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Physics in the Renaissance Mark van den Bosch Index............................ How did the Renaissance begin? page. 2 page. page. page. page. page. Nicolaus Copernicus Johannes Kepler Tycho Brahe Galileo Galilei Leonardo da Vinci 3 3 4 4 5 Epilogue page. 6 Source material page. 7 1 Physics in the Renaissance How did the Renaissance begin? R enaissance means the re-birth of classical Greece and Rome. It’s the re-discovery of the old Greek and roman texts and ideas. The physics in the renaissance is nothing else than the ancient work of classical Greece and from the Greek Philosophers, however in the renaissance the thoughts and ideas are improved, like now. The ancient ideas came back in the middle ages. These ideas were of the Greek Philosophers, like the thoughts of the lover of thinking ‘’Aristotle’’. He was a thinker and thought about the natural and unnatural motion. Natural motion is actually bodies moving naturally would move either up or down, basically attributed to the natural elements. A result of this motion is water, earth, smoke + fire, air in the body. Because these are in the body it returns to the earth, instead of flying away. Unnatural motion is horizontal motion. It will move, except a force will stop it. After this period began the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages, the church had full power over Europe. The Church was always right and had much propaganda. If you were right than you had the right authority, e.g. the bible and other Theology. Until the time of Copernicus, the thoughts and ideas came into use, (The rebirth of classical Greece and Rome ‘The Renaissance’ began.) In the Time of the Renaissance Science and Physics were very important. People developed the ideas and thoughts, like; Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Tygho Brahe and Galileo Galilei and the famous Leonardo da Vinci. 2 Nicolaus Copernicus N icolaus Copernicus was born February 19, 1473, in Thorn (Toruń) in Royal Prussia, part of the Kingdom of Poland. At the end of 1542 he had apoplexy and paralysis. Copernicus died on 24 May 1543. Copernicus was mathematician, astronomer, physician, quadrilingual polyglot, classical scholar, translator, artist, Catholic cleric, jurist, governor, military leader, diplomat and economist. He spoke 5 languages; Latin, German, Italian, Greek and Polish. Nicolaus Copernicus worked his whole live on a book: The revolutionibus orbium coelestium. This book is about Copernicus theories and ideas about the revolution of forces and heavily bodies. His book was published just before his death, due to the church. Copernicus was the first person who developed the heliocentric theory: The sun in the centre. His theory was against the church, because they thought the earth was the centre. Copernicus came up with an easier way of calculation too. Johannes Kepler J ohannes Kepler was born December 27, 1571 in Weil der Stadt near Stuttgart in Germany. Kepler was a son of a prostitute and a mercenary. He died November 15, 1630. Johannes Kepler’s theories weren’t against Copernicus and accepted his idea (sun in the centre and the rest around it.) Johannes Kepler was mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. Johannes Kepler evented 3 new ideas. 1st idea: Kepler thought out that little loops weren’t a piece of cycles or epicycles, but little loops were a product of ellipses. An ellipse is a kind of circle only than made by two foci, meaning that the circle can be made by two points/pins with a piece of string. 2nd idea: Johannes Kepler found out that: The closer to the foci (e.g. Sun) how faster you move. The red surface is the same as the blue surface. The red surface is close to the sun (Perihelion) and the blue surface is far away of the sun (Aphelion). Due to the radius of the red surface is smaller the distance is bigger than as the distance of the blue surface. 3 3rd idea: His third discovery is about the years in the universe. A year actually means the time it takes getting around the centre/sun. He discovered that the closer to the sun, the shorter the year is and he knew how to calculate it: Year2 - Radius3 . Tycho Brahe T ycho Brahe was born December 14, 1546 till October 24, 1601. He was a Danish nobleman and studied astronomical and he’s an alchemist. Tycho Brahe was religious so he thought about an idea that confirms the thought of Copernicus and the Church (to keep them happy). He worked together with Johannes Kepler, because the needed each other to complete their discoveries. One of Johannes Kepler’s good work was the scientific star Catalogue and planetary using Tycho Brahe’s help and measurement. Galileo Galilei A nother person who lived in the time period of Johannes Kepler was Galileo Galilei. Galileo Galilei was born February 15, 1564 till January 8, 1642. He was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who played an important role in the scientific revolution. He was one of the philosophers who thought against the Greek motion. His explanation was that all motions are FORCED. The special thing on Galileo Galilei was that he not just wrote a book or just wrote it down, but he demonstrated it. The standard situation should be; an object will not move unless it’s influenced by a force, if so it will continue in a straight line with the same velocity. In other words: it will move the whole time. (The 1st Law: Standard law) Galileo made a few experiments with this situation. One of his experiments that he demonstrated was the ball rolling down a trajectory ‘’a curve’’. The ball always will stop at the same height where it began, no matter if you’re changing the curve, it always want to continue. 4 About the vertical motion. The motion of falling objects is the simplest and most common example of motion with changing velocity. Galileo was the first person who discovered. Galileo dropped a cannonball and a musket ball simultaneously from a tower, and observed that they hit the ground at nearly the same time. This contradicted Aristotle's long-accepted, by every scientist and average people idea, that heavier objects fell faster, what’s by Galileo proven that it’s not true. But another experiment is proven that if you use a flat piece of paper and a coin (what’s much heavier) they won’t hit the ground at the same time. Galileo speculated that in addition to the force that always pulls objects down, there was an upward force exerted by the air, what means that the velocity was different due to the force of air. When air can’t move an object upwards the velocity will be the same as the heavier object. All the experiments Galileo Galilei did about motion was observed by a slow motion. When he wanted to observe the vertical motion he couldn’t observe because the speed was too fast, so he used a slower motion. Of course in that time there were no computers and video camera’s so he had to change the velocity, due to changing the angle of the falling object. When he was changing the angle of the object to observe the velocity of the different objects he discovered also something else. He saw and connection between time and distance, because when the time is twice so long the distance will be four time so large. S=T2 (e.g. if the time gets 4 times longer = the distance, 42, 16x bigger) Leonardo da Vinci E arlier in the centuries a famous Italian was born ‘’Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci’’. He was born April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519 in Vinci, Republic of Florence in Italy. Now in the present day it’s called Province of Florence, Italy. He’s worldwide known as a painter (painting: Mona Lisa), though he was also architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer: summarized a polymath. Leonardo da Vinci was master in math and Latin and studied for a long time anatomy. His observations were really dangerous, because he used human bodies (mostly guards of the church) for his knowledge and his study of anatomy about the human body. He invented machines, which are developed through centuries till now, like the flying machine or the tank. He improved the telescope of Galileo Galilei too, e.g. the glass. 5 He went through whole Europe for materials and ideas to make paintings or blueprints for machines and weapons. He was against the church, though he was religious and painted stories from the bible (probably to keep the church happy). Leonardo the inventor, invented machines, weapons, easier ways for math; science, measurements etc. Due to his experiments from the human body he knew much more than all the other people in that age. Leonardo was so important in the Renaissance, due to his research about anatomy: Human Body. Epilogue A fter all, without the Greek philosophers, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei and Leonardo da Vinci’s developments, discoveries, invents and ideas there would never have been technology, anatomy, science, physics et cetera. The church would have been powerful forever and we would have been living in the Stone Age. 6 Sources: o Mister. Wyder o Internet sites (like Wikipedia) o Information books Pictures: o Made by Myself o Internet Internet sites: o Google.co.uk/Google.nl o En.Wikipedia.org o (Other sites familiar with Google and Wikipedia.) 7