Download Second Semester Final Review

Constitution and Citizenship Handbook (pp. 226-270)
1. Purpose of the 3 branches of government:
Legislative- makes laws Executive– enforces laws
Judicial– interprets laws
2. Amendments (why the Constitution is set up so that it can be amended) (247) allows the
Constitution to be changed to adapt to modern times.
3. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution are called the (250) Bill of Rights. Their purpose is
to protect individual rights.
4. Five freedoms protected by the first amendment: (250)
speech, religion, press, petition and assembly
5. Check and balances are powers each branch has over the others to keep any one from
becoming too powerful
6. The two Houses of Congress are the (233)
House of Representatives and the Senate
* number of U.S. Representatives per state (233) based on population
*number of U.S. Senators per state (234) 2 per state
Ch. 9: Launching a New Republic: (275-291)
1. Why did Alexander Hamilton claim that he had the right to create a national bank even though the
Constitution did not give him that power? (p.281)
Implied power - the elastic clause allowed him to create a bank because it was “necessary and
proper”
2. How did Washington deal with the war between Britain and France? (286)
Proclamation of Neutrality – don’t get involved!!
3. What advice did Washington give to the United States in his Farewell Address? (287-288) no
political parties and to stay neutral in foreign affairs
4. Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson had different ideas about how the country should be
run. Summarize these differences: (288)
Hamilton (Federalist) wanted:
PIG - loose interpretation of Constitution, strong central government, supported a national
bank, pro-British, favored American industry, and supported the growth of cities
Jefferson (Democratic Republican) wanted
FARMER - strict interpretation of the Constitution, states’ rights, pro-French, supported
farmers, against national bank
Which party wanted a strong national government? Federalists
Which one supported strong state governments? Democratic Republicans
5. The different ideas between these two men led to the first (288) political parties in the United
States.
6. Who was the second President? (289) John Adams What role had he placed in the Washington
administration? Vice-President What political party did he represent? Federalists
7. XYZ Affair (289-290)(what did France ask the U.S. to do, how did the U.S. respond to this request)
France asked for bribes to negotiate, the U.S. refused, Americans then cancelled its treaties
with France and spent money to build up its Navy
8. Alien & Sedition Acts (who passed them, what were they, who were that targeting) (290) The
Federalists in Congress passed a series of laws to silence those who criticized them. They
targeted Democratic Republican immigrants and newspaper editors.
Ch. 10: The Jefferson Era (295-319)
1. What was the most important contribution that Jefferson made as the third president? (303)
Louisiana Purchase
2. What did the case of Marbury vs. Madison establish? (301) judicial review
This was the first time that the Supreme Court had declared a law to be unconstitutional.
3. When Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory for the United States from France in
1803, the size of the United States doubled. (303)
4. To explore the Louisiana territory, Jefferson sent an expedition headed by Lewis and Clark (304).
The expedition departed from St. Louis, Missouri and went as far west as the Pacific Ocean.
5. As President, Jefferson tried to avoid involvement in the war between Britain and France by
having the Embargo Act of 1807 passed; however, the embargo was unsuccessful and the United
States went to War in 1812 when James Madison takes office. The main causes for the War of 1812
were:
impressing our sailors (311)
ships(311)
Native Americans in the Northwest
(312)
e Canada(313)
6. Tecumseh felt that the Native American tribes needed to unite to stop the loss of their land and
culture.
7. Battle of New Orleans (316-317) What was unusual about this battle? war was over
Who had more men? British Who won? Americans Who became a hero after this battle? Andrew
Jackson
8. There were many results of the War of 1812 even though nobody really won and there were no
land changes. For example, the Native Americans lost a lot of strength which allowed more
Americans to move westward. Other results were that heroic acts of some Americans caused an
increase in patriotism and the growth of U.S. industry was encouraged when Americans were
forced to make goods that they had imported.
9. James Madison became the fourth President. (R36) He belonged to the Democratic
Republican party (R36) and had served as Thomas Jefferson’s
Sec. of State (301) the chief issue that he had to contend with as President was the War of 1812.
Ch. 11: National and Regional Growth (323-343)
1. The Industrial Revolution was (325) machines replaced hand tools, and factories replaced
farms
2. Where were most of the early factories built? (326) New England Why?
rivers for power & trade, willing workforce (leaving subsistence farming)
3. How did interchangeable parts affect manufacturing? (328) More goods more quickly and
cheaply
4. How did Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin impact the South (333)?
westward movement, cotton became the #1 crop, Native Americans lost land, and slavery
became even more important to the South
5. Spirituals were (335) religious folk songs sang by slaves that often contained coded
messages about escapes
6. Summarize some of the changes in transportation that were occurring in the early 1800’s. How
would these changes help the country? (339-340)
Railroads, steamships, canals and improved roads were linking parts of the country together.
This led to unity and nationalism.
7. The period of time in which James Monroe (our fifth president) served is known as the Era of
Good Feelings (340).
8. Sectionalism is (341) loyalty to the interest of one region or section of the country, instead of
to the nation as a whole.
9. The three key parts of the Missouri Compromise were: (343)
This kept the balance between the slave and free states.
*Missouri entered U.S. as a slave state
*Maine entered U.S. as a free state
*slavery was banned in most of the Louisiana Territory
10. The Monroe Doctrine warned European countries to stay out of the Western hemisphere.
(343) It made the United States the key protector of Latin America.
Ch. 12: The Age of Jackson (351-372)
1. Election of 1824 (who won the popular vote, who chose the President, who won and who helped
this person win) (353-354) Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, the House of Representatives
chose the President, John Q. Adams won because Henry Clay convinced his supporters to
vote for Adams instead of Jackson.
2. Andrew Jackson was popular because he was said to represent the common man (354) and his
party was said to be the beginning of the modern day Democratic Party.
3. When the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees, how did Andrew Jackson respond?
(360-361) Jackson ignored the ruling and said that since John Marshall had made the ruling,
he could enforce it.
4. What was the Trail of Tears? (360) forced march of Cherokees to the west
5. What is the purpose of a protective tariff? How does it try to accomplish this purpose? (364)
promotes American industry by encouraging Americans to buy cheaper American goods
6. According to the doctrine of nullification (365)
a state could ignore a federal law that it considered unconstitutional.
7. After serving for 2 terms, Andrew Jackson was succeeded by Martin Van Buren, who ended up
being an unpopular president because he was blamed economic disaster known as the Panic of
1837 which caused a depression during his term. (370)
8. William Henry Harrison (371) representing the Whig party, was elected President in the year 1840
and served for only one month because he got pneumonia and died.
Ch. 13: Manifest Destiny ( 375-402)
1. What were some of the reasons that people headed West? (378, 379, 381)
land, escape debt/legal problems, religious freedom, find gold, start over
2. Mormons (381) were a religious group who headed west for religious freedom
3. Manifest Destiny was the belief that (390-391) The US was destined to reach from Atlantic
Coast to Pacific Coast – from “sea to shinning sea”
4. In the 1840’s the Oregon Country fur trade was shared by the countries of Great Britain and the
USA. (391)
5. When James Polk was elected, westward expansion became government policy, which
supported his campaign slogan of “Fifty-four forty or fight!” (391)
6. After Texas was annexed to the United States, the United States and Mexico went to war. The
Mexican War, fought from 1846-1848, was won by the United States. According to the terms of the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: (395-396)
* Mexico recognized Texas as part of the US
* The Rio Grande would be the official border between Mexico and the US
* The US obtained the Mexican Cession
* The US would pay Mexico $15 million
* The US promised to respect the Mexicans living in the Mexican Cession
7. Describe the Mexican Cession. (location) (394-395) Southwestern United States
8. Forty-niners were (396) people who rushed to California in 1849 for gold
9. Four results of the gold rush were ( 400-401)
*People from around the world would become residents of California
*Mexicans, Native Americans and Chinese were discriminated against
*California quickly gained enough people to become a state
* balance of free and slaves states in Congress would become an issue
10. Look at the map on page 394. Tell how the US acquired each of the territories :
Louisiana Purchase: bought from France in 1803
Mexican Cession: won in the Mexican War
Texas – annexation
Oregon – treaty with British
Ch. 14: A New Spirit of Change (405-430)
1. Immigrants came to the U.S. for a variety of reasons. Examples of reasons they were pushed
include (408):
overcrowding, crop failures , industrial revolution, religious persecution and lack of political
freedom
The three main pull factors were:
freedom (religious & political), economic opportunity, abundant land.
2. Civil disobedience is (415) disobeying a law as a form of protest
3. Americans advanced culturally in the 1800’s. (416-418) List at least two people in each of the
following categories:
Artists: Albert Bierstadt, Asher Durand, John James Audubon –
Novelists: James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Edgar Allen Poe Poets: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman
4. Temperance movement was a (418) movement to stop the drinking of alcohol.
5. Describe educational opportunities for African Americans in the 1800’s. (419)
North – most banned from public schools, few colleges accepted them
South – illegal to teach slaves to read.
Remember, Southerners were afraid that slaves might try to rebel once they learned to read.
6. Abolition was (424) the reform movement to end slavery.
7. William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass tried to change their world by publishing
newspapers, attending rallies, and making speeches. What was it that they were fighting for?
Abolition of slavery
8. What was the Underground Railroad? (426) the people, routes, and hiding places that helped
slaves run away to northern states or Canada
9. Harriet Tubman was famous for (426) being a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad and
Civil War spy for Union.
10. Along with the fight to end slavery in the mid 1800, people were also fighting for the rights of
women. Briefly explain the role played by the following ladies (427):
Sojourner Truth : former slave who became a public speaker
Lucretia Mott: helped organize Seneca Falls convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: helped organize Seneca Falls convention
Susan B. Anthony: built women’s movement into a national organization
11. The Seneca Falls Convention was important because it was here that women presented the
Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions which was their personal Declaration of Independence.
(428)
Ch. 15: The Nation Breaking Apart (439-460)
1. As the North began to develop more industry and commerce for its economy, the South relied on
plantation farming. The biggest economic difference between the North and the South was that the
South relied on slavery. (441)
2. Give examples to prove that Northerners were racists (442-443);
refused to go to school with, work with, or live near African Americans and free blacks could
not vote
3. List the 4 parts of the Compromise of 1850. Circle the two that pleased the South. (445)
California would be admitted as a free state
Slave trade would be abolished in Washington DC
No laws could be passed about slavery in the Mexican Cession
Stronger Fugitive Slave Laws
4. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin. How did the North respond to this book?
Caused many Northerners to realize harshness of slavery and become abolitionists. How did
the South react? (447) said it was too harshly critical of slavery!!
5. According to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the territories of Kansas and Nebraska would determine
the issue of slavery by (447) popular sovereignty.
6. Popular sovereignty is when (447) the residents vote to decide the issue
7. The Republican Party was formed not to end slavery, but to stop the spread of slavery. (450)
8. Summarize the Supreme Court’s decision in the Dred Scott case. (1856)
Ruled against Dred Scott, since he was a slave, he was not a citizen of the US and he had no
right to sue. Also ruled that slaves were property and that citizen’s property rights were
protected by the 5th amendment and therefore Congress could not ban slavery in the
territories.
Please note that this case increased the sectionalism between the North and South.
9. John Brown led the raid at Harper’s Ferry because he wanted to inspire slaves to fight for their
own freedom (453) (Basically, he wanted to start a slave revolution in the South.) How was John
Brown punished for his actions? (454) found guilty of treason and hanged
10. Following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Southern states seceded and formed the
Confederate States of America. (457)
Ch. 16: The Civil War Begins (463-481)
1. The Civil War began when shots were fired at Fort Sumter (466).
2. Name the five border states that did not join the Confederacy even though they had slaves. (466)
Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia
3. Study the map on p. 467 and be able to identify whether a state belonged to the Union or to the
Confederacy.
SEE MAP!
4. List the key advantages of the 2 sides. (467-468)
North: More people, railroads and factories and a great leader: Abraham Lincoln
South: Good generals, fighting defensive war, will to fight
4. State the strategies of the 2 sides: (468)
North: Anaconda Plan – blockade southern coastline, control the Mississippi River and
capture Richmond
South: play defense and gain help from France and Britain
5. Battle of Bull Run (why important, who won) (469) First major battle of the war - was won by
the South and showed the North that they had underestimated the South – caused Lincoln to
call for a real army for three years
6. What were some of the results of the poor hygiene that existed during the Civil War? (474)
Widespread sickness, chronic diarrhea or other intestinal disorders – more soldiers died of
disease than in battle!
7. List some military technological advances made that affected the Civil War. (475)
Rifle, minie ball and ironclads
8. The bloodiest day in all of American history was the Battle of Antietam in which 25,000 men were
either killed or wounded.
Ch. 17: The Tide of War Turns (486-507)
1. The Emancipation Proclamation freed (488) slaves in the Confederate States.
2. What was the most famous black regiment and in what battle did it earn its fame? (490) 54th
Massachusetts Regiment – attack on Fort Wagner, South Carolina
3. As the Civil War progressed, both sides had conscription (draft). Why did some Southerners
complain that the Civil War was a “rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight?” (492) Was a war to
protect the property right (slaves) of the rich, but the major slave owners were exempt from
service and those who could afford it could hire substitutes
4. List some ways in which women contributed to the war effort. (494) ran farms and plantations,
took over jobs in offices and factories, served as volunteer workers and nurses, were spies
5. One of the major turning points of the war was the bloody three day Battle at Gettysburg. After
this Confederate defeat, Lee was never able to rebuild his army. (497)
6. The other turning point came when the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi surrendered after being
surrounded by the North for a month and a half. The South’s surrender gave the North complete
control of the Mississippi River. (500)
7. The South was also devastated by the North when Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman and his men
marched from Atlanta, Georgia to the Atlantic coast destroying crops, railway lines, and towns.
(500-501)
8. The war officially ended on April 9, 1865 when Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to Gen. Ulysses
S Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. (503)
9. The Thirteenth Amendment (505) made slavery illegal in the United States.
10. Five days after the Civil War ended, President Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.
(505)
Ch. 18: Reconstruction
1. Reconstruction was the rebuilding of the South after the Civil War: socially, economically
and politically.
2. What was the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau and what were some of the things they did to
help African Americans? help former slaves by building schools & hospitals, providing food
and clothing, reuniting families
3. When Lincoln was assassinated, his Vice President Andrew Johnson took office. He felt
Reconstruction should be the job of the President, not Congress.
4. Black codes were Southern laws designed to keep political rights from African Americans.
5. Congress ends up taking control of Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans demanded full and
equal citizenship for African Americans. What were their goals? Punish the former Confederates
and help the former slaves.
6. The Fourteenth Amendment gave African Americans full citizenship.
7. What was sharecropping? most common form of farming after the Civil War
8. What were the goals of the KKK? to terrorize African Americans and keep them intimidated
and powerless
9. Ulysses S. Grant was elected President in 1868. Much of his support came from freedmen in the
South. He was a poor President because he made poor choices for his advisers and his term was
filled with scandals involving some of the
people to whom he gave jobs.
10. The Fifteenth Amendment gave black men the right to vote.