Download chapter 9—new republic

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U.S. History Spring Exam Study Guide
This study guide will be turned in on the day of the final. You MUST write on this study
guide.
Friday, May 29—Period 8
Monday, June 1—Period 1, 4
Tuesday, June 2—Period 2, 5
Wednesday, June 3—Period 7, 3
CHAPTER 9—NEW REPUBLIC
Washington’s precedents-Establishment of the cabinet; only serving two terms; “Mr. President”
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Washington’s cabinet-Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War: Henry Knox;
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
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Anti-Federalists-Jefferson & Madison; weak national government; became the DemocraticRepublican Party
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XYZ Affair-Incident in which 3 French agents tried to bribe American representatives
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John Jay-Nation’s first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
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Tariffs-tax on imported goods; U.S. government got most of its income from tariffs in 1790
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Strict interpretation-whatever is not mentioned specifically in the Constitution cannot be done
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National bank-Hamilton argued that it was an implied power in the Constitution to be able to set up
a national bank; he said it would give the government a safe place to keep money & make loans
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Election of 1796-the president and vice-president were from different political parties; John Adams
was a Federalist, and Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican
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Alien and Sedition Acts-Violated the first amendment because they clamped down on the freedom
of speech and press
Washington’s Farewell Address-warned the nation of the rise of political parties, political divisions
based upon geographic loyalties; long term involvement in European affairs
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Whiskey Rebellion-people that disagreed with the government’s tax on whiskey rebelled;
Washington crushed the rebellion to show the strength of the national government
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Hamilton’s financial plan-pay off all war debts; raise government revenues; create a national bank
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John Adams-second president off the U.S.; first vice president of the U.S.; a Federalist
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Judiciary Act of 1789-created a court system with six members of the Supreme Court
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CHAPTER 10—THE AGE OF JEFFERSON
Embargo Act of 1807-was passed to make England and France respect American trade rights; it
was repealed because it was ruining the U.S. economy
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Election of 1800-Jefferson & Burr tied the election so it was sent to the House of Representatives;
the tie was broken when the House elected Jefferson
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Causes of the War of 1812-the British navy was impressing American sailors; the British were
violating American trade rights; some “war hawks” were calling for war so they could gain control of
Canada
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Effects of the War of 1812-no territory changed hands; no one won and no one lost; the U.S.
experienced a surge in patriotism; American industry flourished
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War Hawks-politicians in favor of war; in the War of 1812, they wanted to gain control of Canada
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Marbury v. Madison-gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review
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John Marshall-strong Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; attributed to gaining the power of judicial
review
Judicial Review-the Supreme Court’s power to declare laws (both state & federal) as
unconstitutional; the power to interpret the Constitution
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Louisiana Territory-territory purchased from France
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Lewis and Clark Expedition-Jefferson sent them out to explore the newly acquired Louisiana
Territory; the explored as far west as the Pacific Ocean
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Louisiana Purchase-Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory in 1803 from Napoleon Bonaparte;
the purchase more than doubled the size of the U.S.
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Impressment-the British was impressing American sailors before the War of 1812, they were
kidnapping them and forcing them to work on British ships
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Sacajawea-Native American that acted as a guide for Lewis and Clark
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Francis Scott Key-author of the “Star-Spangled Banner”
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Zebulon Pike-leader of the expedition that set out to find the sources of the Arkansas and Red
rivers
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Treaty of Ghent-treaty that ended the War of 1812; no territory changed hands
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James Madison-the president during the War of 1812
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Thomas Jefferson’s accomplishments-he helped to design Washington, D.C.; he wrote the
Declaration of Independence; he bought the Louisiana Territory…
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1803-the year the Louisiana Purchase was made
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Battle of New Orleans-fought after the War of 1812 was over; made Andrew Jackson a war hero
CHAPTER 11—NATIONALISM & SECTIONALISM
Nationalism-extreme pride in a country; American nationalism surged after the War of 1812
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Sectionalism-people more concerned with the interests of their own region than their country
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Industrial Revolution-time period in which the economy moved towards mechanized production
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Male suffrage-in the early 1800’s male suffrage was extended to males who did not own property
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Monroe Doctrine-President Monroe’s statement that the Western Hemisphere was no longer open
to colonization by Europe
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Railroads-increased sectionalism because they were mostly in the North and ran from east to west
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Cotton gin-revolutionized the economy of the South and caused the need for more slaves
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Missouri Compromise-provided for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free
state; created a balance between slave and free states in the Union
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McCulloch v. Maryland-reaffirmed the U.S. government’s right to create a national bank
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Gibbons v. Ogden-reaffirmed the U.S. government’s right to regulate interstate commerce
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Capitalist system-economic system that involves profit, private property and free enterprise
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Characteristics of Southern leaders-wealthy planters
Types of people that worked in Northern factories-immigrants
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James Monroe-president that created the Monroe Doctrine
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CHAPTER 12—THE AGE OF JACKSON
Jacksonian Democracy-central principle was to spread political power to common people
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Protective tariff-intended to encourage the growth of northern industries
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Spoils System-Jackson’s policy of rewarding faithful followers with political offices
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Democratic Party-the Democratic-Republican Party split when Adams & Jackson disagreed on
many issues; Jackson became the first Democratic Party president
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Trail of Tears-route taken by the Cherokees when they were being removed from their land in
Georgia to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma
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Cherokee Nation-Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian
Removal Act
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Indian Removal Act-law that forced Native American to give up their land because white people
wanted it; forced them to move to the Indian Territory
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Tariff of Abominations-tariff passed to help northern industries; it ended up hurting the southern
economy; it was called the tariff of abominations because the south hated them
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Doctrine of Nullification-it was triggered in response to strong opposition to the tariff of
abominations; Calhoun said that the state had the right to nullify or reject a federal law that it
considered unconstitutional
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Daniel Webster-debated Robert Hayne; he was against nullification
John C. Calhoun-vice president who resigned over the issue of nullification
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Webster-Hayne Debate-Robert Hayne: for nullification against Daniel Webster: against nullification
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States’ Rights-the idea that the state has the right to go against the national government
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Jackson’s war on the bank-Jackson opposed the national bank because he thought its policies
favored the wealthy over the average people
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Panic of 1837-state banks were printing too much paper money; caused inflation; people became
worried about the health of the nation’s economy; Martin Van Buren was blamed for the panic
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Kitchen cabinet-Jackson’s informal cabinet that he met with for advice; it weakened the power of
the cabinet
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Whig Party-formed in response to Jackson; Harrison was a Whig that was elected in 1840
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Martin Van Buren-the vice president for Jackson in his second term; was blamed for the Panic of
1837; he was not re-elected
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William Henry Harrison-member of the Whig Party; was elected in 1840 because of his popularity
from the War of 1812
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CHAPTER 13—WESTWARD EXPANSION
Manifest Destiny-principle that called for the U.S. to spread across the continent to its natural
borders
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Mormons-religious group that faced persecution and decided to head west; settled in present day
Utah
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Joseph Smith-leader of the Mormons; was killed
Brigham Young-leader of the Mormons after Joseph Smith was killed; he led the Mormons to Utah
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Mexican War-war fought with Mexico over a dispute in the border of Texas and Mexico
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Mexican Cession-land ceded by Mexico as a result of the Mexican war; contained the southwest
portion of the U.S.
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California Gold Rush-people rushed to California in hopes to find gold in 1849
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49ers-nickname of people that moved to California in hopes to become rich
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-treaty that ended the Mexican War
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Gadsden Purchase-purchased in hopes to build a southern transcontinental railroad
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Northern boundary of Oregon-49th parallel, settled in a compromise with Great Britain
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Adams-Onís Treaty-treaty that gave the U.S. control of Florida
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Bear Flag Revolt-revolt in which rebels declared California independent of Mexico
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James K. Polk-president that made manifest destiny policy
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Texas Revolution-Texas rebelled against Mexico’s government
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Mountain Men-men that lived out west and trapped beavers; Jim Beckwourth
Using the map below, record how the U.S. acquired each territory.
A-Oregon Country; this land was occupied jointly by the U.S. & Great Britain from 1818 to 1846; the
49th parallel was made the northern boundary of Oregon in a compromise with Great Britain
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B-Mexican Cession; land was ceded by Mexico as a result of the Mexican War
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C-Gadsden Purchase; land was purchased in the hopes of creating a southern transcontinental
railroad
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D-land was purchased from France in 1803
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E-Mexico gave up all claims to this area as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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F-Treaty of Paris to end the American Revolution gave the new U.S. control of the land to the
Mississippi River
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G-original 13 colonies; won independence from Great Britain; Treaty of Paris ended the war
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H-gained control of this land because of the Adams-Onís Treaty
CHAPTER 14—SLAVERY & REFORM
Abolitionist Movement-movement that sought to end slavery
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Transcendentalism-it was led by Henry David Thoreau; it urged people to follow their own
conscience and not obey laws they considered unjust; civil disobedience; it taught that people could
find truth within themselves
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Underground Railroad-routes that slaves used to escape to the north
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Harriet Tubman-famous conductor that led many escaped slaves to the north
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Fugitive Slave Laws-series of laws that required people in the North to turn in run away slaves
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Second Great Awakening-surge in religious thought; caused people to want to change society
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Prison Reform-reformers wanted criminals to be rehabilitated
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Frederick Douglass-effective abolitionist speaker because he had been a slave himself
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Sojourner Truth- effective abolitionist speaker because she had been a slave herself
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African-American literacy-in the south it was illegal to teach a slave to read
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Temperance Movement-promoted the end of selling alcohol
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Civil Disobedience-reform society without violence; Henry David Thoreau
Henry David Thoreau-taught to use civil disobedience when trying to reform society
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Seneca Falls Convention-organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton; sought to get equal rights for
women
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton-women’s rights activist; organized the Seneca Falls Convention
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Susan B. Anthony-women’s rights activist
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CHAPTER 15—CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
Compromise of 1850-provided for the admission of Texas as a slave state and California as a free
state
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Henry Clay-the Great Compromiser in 1820 and 1850
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Harriet Beecher Stowe-wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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Effects of Uncle Tom’s Cabin-it angered southerners because they said the book did not portray
slavery accurately
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Kansas-Nebraska Act-said that people in Kansas and Nebraska could vote over the issue of
slavery; popular sovereignty
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Popular Sovereignty-people have the ultimate say in what happens in their government; the
Kansas-Nebraska act called for popular sovereignty
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Dred Scott v. Sanford-Dred Scott was a slave that sued for his freedom after having visited a free
state with his owner
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Election of 1860-Lincoln won the election because he won all of the Northern states
Bleeding Sumner-Charles Sumner was attacked because of a speech that he made against
proslavery forces in Kansas
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Confederate States of America-the separate, foreign country the South formed when they
seceded
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Roger B. Taney-the Supreme Court justice that decided Dred Scott’s case; argued that Congress
could not ban slavery in the territories
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Bleeding Kansas-mini civil war broke out in Kansas over the issue of popular sovereignty and
slavery
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John Brown-raided Harper’s Ferry in order to get weapons to inspire slaves to fight for their
freedom
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates-series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas over
the issue of slavery
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Jefferson Davis-president of the Confederacy
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Secession-seven states seceded; South Carolina was the first
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CHAPTER 16 & 17—THE CIVIL WAR
Strengths of South-able military officers; defense war; a real cause
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Strengths of North-larger population; more railroads; more industry
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Lincoln’s main goal during the war-preserve the Union
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Anaconda Plan-blockade the Southern coastline; capture the Confederate capital; divided the
South by controlling the Mississippi; the Union blockade resulted in trade being cut off between the
South and Europe
Emancipation Proclamation-issued by Lincoln; freed the slaves in the rebelling states; did not free
slaves in the Union
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Gettysburg Address-given to honor dead soldiers who were buried at the battlefield cemetery
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Pickett’s Charge-deadly charge by Pickett’s men that occurred at the Battle of Gettysburg
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Surrender at Appomattox Court House-General Grant gave Lee favorable terms; Southern
soldiers were allowed to keep their horses and go home
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Ft. Sumter-the first shots of the Civil War were fired here
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Richmond-Confederate capital; Grant took Richmond after the Battle of Petersburg
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King Cotton-the South’s plan to withhold cotton from the world market in order to get European
help
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Antietam-bloodiest battle of the Civil War
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Border States-slave states; Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and West Virginia
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Vicksburg-after this battle, the North finally had control of the entire Mississippi and had cut the
South in half
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Robert E. Lee-commander of the Southern forces
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Ulysses S. Grant-commander of the Northern forces
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13th Amendment-abolished slavery in the U.S.
Lincoln’s assassination-assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in Washington,
D.C.
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William T. Sherman-Northern commander; total war strategy, burned the South; Sherman’s march
to the sea
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Gettysburg-Pickett’s Charge took place here; many deaths on both sides
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CHAPTER 18—RECONSTRUCTION
Andrew Johnson-President at the beginning of Reconstruction; wanted to follow Lincoln’s plan for
Reconstruction; radical republicans felt he didn’t take things far enough
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14th Amendment-defined citizenship; made former slaves citizens of the U.S.
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15th Amendment-gave all men the right to vote regardless of their race and previous conditions of
servitude
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Carpetbaggers-northerners that moved to the South after the war; they wanted to capitalize on the
losses of southerners
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Scalawags-Southerners that joined the Republican Party after the war; they were hated by wealthy
Southerners and considered traitors
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Radical Republicans-people in Congress that wanted to punish the South after the war
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Ku Klux Klan-group formed to intimidate African Americans so they would not participate in politics
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Black Codes-created as a way to control former slaves; could not serve on juries; had to have jobs
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Freedmen’s Bureau-group formed to aid African Americans and whites; provide food & an
education