their success
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location was on the borders of the Byzantine Empire (Ghazi); plenty of opportunity to wage holy
wars
- A military machine drove expansion; two levels: light Calvary and voluntary infantry;
a professional cavalry developed and they were well equipped
Early conquests (14th and 15th century)
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Started to grow into dominate state 14th century
Termarlane (Persia to Afghanistan;1402) temporarily stopped Ottoman’s advance
Conquest of Byzantine Empire in 1453
Made Constantinople (Capital city) AKA Istanbul
In 1453, Constantinople was captured by the Ottoman Empire
By 1480 controlled Greece Balkan region
Greece to Persia all the way around Mediterranean into Egypt and northern Africa
Persecution of Christians began as empire grew
Ottoman culture developed (late 15th century)
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This opened a new chapter in their expansion (Mehmed II) it became a commercial center;
became known as an empire (Europe and Asia, Mediterranean and Black) laid foundation for a
strong centralized absolute monarchy, with no serious rivals
Built many mosques/dome in structure/mosaics inside, tolerated Jews and Christians
Architecture: the Ottomans loved splendid buildings
They built new mosques and palaces where ever they conquered
Pattern was 4-6 six domes around one central dome
Inside: the floors and walls were filled with beautiful mosaics
Ottoman society and government developed (16th century)
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Ruled by Suleiman (1520-1556) : military might, diplomacy and wisdom
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Great administers: Children’s levy: every 5 years captured children taken to Istanbul
Converted to Islam, trained for the army or bureaucracy
The one who did not have enough talent were slaves
The ones who did make the grade: could become generals, court officials, craft masters etc.
This system helped prevent family loyalties; because allegiances went only to Sultan
Janissary Corps: an elite group (trained soldiers)
Experts in ruling population: people separated by religion (Millets)
Originally four: Jews, Muslims, orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians)
Each millet select lead: who collected taxes and administered laws
They did not interfere with local customs
18th European states grew strong enough to retaliate (Austria and Russia)
Also 19th century provinces wanted independence
The Safavids (1300s-1700s)
Beginning of society conquest and expansion
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Began in the 1300s; formed around Persia
They formed under Sufi tradition
Ishmael was 1st ruler of the Safavids
1504 Ishmael conquered northwest Persia; 1524 all of Iran
Ishmael was a Shiite; most of the people he conquered were Sunni
Forced conquered group to convert or be executed
Clashed with Ottoman empire in 16th; but Safavids did not have success
They decided to turn eastward for expansion
1524 Ishmael dead; next great ruler Shah Abbas (1587-1629)
Created an efficient bureaucracy; small army loyal only to him; major weapons guns and artillery
Major enemy: the Ottomans; encouraged trade with Persia; welcomed Christians missionaries
Culture and trade
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Allowed other religions into his empire; Christians could own property and ride horses
The Economy and culture of Persia prospered during his reign; Mosaics, mosques, universities,
fountains etc.
Trade also prospered during this period: book binding, carpet weaving, and silk production thrived
The Safavids used the Persian Gulf to get to India, and China
They traded food, cloth, and manufactured goods, for silks, linen and spics
Shah Abbas tolerant to his people; not to his family; had two sons blinded, one killed and his
brothers put in jail
Safavids ruled over Persia until 1700s;
The beginning of Islam in India
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8th century Arab Muslims reach Indus River Valley
Rulers of India hold off Muslims after 711
Indian rulers held them on edge of sub continent for 300 years
10-12 century Muslims went through Hindu-Kush mountains
Hindus and Muslims Clash (10th century)
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Thought it was the Muslims duty to conquer India: two reasons
one they were monotheistic saw Hindus as idol worshipers; non believers
2nd reason the Caste System seen as immoral
1st Muslims came and looted India
Several reasons explained Muslims success: inferior Hindu military tactics
2nd: internal Hindu conflicts; lack of Hindu soldiers because of the Caste System
Muslims control India (10-15 century)
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1000-1500 they started to settle in India
most important kingdom centered around the city of Delhi (1206-1526)
Sal turn rule mixed between harsh rule and generosity
During this time period very little cultural diffusion
Reasons: Muslims saw themselves as superior, Hindus disgusted over dietary habits of Muslims
and the harshness of Muslim Rule
some inter marriage (not common), dress,
Muslim rulers used violence, missionaries, and social pressure to gain conversion
Conquests picked up around 1200s because of Turkish success
They established the Deli Sultanate (the most important power in India until 1526)
Mughal Empire begins (1526-1700)
21. in the 1500s; Islam expanded in India
22. Mughal came through central Asia and established rule in northern India
Goals of Mughal Empire
23. Babur appeared in northern India; advent enter and solider of fortune; wanted to form empire in
central Asia;
Expansion of Mughal Empire
24. Never extended empire much beyond Kabul and Qandahar; to his attention to India; used
gunpowder weapons including firearms and artillery 1523-26 took Delhi; cared little for the land
he conquered, wanted to use wealth for his goal; 1530 built loose empire from Kabul to Bengal
25. Akbar 1556-1605; grandson; ruthless had ministries that maintained his authority “divine faith”
Culture
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legal system was fair under his rule:
tried to abolish law burning widows alive, widows could remarry tolerant of other religions
he befriend Hindus: relief from unfair taxes, Hindus in his government, religious freedom
Loved the arts and architecture: tombs, mosaics, when his wife died he had the Taj Mahal built
By the 18th century, they controlled the entire sub- continent except the southern tip
Many conflicts took place during the last part of this empire; mostly religious between the Hindus
and the Muslims. He posed a tax on Hindus, abolished temples etc.
Seminaries between the Mughal, and Ottoman- both relied on bureaucracies that drew on the
traditions of the Turks and Mongols, sought to maintain religious and ethnic harmony, economics
policies and provided public welfare.
both were military creations, personal possessions by right of conquest, personal command of the
armies, appointed and dismissed officials at will, owned all land,
Prestige came from military success, obtained wealth through land; Islam encouraged them to
expand their territory.
many steppe traditions were followed; early emperors did as they pleased regardless of social or
political norms , ottoman emperors issued decrees, Mughal rulers asserted spiritual authority,
controversy over succession (family)
Women and politics (all of Islam)
36. Islamic theories agreed women should have no control over public affairs; 1 st wife and/or
concubine enjoyed special privileges: influencing them on policies
Agriculture and trade
37. Agriculture was the foundation of all Islamic empires; use agriculture to finance armies; crops;
wheat and rice; Colombian Exchange brought American foods to Islamic empires; but without the
dramatic effects that it had in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe: potatoes, tomatoes and maize
were brought to these empires.
38. Coffee and tobacco were also brought to the Ottoman Empire, by this exchange; coffee became
popular during the 16th century even though it was native in Ethiopia and cultivated in Arabia.
39. 18th Europe supplied Islam with sugar and coffee; 1600 tobacco was brought to Islam;
coffeehouses and pipe smoking; moral complications due to this; American crops did not have the
demographic effect that it did in others parts of the world. 105-1500,1600 135, 1700 165, 190 in
1800,
40. Trade: long distance trade did occur (Bursa) carven trade route obtained raw silk to trade with the
Italian market; Ottoman also setup trade concessions with England and France to form alliances
against enemies, Spain and central Europe; Aleppo vs. spice trade; Mughal did not pay as much
attention to foreign trade due to land interests and big domestic Indian economy; however, they
did derive some of their wealth from foreign trade, they formed trading stations and colonies by
Portuguese, English, French, Dutch, etc. overland they traveled as far as Russia; sailed Indian
ocean from Persia to Indonesia.
Religious Affairs in the Islamic Empires
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religious diversity caused challenge throughout Ottoman Empire; Christians and Jews in the
Balkans, Lebanon and Egypt; Mughal Hindus, Muslims
Christians missionaries in India; Goa center of Christianity in India; Christian schools were
located in Goa; 1580 tried to convert Akbar to convert Christianity
tried to find religious unity; supported Sikhs who supported combining elements of Hinduism and
Islam (syncretism) ;(Ottoman Empire) Divine faith was based on Muslim teachings and
glorification of the emperor; tolerated Hinduism; protected status to conquered people; did not
force them to convert to Islam; loyalty and tax required of conquered people; however, they
(millet communities) kept their personal freedom (property, religions, laws).
Mughal Empire: Most powerful military positions and/or administrative positions were reserved
for Muslims
Muslims insisted on Islamic fundamentalism
Cultural Aspects
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Islamic rulers sought to attract, scholars, artisan’s poets etc to their empire by beautifying their
empires, mosques, bathes, and fountains.
Capital cities and royal palaces were the center of this culture; Taj Mahal; 20,000 workers, 18
years, mosque.
Empire in Transition
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Transition occurred between 16th-18th centuries; weak and corrupt leaders led to lack of
centralization, infighting in ruling houses. Confined princes (Ottoman) lavish spending, Religious
tensions (Islam clerics) Economic and military decline 18th century.