Download Second Semester Final Review

Second Semester Final Review
Constitution and Citizenship Handbook (pp. 226-270)
1. Purpose of the 3 branches of government:
Legislative- (233) main role - makes the laws
Executive – (240) main role – enforce the laws
Judicial – (244 main role – interprets the laws
2. Amendments (why the Constitution is set up so that it can be amended) (247) Amendment process
allows the Constitution to be changed to adapt to modern times.
3. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution are called the (250) Bill of Rights. Their
purpose is to protect citizens from government interference.
4. Five freedoms protected by the first amendment: (250) freedom of religion, right to assemble,
freedom of the press, right to petition the government, and freedom of speech
5. Check and balances (what it is, what its purpose is) (230) Checks and balances allows each branch
to exercise controls over the other branches to keep any one branch from assuming too much power.
6. The two Houses of Congress are the (233) the House of Representatives and the Senate
* number of U.S. Representatives per state (233) based on population of the state
*number of U.S. Senators per state (234) 2 per state
Ch. 9: Launching a New Republic: (275-291)
1. Why did Alexander Hamilton claim that he had the right to create a national bank even though the
Constitution did not give him that power? (p.281) He believed in a loose interpretation of the
Constitution and said that the elastic clause allowed him to create a bank because it (a bank) was
“necessary and proper” to carry out the government’s duties.
2. How did Washington deal with the war between Britain and France? (286) He issued the
Proclamation of Neutrality and said that the U.S. would remain friendly to both sides.
3. What advice did Washington give to the United States in his Farewell Address? (287-288) He
warned the U.S. to not form political parties, to stay neutral in foreign affairs (not form
permanent alliances), but to trade with other countries.
4. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had different ideas about how the country should be run.
Summarize these differences: (288)
Hamilton (Federalist) wanted: loose interpretation of Constitution, strong central government,
supported a national bank, pro-British, favored American industry and business, and supported
the growth of cities
Jefferson (Democratic Republican) wanted strict interpretation of the Constitution, states’ rights,
pro-French, supported a rural nation of farmers and planters
Which party wanted a strong national government? Federalists
Which one supported strong state governments? Democratic Republicans
5. The different ideas between these two men led to the first (288) political parties in the United States.
6. Who was the second President? (289) John Adams What role had he placed in the Washington
administration? Vice-President What political party did he represent? Federalists
7. XYZ Affair (289-290)(what did France ask the U.S. to do, how did the U.S. respond to this request)
France asked the U.S. to loan them 10 million dollars and to pay the minister a bribe of
$250,000.00 before they would meet with representatives from the U.S. The U.S. refused, “Millions
for defense, not one cent for tribute!” Americans then cancelled its treaties with France and spent
money to build up its Navy.
8. Alien & Sedition Acts (who passed them, what were they, who were that targeting) (290) The
Federalists in Congress passed a series of laws to silence those who criticized the Federalists. Some
of these laws/acts were aimed at immigrants who were not yet citizens. One law extended the time
it took to become a U.S. citizen from 5 to 14 years. Other laws allowed the president the power to
arrest disloyal aliens or order them out of the country during wartime. Another law made it a
crime to say or write anything false or harmful about the government.
Ch. 10: The Jefferson Era (295-319)
1. What was the most important contribution that Jefferson made as the third president? (303) He
purchased the Louisiana Territory.
2. What did the case of Marbury vs. Madison establish? (301) judicial review
This was the first time that the Supreme Court had declared a law to be unconstitutional.
3. When Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory for the United States from France in
1803, the size of the United States doubled. (303)
4. To explore the Louisiana territory, Jefferson sent an expedition headed by Lewis and Clark (304).
The expedition departed from St. Louis, Missouri and went as far west as the Pacific Ocean.
5. As President, Jefferson tried to avoid involvement in the war between Britain and France by having
the Embargo Act of 1807 passed; however, the embargo was unsuccessful and the United States went to
War in 1812 when James Madison takes office. The main causes for the War of 1812 were:
 the British interfered with U.S. trade by impressing our sailors (311)
 they attacked American naval ships(311)
 Americans believed that the British were guilty of stirring up the Native Americans in the
Northwest (312)
 American War Hawks hoped to acquire Canada(313)
6. Tecumseh (and his brother Tenswatakawa) felt that the Native American tribes needed to unite to
stop the loss of their land and culture.
7. Battle of New Orleans (316-317) What was unusual about this battle? Fought 2 weeks after the war
was over
Who had more men? British Who won? Americans Who became a hero after this battle? Andrew
Jackson
8. There were many results of the War of 1812 even though nobody really won and there were no land
changes. For example, the Native Americans lost a lot of strength which allowed more Americans to
move westward. Other results were that heroic acts of some Americans caused an increase in
patriotism and the growth of U.S. industry was encouraged when Americans were forced to make
goods that they had once imported.
9. James Madison became the fourth President. (R36) He belonged to the Democratic Republican
party (R36) and had served as Thomas Jefferson’s Sec. of State (301) the chief issue that he had to
contend with as President was the War of 1812.
Ch. 11: National and Regional Growth (323-343)
1. The Industrial Revolution was (325) period of time when factory machines replaced hand tools,
and large-scale manufacturing replaced farming as the main form of work
2. Where were most of the early factories built? (326) New England Why? The area had many fastmoving rivers to serve as a source of power.
3. How did interchangeable parts affect manufacturing? (328) it sped up production, made repairs
easy, and allowed the use of lower-paid, less skilled workers. It also led to a new style of
management with inspectors to make sure each piece was uniform. Some workers resented the
loss of independence cause by such close supervision.
4. How did Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin impact the South (333)? Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
changed the South by causing a westward movement, an increase in the growing and exporting of
cotton, Native Americans loss of land, and an increase in the demand for slavery.
5. Spirituals were (335) religious folk songs in which slaves expressed their beliefs. These songs
often contained coded messages about escapes. Spirituals later influenced blues, jazz, and other
forms of American music.
6. Summarize some of the changes in transportation that were occurring in the early 1800’s. How
would these changes help the country? (339-340) Improvements in transportation were linking parts
of the country together. This helped promote trade by aiding in the movement of manufactured
and farming items. New areas were opened to settlement By linking the areas of the country, unity
and nationalism were encouraged.
7. The period of time in which James Monroe (our fifth president) served is known as the Era of Good
Feelings (340).
8. Sectionalism is (341) loyalty to the interest of one region or section of the country, instead of to
the nation as a whole.
9. The three key parts of the Missouri Compromise were: (343) This kept the balance between the
slave and free states.
*Missouri entered U.S. as a slave state
*Maine entered U.S. as a free state
*slavery was banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 30’
10. The Monroe Doctrine warned European countries to stay out of the Americas (Western
hemisphere). (343) It made the United States the key protector of Latin America.
Ch. 12: The Age of Jackson (351-372)
1. Election of 1824 (who won the popular vote, who chose the President, who won and who helped this
person win) (353-354) Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, the House of Representatives chose
the President, John Q. Adams won because Henry Clay convinced his supporters to vote for
Adams instead of Jackson.
2. Andrew Jackson was popular because he was said to represent the common man (354) and his party
was said to be the beginning of the modern day Democratic Party.
3. When the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees, how did Andrew Jackson respond? (360361) Jackson ignored the ruling and said that since John Marshall had made the ruling, he could
enforce it.
4. What was the Trail of Tears? (360) In 1838-1839, federal troops forced around 16,000 Cherokee
from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma. During this long,
harsh journey about one-fourth of the Cherokee died from illness caused by the cold weather and
lack of clothing and food.
5. What is the purpose of a protective tariff? How does it try to accomplish this purpose? (364) The
purpose of a protective tariff (in America) is to promote American industry by encouraging
Americans to buy American goods. To achieve this goal, a tax is put on foreign goods to make
them cost more.
6. According to the doctrine of nullification (365) a state could nullify a federal law that it
considered unconstitutional.
7. After serving for 2 terms, Andrew Jackson was succeeded by Martin Van Buren, who ended up
being an unpopular president because he was blamed economic disaster known as the Panic of 1837
which caused a depression during his term. (370)
8. William Henry Harrison (371) representing the Whig party, was elected President in the year 1840
and served for only one month because he caught pneumonia and died.
Ch. 13: Manifest Destiny ( 375-402)
1. What were some of the reasons that people headed West? (378, 379, 381) to farm and ranch where
land was plentiful, to escape debt or other legal problems, for religious freedom, to find gold and
become rich, to start a new life
2. Mormons (381) were a religious group who headed west to escape religious persecution, they
settled in Utah (desert area because they wanted to be left alone)
3. Manifest Destiny was the belief that (390-391) The United States of America was destined to reach
from Atlantic Coast to Pacific Coast – from “sea to shinning sea”
4. In the 1840’s the Oregon Country fur trade was shared by the countries of Great Britain and the
USA. (391)
5. When James Polk was elected, westward expansion became government policy, which supported his
campaign slogan of “Fifty-four forty or fight!” (391)
6. After Texas was annexed to the United States, the United States and Mexico went to war. The
Mexican War, fought from 1846-1848, was won by the United States. According to the terms of the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: (395-396)
* Mexico recognized Texas as part of the US
* The Rio Grande would be the official border between Mexico and the US
* The US obtained the Mexican Cession
* The US would pay Mexico $15 million
* The US promised to respect the Mexicans living in Texas and the Mexican Cession
7. Describe the Mexican Cession. (location) (394-395) Southwestern United States - present day
California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona and parts of New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming.
8. Forty-niners were (396) people from all over the world who rushed to California beginning in
1849 in search of gold.
9. Four results of the gold rush were ( 400-401)
*People from US, Europe, Asia, Mexico would became permanent resident of California
*Mexicans, Native Americans and Chinese were discriminated against and forced off
claims
*California quickly gained enough people to become a state
*The balance of power between free and slaves states in Congress would become an issue
10. Look at the map on page 394. Tell how the US acquired each of the territories listed below:
Louisiana Purchase: bought from France in 1803
Mexican Cession: won in the Mexican War
Texas – annexation
Oregon – treaty with British
Ch. 14: A New Spirit of Change (405-430)
1. Immigrants came to the U.S. for a variety of reasons. Examples of reasons they were pushed include
(408): population growth caused overcrowding, agricultural improvements required fewer
farmers, crop failures (potato famine, industrial revolution put skilled artisans out of business,
religious persecution and lack of political freedom
The three main pull factors were: freedom (religious & political), economic opportunity, abundant
land.
2. Civil disobedience is (415) refusing to obey a law you disagree with as a form of protest.
3. Americans advanced culturally in the 1800’s. (416-418) List at least two people in each of the
following categories: Artists: Albert Bierstadt, Asher Durand, John James Audubon
Novelists: James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Edgar Allen Poe
Poets: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman
4. Temperance movement was a (418) reform movement to stop the drinking of alcohol.
5. Describe educational opportunities for African Americans in the 1800’s. (419)
North – most barred from public schools, few colleges accepted them
South – illegal to teach slaves to read.
Remember, Southerners were afraid that slaves might try to rebel once they learned to read.
6. Abolition was (424) the reform movement to end slavery.
7. William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass tried to change their world by publishing
newspapers, attending rallies, and making speeches. What was it that they were fighting for? Abolition
of slavery
8. What was the Underground Railroad? (426) the people, routes, and hiding places that helped
slaves run away to northern states or Canada
9. Harriet Tubman was famous for (426) being a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad.
10. Along with the fight to end slavery in the mid 1800, people were also fighting for the rights of
women. Briefly explain the role played by the following ladies (427):
Sojourner Truth : former slave who became a public speaker
Lucretia Mott: helped organize Seneca Falls convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: helped organize Seneca Falls convention
Susan B. Anthony: built women’s movement into a national organization
11. The Seneca Falls Convention was important because it was here that women presented the
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions which was their personal Declaration of Independence.
(428)
Ch. 15: The Nation Breaking Apart (439-460)
1. As the North began to develop more industry and commerce for its economy, the South relied on
plantion farming. The biggest economic difference between the North and the South was that the South
relied on slavery. (441)
2. Give examples to prove that Northerners were racists (442-443); many Northern whites refused to
go to school with, work with, or live near African Americans and in most states, free blacks could
not vote
3. List the 4 parts of the Compromise of 1850. Circle the two that pleased the South. (445)
 California would be admitted as a free state
 Slave trade would be abolished in Washington DC
 No laws could be passed about slavery in the Mexican Cession – South liked!!
 Stronger Fugitive Slave Laws – South liked!!
4. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin. How did the North respond to this book? Caused
many Northerners to realize harshness of slavery and become abolitionists. How did the South
react? (447) said it was too harshly critical of slavery – not true!!
5. According to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the territories of Kansas and Nebraska would determine the
issue of slavery by (447) popular soveeignty.
6. Popular sovereignty is when (447) the residents vote to decide the issue – majority rule.
7. The Republican Party was formed not to end slavery, but to stop the spread of slavery. (450)
8. Summarize the Supreme Court’s decision in the Dred Scott case. (1856)
Ruled against Dred Scott, since he was a slave, he was not a citizen of the US and he had no right
to sue. Also ruled that slaves were property and that citizens property rights were protected by
the 5th amendment and therefore Congress could not ban slavery in the territories.
Please note that this case increased the sectionalism between the North and South.
9. John Brown led the raid at Harper’s Ferry because he wanted to inspire slaves to fight for their own
freedom (453) (Basically, he wanted to start a slave revolution in the South.) How was John Brown
punished for his actions? (454) found guilty of treason and hanged
10. Following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Southern states seceded and formed the
Confederate States of America. (457)
Ch. 16: The Civil War Begins (463-481)
1. The Civil War began when shots were fired at Fort Sumter (466).
2. Name the five border states that did not join the Confederacy even though they had slaves. (466)
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia
3. Study the map on p. 467 and be able to identify whether a state belonged to the Union or to the
Confederacy. SEE MAP!
4. List the key advantages of the 2 sides. (467-468)
North: More people, more railroads, majority of factories, great leader: Abraham Lincol
South: Good generals, fighting defensive war, will to fight
4. State the strategies of the 2 sides: (468)
North:Anaconda Plan – blockade southern coastline, control the Mississippi River and capture
Richmond (Confederate capital)
South: play defense and gain help from France and Britain
5. Battle of Bull Run (why important, who won) (469)First major battle of the war - was won by the
South and showed the North that they had underestimated the South – caused Lincoln to call for a
real army for three years
6. What were some of the results of the poor hygiene that existed during the Civil War? (474)
Widespread sickness, chronic diarrhea or other intestinal disorders – more soldiers died of disease
than in battle!
7. List some military technological advances made that affected the Civil War. (475)
Rifle, minie ball and ironclads
8. The bloodiest day in all of American history was the Battle of Antietam in which 25,000 men were
either killed or wounded.
Ch. 17: The Tide of War Turns (486-507)
1. The Emancipation Proclamation freed (488) slaves in the Confederate States.
2. By the end of the Civil War, how many African Americans had served? (489) 180,000
What was the most famous black regiment and in what battle did it earn its fame? (490) 54th
Massachusetts Regiment – attack on Fort Wagner , South Carolina
3. As the Civil War progressed, both sides had conscription (draft). Why did some Southerners
complain that the Civil War was a “rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight?” (492) Was a war to
protect the property right (slaves) of the rich, but the major slave owners were exempt from
service and those who could afford it could hire substitutes
4. List some ways in which women contributed to the war effort. (494) ran farms and plantations,
took over jobs in offices and factories, served as volunteer workers and nurses, were spies
5. One of the major turning points of the war was the bloody three day Battle at Gettysburg in which,
even though they won, the North lost 23,000 men and the South had over 28,000 men dead or wounded.
(497)
6. The other turning point came when the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi surrendered after being
surrounded by the North for a month and a half. The South’s surrender gave the North complete control
of the Mississippi River. (500)
7. The South was also devastated by the North when Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman and his men
marched from Atlanta, Georgia to the Atlantic coast destroying crops, railway lines, and towns. (500501)
8. The war officially ended on April 9, 1865 when Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses S
Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. (503)
9. The Thirteenth Amendment (505) made slavery illegal in the United States.
10. Five days after the Civil War ended, President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.
(505)
Ch. 18: Reconstruction
1. Reconstruction was the (517) rebuilding of the South after the Civil War: socially,
economically and politically.
2. What was the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau and what were some of the things they did to
help African Americans? (517) help former slaves by building schools & hospitals, providing
food and clothing, reuniting families
3. When Lincoln was assassinated, his Vice President Andrew Johnson took office. (517) He
felt Reconstruction should be the job of the President, not Congress.
4. Black codes were (518) Southern laws designed to keep political rights from African
Americans.
5. Congress ends up taking control of Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans demanded full
and equal citizenship for African Americans. What were their goals? Punish the former
Confederates and help the former slaves. (518-519)