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MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
1. A structure found during animal cell mitosis that is not found during plant mitosis is
A
cell plate
C
chiasma
B
centriole
D
spindle
2. Figure shows a stage during mitosis in a plant cell.
Which of the statements about the cell in the figure is not true?
A
The cell produces diploid daughter cells
B
The cell is at anaphase
C
The cell is found at the apical meristem
D
The cell has eight chromosomes at interphase
3. In which of the following processes does mitosis take place?
I
The division of meristematic cells in the stem apex of flowering plants
II
The formation of pollen grains in the stamen
III
The production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow
IV
The reproduction of flatworms by regeneration
A
I, II and III only
B
I, III and IV only
C
II, III and IV only
D
I, II, III and IV only
4. The correct order of mitosis is represented by
A
prophase,
anaphase,
metaphase,
B
anaphase,
telophase,
anaphase,
C
prophase,
metaphase,
anaphase,
D
anaphase,
metaphase,
prophase,
telophase
metaphase
telophase
teophase
5. The diagram shows the cytokinesis that occurs in a plant cell.
The structure labeled X is
A
cell membrane
B
cell wall
C
D
tonoplast
cell plate
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1. Figure 1 shows phase X and phase Y in the cell cycle of an organism.
Phase X consists of three sub phases, P, Q and R
Phase Y involves two processes U and V
(a) (i) Name process U
________________________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) State two roles of process U in an organism
___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]
(b) Figure 2.2 shows the various stages in process U
Figure 2.2
(i) Based on Figure 2.2 complete the correct sequence of stages in process U
Stage
IV
Stage
____
Stage
____
Stage
____
[ 1 mark ]
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(ii) Name the stages in process U
Stage
I
II
III
IV
Name of stage
[ 1 mark ]
(c) (i) Name phase X in Figure 2
______________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Describe what happens in the cell during phase X
____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
[ 2 marks ]
(d) A technique which involves the cell cycle shown in Figure 2 could be used in farming
to produce complete new organism.
(i) Name the technique used to produce new plants in large quantities.
_____________________________________________________________________
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) By using one suitable part of the plant, explain the technique used in (d)(i)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
[ 4 marks ]
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Answer:
1. B 2.D
3,B
4C
5D
Answers:
1(a) (i) Mitosis
(i)
1. The process is important in the growth of animals and plants
2.The process is important as it replaces worn out and dead cell in organisms.
(b) (i) II III
(ii) Telophase
(c)
I
Metaphase
Anaphase
(i) Interphase
New organelles are synthesized
The amount of DNA doubled
Chromosomes are replicated
Proteins are synthesized
Energy stores (ATPs) are increased.
Prophase
Any 2
(d) (i) Tissue culture/cloning
(ii) shoot/root/lateral buds or Meristem tissue
Shoot/root/lateral buds/tissues is washed and treated with sterilizing agent
Tissue is cultured in sterile nutrient medium, suitable temperature
Cells divide by mitosis to form callus
Callus differentiates to form root and shoot.
Essay
1. (a) Amoebae are tiny, unicellular organisms in the Prostista kingdom that can only be
seen under a microscope.
Explain why the offspring of amoebae are considered clones.
[ 4 marks ]
(b) In Malaysia, good quality oil palms are produced by cloning. What are the advantages
and disadvantages of this technique?
[ 6 marks ]
(c) In horticulture, orchids are commercially produced and exported. Discuss how you
can produce a cloned orchid plant.
[ 10 marks ]
Answer
(a) Clones are cells descended from, and are genetically identical to a single common
parent cell
Amoebae reproduce by mitotic division of its nucleus
Its chromosomes replicate before they separate into two equal portions
This is followed by cytokinesis where the cell divides into two
Therefore each daughter amoeba is a clone as it is genetically identical to each
other and to its parent cell.
(b) Special clones can be developed to survive in difficult natural environment
But this may upset the balance of nature through the release of genetically altered
plant species
Cloning is a new and fast way to combat pest epidemics
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But as clones are genetically identical, they share the same weaknesses to a
disease or a change in climate may wipe out the whole population
Significant increase in palm oil production, but overproduction may cause market
instability and a fall in price
(c) Remove an explant, from a parent orchid plant and cut it into small pieces
Sterilize the pieces of tissues with dilute sodium hypochlorite solution
Place each sterile tissue into a growth medium
The tissue cells are left to divide by mitosis to produce a mass of loosely arranged
and undifferentiated cells called callus
The callus is then stimulated with shoot stimulating hormone to form multiple
shoots
Separate the shoots in nutrient medium with root stimulating hormone to
encourage rooting
Once the roots grow, the plantlets are planted in sterile compost to grow.
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