Download APUSH Unit 6 Textbook Outline

APUSH Unit 6 Textbook Outline
Chapter 15 Secession and the Civil War
 The Storm Gathers--SC & 6 other Deep South states seceded when Lincoln was elected. Before a true
was occurred, two things had to happen--1. final attempt at compromise had to fail 2. North had to be
resolved to maintain Union by military action. Unclear at the time if that would occur.
 The Deep South Secedes--SC seceded on Dec 20, 1860--long history of states' rights--their theory was
the Union was a pact among the several sovereign states and could withdraw with a convention similar
to the one that had ratified the Constitution in the first place; Deep South divided into 1. those who
advocated secession immediately by the individual states v/s cooperationists who wanted a southern
convention to either 1. secede as a unit or 2. to delay secession in hopes of getting major concessions by
the Union--SC's unilateral secession weakened the cooperationalists' cause; By Feb 1, 1861, 7 states had
seceded--SC, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, & TX--states in upper south didn't think Lincoln's election was
enough to break up the Union--diversification of their state economies through free labor and their ties
to Northern states made them more willing to compromise; Confederate States of America was
established on Feb 4, 1861 in Montgomery, AL and established a provisional gov't; CSA constitution
was VERY similar to US Constitution--major differences in CSA's was central gov't could NOT 1.
impose protective tariffs 2. interfere with slavery in states--CSA also had to protect slavery in the
territories--also, 1 6-year presidency--CSA Pres Jefferson Davis (MS) & VP Alexander Stephens (GA)
had both resisted secession; moderates like Davis and Stephens dominated proceedings in Montgomery
to try and persuade upper South to join--most southerners were loyal to union as long as slavery was
going to be protected; Southerners opted for secession only after it became clear that the North wouldn't
keep their hands off slavery--their desire was to re-create the Union as it had been with the founding of
the Republic under founding fathers--free states were allowed to join the Confederacy (NY almost did);
justification for Southern independence was the idea that the natural order was for slavery to continue.
 The Failure of Compromise--Northerners and border slave states hoped to compromise to stop tide of
secession--Crittenden compromise was proposed to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the
Pacific Ocean--new states south would be slave, federal compensation to owners of escaped slaves, &
constitutional amendment to prohibit fed gov't from abolishing slavery or interfering with slavery in the
states; Repubs in Congress unsure if they could support it--Pres-elect Lincoln was against it; Repubs did
again confirm that the fed gov't had no constitutional authority to meddle with slavery in the states;
unclear even if passing Crittenden Compromise would have prevented a war--South demanding that fed
gov't protect slavery in all territories and prevent anti-slavery agitation in North--South's long desire to
gain Cuba and areas of Central America would have spread southern slavery even further--Lincoln
remained committed to re-uniting "the house divided"; Lincoln felt backing down to secessionist threats
would undermine his administration and break the promises he made to win the election.
 And the War Came--by Lincoln's inauguration March 4, 1861, 7 states had seceded, formed CSA, and
taken most fed forts w/o firing a shot--Pres Buchanan unwilling to go to war or to force way into
Charleston Harbor to reinforce fed troops there--Northerners unsure if war was worth it (business
community wanted to maintain ties with cotton producing South); Becomes a choice b/t letting South go
peacefully or to maintain Union by force--most Northerners favored force after compromising efforts
failed; Lincoln's idea was to keep fed forts not yet lost to the South and NOT retake those already lost-wanted South to fire the first shots; only 4 still held by Union--2 in remote FL Keys, Fort Pickens in
north FL, and Fort Sumter, SC--attention in SC b/c it was first to secede and its soldiers were running
out of supplies; Lincoln's cabinet was against sending in provisions--Lincoln decided to do so, anyway;
before provisions arrived, SC believed decision to do so was an act of war and fired on Fort Sumter
early morning of April 12, 1861--Union Major Robert Anderson surrendered w/o loss of life April 13,
1861--South takes fort but fired first shots of CW; Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to put down southern
insurrection against fed authority--VA, AR, TN, & NC seceded soon after Fort Sumter; firing on Fort
Sumter instantly united the North in a patriotic fever--Stephen Douglas worked tirelessly to rally
midwestern states--most Northerners wanted to re-unite nation and thought war would be short and not
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very bloody; CSA moved capital to Richmond, VA--4 border states remained in the Union (MD, DE,
KY, & MO)--KY was most important of these states--Lincoln knew so and South erred by sending in
the first troops into KY--convinced KY to remain in Union--MO kept in Union by declaring martial law
and suspending habeas corpus--MO kept in by large pro-Union German population and regular troops
stationed there--lots of bloody guerrilla warfare fighting did take place in MO; CW less about slave v/s
free or anti-Lincoln v/s pro-Lincoln--more about views concerning the right of secession/whether the
Union was indivisible.
Adjusting to Total War--North had to destroy South enough so that its gov't would be overthrown--war
would be long and difficult to accomplish this goal.
Prospects, Plans, and Expectations--North had material advantages--population, industrial capacity,
and RR miles--South had easier task of simply defending its territory, easier supply lines, choose
time/place of combat, familiar terrain, friendly population; South mistakenly believed that their farm
boys would be better soldiers than Yankee factory immigrants (most N soldiers were farm boys, too)-Southern believed their armies would be better led b/c of large proportion of high-ranking officers were
from S and hoped for Euro help due to their reliance on southern cotton; South's plan was to mostly fight
a defensive war to tire N out (could attack if opportunity arose); at beginning of war, N focused on
taking Richmond b/c its so close to N--but, that proved more difficult than expected (Bull Run)--N
General Winfield Scott came up with Anaconda Plan (blockade southern coastline, split south in two
along MS River, and keep pressure on Virginia)--good strategy b/c it capitalized on N's advantages but
required better military leadership than N had at start of war.
Mobilizing the Home Fronts--both sides had difficulty arming all of their volunteers--also, Lincoln and
Davis faced trouble getting state governors to turn over the volunteers the states did recruit and a
centralized war effort; troops ran short on both sides when it was shown war would not be quick--reenlistment became tough--South instituted conscription (force service)--Lincoln given authority by
Congress to assign manpower quotas to each state and use conscription if not met; to supply troops, N
used private industries that proved to be corrupt and provided poor uniforms, defective rifles, and horses
unfit for duty--but, by 1863, its factories and farms were supplying more than enough for Union troops
w/o significantly lowering standard of living of civilian population; S had more difficulty due to its poor
industrial base--CSA built successful gun powder manufacturing plant in Augusta, GA and S Gen Josiah
Gorgas kept southern armies well supplied throughout conflict; S agriculture was a different story-planters kept producing staple crops (cotton, tobacco, etc) rather than foodstuffs to feed troops--also, S's
lack of internal transportation system was a MAJOR problem--no rail lines to keep food-producing areas
to population centers--rail lines built during war were for troop movement, not distribution of food; as
Northern troops invaded S, food problem worsened and S troops became under-nourished--urban riots in
South due to food shortages which caused problems for CSA; financial problems faced by both sides-both sides passed new taxes, but they were not enough--both sides printed more money but would not
redeem it in gold/silver--$100 million for S, $150 million for N (greenbacks)--led to runaway inflation
for both sides, but strength of N economy made it less severe for them; S also had problem of how to tap
wealth from land/cotton into useable war supplies--blockade made cotton useless--CSA prints more $
and inflation worsens dramatically.
Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern Failure--Lincoln was more bold than Davis in
using executive authority--Lincoln 1. expanded regular army 2. advanced public $ to private individuals
w/o Congressional approval 3. declared martial law to arrest civilian 4. suspended habeas corpus b/c of
mob attacks on Union troops (hold Confed sympathizers w/o trial) 5. extended exec authority to all parts
of US where "disloyal" elements were active--most arrested weren't for criticizing gov't but for
deserting, draft-dodging, refugees, smugglers, etc; critics of Lincoln's war efforts were allowed to voice
concerns--many had forums in newspapers, ran for office and sometimes won--vigorous two-party
system in North during CW strengthened Lincoln's hand b/c his war policies were a part of the party's
platform; Lincoln was great at party leadership--he eventually freed slaves when majority up North
believed it was essential to the war effort, but not before--held party together by persuasion, patronage,
and flexibility--essential to keep nation together by force; Jeff Davis much less effective war leader--he
only defined his power of commander in chief literally and allowed policymaking for control of civilians
to Confed Congress--he wasn't a great strategist and lacked tact to handle strong-willed generals--some
capable generals denied posts and other non-capable ones got posts due to personal like or dislike of
Davis--worst failing was Davis's lack of leadership on home front (economic situation caused great
hardship and sapped morale--South's more serious disloyalty problem than the North, but Davis would
not declare martial law--Confed Congress granted it to him, but he used it too sparingly; Davis's
unpopularity hurt the war effort when Confed governors defied his conscription policy and others due to
states' rights--Davis attacked by Southern newspapers and lost support of Dem party (no two-party
system in CSA).
 Early Campaigns and Battles--first major battle was disaster for North--first Union commander
Winfield Scott (Anaconda Plan) ordered attack on Richmond by Gen Irwin McDowell near Bull Run
on July 1, 1861--seemed on way to victory until CSA General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's Virginia
Corps held line which allowed other CSA troops to counterattack and routed invading army; CSA
victory at Bull Run leads to firing of McDowell and "retirement" of Winfield Scott--now, General in
Chief George McClellan in command--cautious, disciplinarian spent months training Union troops-Lincoln getting impatient; West--in meantime, Union wins important victories at Fort Henry on TN
River & Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River led by Union General Ulysses Grant--Battle of
Shiloh April 1862, CSA surprise attacks Union troops in TN and wins first day--Union reinforcements
arrive by train and Union wins on second day of Battle of Shiloh; Union naval victories at New Orleans
under David Farragut captured mouth of MS river, SC's Sea Islands, NC's Roanoke Island--helped
blockade South's coastline--famous naval battle of CSS Virginia (formerly USS Merrimac) v/s USS
Monitor in March 1862 firmly established Union naval superiority; McClellan finally moved Union
troops along waterways South of Richmond and was able to take Yorktown and waited for Union troops
he thought Lincoln was sending, but not; Stonewall Jackson was successful at leading small CSA army
against larger Union army in Shenandoah Valley--Lincoln withheld troops from McClellan to protect
DC from possible CSA attack; CSA General Joseph Johnston attacked McClellan's army that was split
into two units across Chickahominy River in May 1862 at Battle of Seven Pines in which other Union
troops barely crossed river in time to save the day--CSA Gen Johnston severely wounded and replaced
by Virginian General Robert E. Lee; Lee and McClellan's troops fought for 7 days in a series of battles
that convinced Lincoln that peninsula campaign was futile and he appoints Gen Henry Halleck as
General in Chief--McClellan was supposed to support General Pope's troops to attack Richmond, but
McClellan was too slow--August 1862 in the Second Battle of Bull Run, Lee got Stonewall to attack
Pope's rear and Lee's men attacked Union flanks and routed Pope's troops--Lincoln was so desperate, he
re-hired McClellan as Gen in Chief; Lee hoped to isolate DC by taking Antietam, MD to its North-Sept 17, 1862--Battle of Antietam was bloodiest single-day battle of the CW--5,000 dead/18,000
wounded--results was indecisive for both sides but Lee fell back south of Potomac River b/c supply lines
were stretched too thin--McClellan too slow in pursuit and Lincoln fired McClellan again for having
"the slows"--replaced McClellan with Gen Ambrose Burnside (side-burns) to run Army of Potomac-Burnside was aggressive but not too smart--Battle of Fredericksburg, VA Dec 1862, Burnside attacked
dug-in CSA army and lost 2X as many troops as CSA--uphills charges like this were disastrous b/c of
accuracy of small-arms fire when concentrated on exposed troops (Pickett's Charge)--this ended a year
of bitter failure for Union on eastern front.
 The Diplomatic Struggle—CSA was desperately trying to gain recognition from GB and Fr due to their
economy’s reliance on Southern cotton—20-25% of GB’s entire population depended directly/indirectly
from this single industry; South was able to get “belligerency” status from GB and Fr which allowed
CSA to purchase and outfit private ships in neutral ports from GB & FR—allowed the CSA Alabama to
sink 62 ships and forced American merchant marine off high seas during the CW; GB nearly declared
war on US over the HMS Trent being boarded by US ship in international waters—it carried CSA
diplomats James Mason & John Slidell—after GB threatened war Lincoln and Sec of State Seward
released the men; Fr nearly gave full recognition of CSA under Napoleon III who had desires on
spreading into Mexico, but was unwilling w/o GB’s help—GB & FR having enough cotton reserves was
a big reason why; GB’s public opinion was divided on war—GB’s hesitance related to Lee’s retreat
from Antietam and would only intervene if CSA should signs it could win on battlefield; cotton famine
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from late 1862 was a factor, but some GB interest groups benefited from—these included 1. Owners of
large cotton mills as prices for their goods soared 2. Cotton from Egypt and India put industry back on
track 3. Wool/linen manufacturers benefited from nonintervention 4. Munitions makers who sold goods
to both sides 5. British shipping interests profited due to US fighting CW—overall, GB’s economy
prospered from CW more than it suffered—biggest reason for GB’s non-intervention
Fight to the Finish—last 2 ½ years of war were more radical—2 examples are Lincoln’s decision to
free the slaves and use blacks to fight in the war—tide turns in summer of 1863, but CSA hangs on for 2
more years.
The Coming of Emancipation—at start of CW, majority of Union favored policy of “preserving the
union,” not freeing the slaves—as war continued longer, more and more wanted to end South’s
economic and social system by freeing slaves—more and more slaves deserted plantations as Union
army approached to offer a haven for them—become a source of manpower for the Union; Lincoln
favored a gradual, compensated approach to abolition to prevent alienation of the border states—Lincoln
believed this would serve as a possible voluntary restoration of the union—this policy angered
abolitionists and the Radical Repubs in Congress; Lincoln was also worried about future prospects for
blacks in a nation that held racist views—thought Liberia or other overseas countries might be an answer
for freed slaves in future; Lincoln believed that emancipation might help prevent GB/FR recognition of
CSA, but didn’t want to alienate the border states who weren’t even in favor of his gradual,
compensated plan—Lincoln drafted emancipation document but Sec of State Seward convinced Lincoln
to wait for a Union victory; Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln on Sept 22, 1862 after Gen
McClellan prevented Lee’s advance into MD—CSA could give up struggle w/i 100 days and keep their
slaves—CSA didn’t respond to this; Jan 1, 1863 Lincoln declared that all slaves in areas under CSA
were forever free—Lincoln did so out of military necessity using his war powers as commander in chief
and blacks would be used to fight for Union; Eman Proc did not free border slave states or Union
occupied areas—thus, it did not free a single slave b/c CSA didn’t view Lincoln as their President—it
did change Union goal to not preservation of the union and ending slavery—did inspire more slaves to
runaway and seek protection of Union army.
African Americans and the War—200,000 black served in Union army but faced challenges 1. Served
in segregated units under white officers 2. Paid less than white soldiers at first 3. Used more for garrison
duty or heavy labor behind lines; also used as wage laborers by “loyal” planters w/i deep south to grow
cotton and other items necessary for northern economy; further push by Lincoln to get loyal slave states
to emancipate slaves in their state constitutions due to uncertainly of constitutionality of the
Emancipation Proclamation (MD & MO did in 1864); Lincoln was able to use all of his political skill to
get the 13th amendment passed through the House on January 31, 1865 which abolished involuntary
servitude throughout the nation.
The Tide Turns—early 1863 problems for both sides—Confederate problems 1. Masters losing
control of slaves 2. Non-slaveholding whites losing faith in war effort and deserting or refusing to be
drafted 3. Appalachian mtneers resisting CSA by joining Union army or fighting guerrilla warfare
behind southern lines; Union problems 1. Serious morale problems due to series of defeats on eastern
front 2. Backlash against Eman Proc by Northern Dems who made gains in 1862 midterm elections (esp
in Midwest) 3. Enrollment Act of 1863 (outright conscription of white males but rich could hire
substitute or pay a fee to avoid service) leads to New York Riots in 1863—burning draft offices, homes
of Repub leaders, and black children orphanage, lynching defenseless blacks (120 died before fed troops
restored order)—shows division of upper/lower classes up north about Union war policies; martial law
declared in parts of the union to deal with “disloyalty” and to lock up Confederate spies—Copperheads
(a group that grew out of immigrant working class) believed in “peace at any price” and projected
themselves as Jeffersonian believers in limited gov’t against expansion of gov’t powers, but were mostly
opposed to emancipation along racial/competition for jobs grounds; North needed military victories to
quell peace movement—Battle of Chancellorsville, VA (May 1863) showed skill of Confed generals—
Gens Lee/Jackson defeated Union army led by Joseph Hooker twice its size—Stonewall Jackson shot by
friendly fire and died a few days later; in West, siege of Vicksburg led by Gen Grant was tough place to
invade b/c of hills and river bank—siege began on May 22nd and ended when Vicksburg surrendered on
July 4, 1863—split south into two parts along MS River; Gen Lee given approval to launch offensive
into NE and moved into Gettysburg, PA—Union troops along good defensive positions when CSA
attacked on July 1—battle lasted 3 grueling days—July 3rd was Pickett’s Charge—all out attack on
center of Union lines that had been reinforced by Gen Meade—Army of Northern Virginia lost 28,000
men—Union lost 23,000 but wins MAJOR victory—South had no chance of victory afterwards—
however, Meade refused to follow Lee’s army and finally crush it.
 Last Stages of the Conflict—Union victory at Chattanooga led to its invasion of Georgia; Gen Grant
becomes Gen in Chief in March 1864 due to his victories out west and orders his army to lead assault
on Richmond while Gen Sherman attacks Atlanta and heart of Georgia; Grant and Lee battled around
Richmond/Petersburg area during 1864—but Lee’s army was shrinking; northern morale was suffering
as the siege of Petersburg continued—Lincoln feared defeat in his re-election of 1864 (chose pro-Union
Dem Andrew Johnson as new running mate); Dems nominated twice-fired Gen George McClellan who
would continue war but not insist on emancipation and believed the war would end sooner as a result;
Gen Sherman’s victory in Atlanta unified Republican party behind Lincoln and he wins re-election
easily; The Election of 1864—Repub Lincoln 212; Dem McClellan 21; Sherman’s March to the Sea
was 300 miles long and 60 miles wide—living off the land , burning the rest, and captures Savannah on
Dec 22, 1864; Grant ends stalemate in Petersburg—Lee’s army starving, exhausted, and cut off from
supplies and reinforcements—Lee surrenders at Appomattox on April 9, 1865; Union victory spoiled by
John Wilkes Booth’s assassination of Lincoln April 14, 1865—last Confed troops under Gen Joseph
Johnston in NC against Sherman surrendered April 18, 1865.
 Effects of the War—618,000 men died from bullets or disease—many widows, orphans, etc—huge
numbers of “spinsters” as a result; Northern women served in war as Sanitary Commission to
promote cleanliness, nutrition, and medical care—leads to broadening of beliefs of the capabilities of
women (not equality, yet); Southern women—carried huge, physical burden during war running
farms/plantations and their difficulty destroyed their allegiance to the CSA—after, assisted returning
soldiers, becoming educators, and involved in benevolent/reform societies—women more involved in
South than before but still southern belief of “proper place” of women in home than in North; 4 million
slaves freed, but not yet equal—still lacked voting rights; benefits on white working people unclear
but promising due to equal opportunity and stress on dignity of labor; immigrants helped reduce
nativism b/c of their help with war effort; supremacy of fed gov/t over states was another result of
Appomattox; fed gov’t took more direct role in economy during war w/stimulus measures, tariffs,
homestead act, land grants to RR companies and for agricultural colleges, national bank with first
reliable system of currency.
Chapter 16 The Agony of Reconstruction
 The President versus Congress--debates concerning fed gov'ts role in Reconstruction; Presidential
Reconstruction was for minimal Recon wanted quick restoration of the Union with no protection for
freed slaves--Congressional Reconstruction wanted a more radical policy of replacing former Confeds
w/"loyal" men and ensure blacks had rights of citizenship--leads to serious class b/t exec & leg branches
in US History.
 Wartime Reconstruction--Before CW ended, Lincoln offered full pardon to most Southern leaders for
oath of loyalty and pledge of emancipation--10% Plan--Lincoln hoped to shorten the war this way by 1.
weakening Southern cause for lukewarm Confeds to switch sides 2. further emancipation policy by
insisting new Southern gov'ts abolish slavery; Radical Republicans favored protection of black rights
as precondition for readmission--other moderate Congressional group against Lincoln's plan b/c they
feared return of former Confed leaders and cheat North out of full fruits of victory; Lincoln viewed
secession as illegal and could use his exec powers to restore Union; Congress believed by seceding,
Confed states ceased to be republican and Congress must set conditions for readmission; Congress
passes Wade-Davis Bill in July 1864--called for 50% oath of loyalty for readmission--Lincoln pocket
vetoed--worsened his relationship with Congress; last months of war, Lincoln focused on victory, not
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Reconstruction--assassinated before making his full intentions clear concerning Reconstruction-probably willing to compromise.
Andrew Johnson at the Helm--Andrew Johnson is new pres after Lincoln's assassination--just became
pres 5 wks before AL's assassination; born in NC, raised in TN in dire poverty--self educated and
despised planter aristocracy--only Confed Senator to remain in DC, but believed every white family
should have one slave to help with daily tasks; strange fact that Democrat with strong white supremacy
beliefs took over Repub administration soon after CW; gradual disappointment of the Rad-Repubs
concerning disagreements over AJ's Recon policies; AJ's plan for readmission 1. declare secession
illegal 2. repudiate Confederate war debts 3. ratify 13th Amendment--most southern states did so, but
Repubs in Congress not pleased b/c these states still limited suffrage to whites (many wanted some
blacks to gain suffrage--educated or those who served in CW); Repubs troubled by new southern states
gov't which 1. passed black codes (vagrancy, apprenticeship laws, prevented from testifying in court,
separate penal code--slavery under a new name) 2. southern states began electing prominent ex-Confed
leaders to Congress in fall of 1865 3. AJ's willingness to pardon old elite and grant them permission to
serve in Congress (Alex H. Stephens Confed VP); Congress refused to seat these new members in Dec
1865.
Congress Takes the Initiative--AJ wanted south back in charge of their states after being readmitted;
Congress wanted guarantees that 1. southern ruling class would not regain power to subjugate blacks 2.
fed gov't would have power to limit political role of ex-Confeds 3. protect black citizenship;
disagreement b/t AJ and Congress is irreconcilable when he vetoes Freedmen's Bureau (temporary
relief agency for former slaves) and Civil Rights Bill of 1866 (to nullify Black Codes and guarantee
equal protection under the law)--both had HUGE Repub support; this pushed moderate Repubs to join
Rad Repubs to pass modified version of Freemen's Bureau and they over-rode AJ's veto of Civil Rights
of 1866 (First Veto over-ridden in US History); Repubs took step further in passing 14th
Amendment (gives citizenship to all those born or naturalized in US and guarantees equal protection
under the law regardless of race and rights of due process--Section 2--penalties for denying black
suffrage by reducing state Congress reps--Section 3--denied fed office to supporters of Confed--Section
4--repudiated Confed debt; Congressional election of 1866 served as a referendum on 14th
Amendment--AJ campaigned against amendment--race riots in New Orleans, Memphis, and AJ's
behavior helped give Repubs in Congress 2/3 in both houses and strengthened Radical Republicans and
weakened moderate Repubs and conservatives (Dems).
Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted--Radical Reconstruction (Charles Sumner, Thaddeus
Stevens, George Julian) passes as a result of mid-term election of 1866--1. South split into 5 military
districts but could rejoin with new constitution allowing black suffrage 2. ex-Confeds could not vote for
state convention delegates--problem with Rad Recon was too few troops in south to enforce policies-but, giving so many poor people voting rights was a way to truly extend principle of gov't by the consent
of the governed.
The Impeachment Crisis--AJ refused to fully implement Rad Recon and obstructed it by countermanding orders of the southern military commanders--he did so further by apparently violating the
Tenure of Office Act when AJ tried to fired Sec of War Edwin Stanton--HoRs impeached AJ
overwhelmingly and trial in Senate; AJ wins acquittal when 7 Repub Senators go against party
leadership (AJ escapes conviction by 1 vote)--AJ argued for strict interpretation of "high crimes &
misdemeanors" and that since Edwin Stanton had been appointed by Lincoln, AJ didn't have to get
Senate approval to fire him; 7 Repub Senators feared that convicting a Pres for political reasons would
undermine balance of powers and give Legislative branch more power than Exec Branch--also, AJ's
replacement was Sen Benjamin Wade of Ohio was too radical on labor/currency questions; AJ also wins
by promising to help enforce Reconstruction Acts for remaining months in office.
Reconstructing Southern Society--After CW, south was in terrible physical shape--also, whites wanted
blacks to have less than equal rights--blacks wanted independence from former masters as well as land,
education, & suffrage--Yankees move south for materialistic reasons & to aid blacks--struggle b/t these
groups leads to chaos, violence, & instability--when North failed to provide enough federal support to
implement Radical Reconstruction, conditions worsened for southern blacks.
 Reorganizing Land and Labor--Physical destruction of the south included large areas of GA/SC,
major cities, destroyed factories and RRs; rebuilding made tougher by fact that South's per capita wealth
was cut in half from 1860 to 1865; efforts to re-create plantation system with paid labor failed b/c of 1.
lack of capital 2. southern white belief that blacks would only work if forced 3. blacks resistance to labor
that reminded them of slavery; blacks wanted 1. maintain family-based communal farming on the same
land plots of land they farmed during slave days--Northerners wanted blacks to work in individual
piecework system (factory work); Sherman's Field Order 15 (40 acres and a mule) was instituted along
coastal GA & SC under supervision of Freedmen's Bureau to give 40-acre lots to black farmers free for
3 years which could then be bought at low prices--300,000 acres used in this manner until AJ pardoned
land-holders and most blacks lost this land and were in dire situation; most still refused to work for
masters and looked for better opportunities; Contract labor system emerges in 1866--work for a year
under a fixed-wage, part of which is withheld until harvest--didn't work well for blacks b/c of hard
bargains by planters and the fact that some in Freedmen's Bureau responsible for reviewing these
contracts actually aided planters for their own benefit; Contract labor system replaced with
sharecropping--blacks worked a piece of the land usually for 1/2 of the crop--good for landowner b/c
little up-front $ needed and blacks had to share risk of crop failure or drop in crop prices; sharecroppers
were taken advantage of by planters, merchants, or creditors who charged very high interest and could
be paid by taking some of tenant's share of crops--this tied some sharecroppers to same land-lord and
land for years.
 Black Codes: A New Name for Slavery--pretty consistent, illegal attempts made to segregate southern
cities especially on the basis of race--blacks worked to prevent it on railcars using boycotts and appeals
to military authority when available--little progress made against segregation in places that catered to
whites like hotels, restaurants, and other privately-owned establishments--Repub gov'ts passed civil laws
outlawing this, but not enforced; Black Codes also passed--examples include crime of black
unemployment to ensure long-term contracts with whites, limited property rights, forced labor as
servants or laborers--some set aside but vagrancy laws (homeless unemployed blacks fined and forced to
work to repay it) remained in force; furthermore, terrorism used to intimidate southern blacks and keep
them away from polls to vote for Repubs--mob violence worsened in south after states were re-admitted
under Congressional Reconstruction in 1868; blacks countered this by forming their own militia groups
for protection, but lacked enough weapons to overcome powerful anti-Republican forces in South,
especially as military presence was being reduced.
 Republican Rule in the South--Southern Repubs dominated state constitution-making of 1868--made
up of 3 separate groups 1. businessmen who wanted gov't help for private enterprise (some were called
carpetbaggers--others were scalawags--former Whig planters or merchants from the south who wanted
commercial/industrial development) 2. Poor, white farmers from upper-South where strong Unionist
sentiments existed during CW--wanted to break the power of former planters and hoped for special laws
protecting their homesteads from creditors 3. newly enfranchised blacks (largest of these groups) who
wanted education, civil rights, and land ownership; diverse group difficult to manage b/c of differing
interests; did make some notable achievements--1. first decent public education in South 2.
democratized state & local gov't 3. $ for expansion of public services & responsibilities; more important
were fostering economic development by subsidizing RRs and other internal improvements--inefficient
due to corruption, leads to higher tax rates, RRs go bankrupt, and Panic of 1873 causes states to stop
subsidizing RRs and construction ends--actually helps Dems who say Repubs ruined economy; various
state-to-state problems with this due to corruption, bribery, embezzlement, etc--MS was exception; most
of corruption was from various groups of whites (some blacks); blacks had to support even corrupt
Repubs b/c conservatives (Dems) would have been MUCH worse--wanted to strip blacks of their civil
and political rights; several prominent, successful black Repubs served with distinction in national and
state offices during Reconstruction.
 Claiming Public and Private Rights--blacks firmly believed that through marriage rights, their lives
would be improved by being able to control the labor of their wives and children; restrictions on
controlling children through Black Codes which allowed whites to virtually re-enslave children of their
slaves for reasons like parents being poor, unemployed, "bad character", or just whites being better for
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black children than black parents--these laws challenged in courts by Freedmen's Bureau; 50% of blacks
still refused to marry and retained non-legal marriages--these were punished by white southerners who
passed laws against bastardy, adultery, and fornication--many blacks encouraged marriage so they
wouldn't depend on fed gov't for support--once married, husband legally responsible for providing for
family; some blacks used courts against each other--women suing over domestic violence, child support,
assault, desertion, and alimony; blacks formed their own institutions that they couldn't under slavery-churches, fraternal/benevolent associations, political organizations, & schools--African Methodist
Episcopal Church--women also formed groups to resist lynchings and uplift black community;
educational opportunities were sought after by blacks (denied them during antebellum period)--aided by
Freedmen's bureau and northern missionary societies--all-black schools were viewed as opportunity
rather than form of discrimination--precursors to truly segregated public school systems in South;
Retreat from Reconstruction--Reconstruction efforts peaked with AJ's impeachment--Ulysses Grant's
election in 1868 hurt the efforts due to corruption w/i his administration, his inconsistent effort to
enforce Recon, and change in focus of nation away from southern Recon to political issues on national
level.
Rise of the Money Question--fiscal question was whether to honor money printed during CW
(greenbacks) or return to "sound" or "hard" money--those in favor of greenbacks were credit-hungry
westerners and expansion-minded manufacturers--those in favor of hard money were
commercial/financial interests in east and aided by those who regarded gov't-sponsored inflation as
immoral or against laws of classical economics;
The Election of 1868--Ulysses Grant (Rep) 214 v/s Seymour (Dem) 80 (23 electoral votes from
unreconstructed states omitted)
Repub Congress protected public debt by exchanging CW debt bonds with those that would not be
payable for 10, 15, or 30 years; still problem of $356 million in greenbacks--Panic of 1873 leads to a
revival of the currency question--debt-ridden farmers joined the greenback (soft-money) movement for
the first time; other monetary policies worsened conditions for farmers and workers but Dems couldn't
use it to their advantage--instead Greenback Party arose and had presidential candidate in 1876-Greenbacks controlled 1 million votes by 1878--able to keep money issue alive into 1880s.
Final Efforts of Reconstruction--Reconstruction efforts culminated with passage of the 15th
Amendment (ratified in 1870) which prohibited denying suffrage b/c of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude--didn't write universal-manhood suffrage, which allowed states to limit suffrage
on basis of literacy, property, and poll taxes which allegedly applied to all groups--Congress didn't
foresee this option--purpose of 15th was also to give northern blacks suffrage, also; women bitterly
disappointed by 15th amendment b/c it didn't give them right to vote (Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan
B. Anthony)--others like Lucy Stone supported it and figured women would get suffrage few years later-bitter division in women's movement; Pres Grant charged with enforcing 15th Amendment b/c Repubs
counted on black support--North not so devoted to Recon by 1870.
A Reign of Terror Against Blacks--Ku Klux Klan and other secret, white societies formed b/t 1868
and 1872 using lawless and brute tactics--vigilante movement using secrecy, decentralization, popular
support which made it hard to suppress; active terrorist organization devoted to preventing support for
Repub candidates; Klan efforts prevented Grant from winning LA and GA in 1868--also killed 200
Repubs in Arkansas; afterwards, Klan devoted to Repub state gov'ts, allowing Dems to take power in
TN, NC, & GA; Force Act passed in 1870-1 to protect black suffrage with army against Klan--leads to
thousands of suspected Klan arrests--few convictions but leads to more fair elections in 1872; Dems
changed tactics and stopped courting black vote--instead appealed to white supremacy and got more
poor white votes that were alienated by Grant's concessions to Yankee ideas; this new strategy along
with resurgence of violence leads to new reign of terror--this time w/o masks--used violence openly to
suppress Repub support--Grant unwilling to use federal force this time and Dems gain power in South-by 1876, Repubs only held southern states of SC, LA, & FL b/c Grant not using military force but
moreso b/c of northern electorate no longer wanted military action.
Spoilsmen Versus Reformers--Grant losing faith of North b/c of his corrupt administration; Old Repub
guard like Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Benjamin Wade were gone and Grant joined up with
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manipulators and lost faith of reformist Repubs; Corruption w/i Grant's administration included 1.
Grant's bro-in-law in LA who controlled federal patronage in New Orleans 2. Jay Gould's use of Grant's
bro-in-law to corner gold market (failed but Gould made huge profit); 3. Grant's first VP Schuyler
Colfax involved with notorious Credit Mobilier Scandal--construction company that siphoned profits
from Union Pacific RR; Liberal Republican Party formed as a result of Grant's corrupt administration
(wanted reform of civil service and laissez-faire economics--but lax on justice for blacks).
The Election of 1872--Grant (Rep) 286--Horace Greeley (Liberal Repub and Democrat)--died before
electoral college voted.
Dems nominated Greeley b/c he promised to end Rad Recon and restore self-gov't to south; Grant wins
b/c nation fears return of Dem Party, despite Grant's administration's corruption; Grant's 2nd
administration was worse than first--Whiskey Ring led by Orville Babcock (Grant's personal
secretary) was saved from conviction by Grant after attempting to defraud gov't of millions in liquor
taxes--Grant's Sec of War Belknap impeached by HoR for bribery; Grant probably not personally
involved but failed to oversee his administration properly--commonly regarded as failed pres.
Reunion and the New South--Reconstruction prolonged sectionalism for 12 years after CW--after
Recon, civil/political rights for blacks were left unprotected--lower class whites suffered to capitalists
and landlords--"New South" opened to exploit by northern business interests.
Election of 1876--Uncontested electoral vote Hayes (Rep) 165, Tilden (Dem) 184--Final electoral
Hayes (Rep) 185, Tilden (Dem) 184
 The Compromise of 1877--Honest gov't was main issue in 1876--non-scandal Rep gov of Ohio
Rutherford B. Hayes and Dem reformer Samuel Tilden of NY ran--Tilden easily won pop vote and
seemed to win easy electoral victory, except for returns from 3 southern states (SC, FL, & LA)--Hayes
needed all to win; outcome undecided for months and special commission appted to handle it--one indep
on commission resigned to run for Senate and was replaced by Repub--still undecided--Hayes met with
Dem leaders of HoR and struck Compromise of 1877--Hayes becomes Pres with promise to remove fed
troops from south to end Recon and leave blacks to their fate--also fed $ for southern RRs and other
internal projects; Hayes removes troops and Reconst ends; leads to terrible conditions in south for
blacks.
"Redeeming" a New South--after Reconstruction, various groups of Redeemers came to power in
Southern states--various agendas (old agrarian beliefs or new industrialism)--shared two basic beliefs 1.
laissez-faire to unite planters 2. white supremacy to allow Dems to stay in power (white man's party);
ran more economical gov'ts b/c they cut back on schools and other public services, but were about as
corrupt as Repub administrations; worsening economic conditions of late 1870s/1880s led to fall of
Redeemers and to the rise of the Populist Party of the 1890s.
The Rise of Jim Crow--Jim Crow Laws began in 1876 through first decade of 1900s to restrict black
civil rights--segregation and disenfranchisement--especially bitter for Southern blacks who realized
fruits of political power--black repubs were fired, threatened, whipped for supporting party of Lincoln;
Dem controlled states used electoral fraud like stuffing ballot boxes, discarding unwanted votes, or
reporting fraudulent vote totals--worsened when literacy tests used from 1890-1910; black lynchings
common--179 per year b/t 1889-1899 on basis of blacks raping white women (probably innocent); use
of black convict camps as punishment for petty crimes--convicts had to work for private owners who
could beat blacks w/o fear of loss of profits (25% mortality rate of those black convicts); also wave of
segregation laws passed to remind blacks of inequality--RRs, streetcars, and other public facilities;
Supreme Court invalidated the Civil Rights Act of 1875 that would have helped blacks--other SC rulings
gutted Reconst amendments and left blacks defenseless against political and social discrimination.