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CHAPTER 2
THEORITICAL FOUNDATION
2.1 Theoretical Foundation
This chapter provides the detailed explanations of the terms and theories used in
this thesis. The author believed that the terms and theories will help the readers to
understand the theory, opinion, and principal work which can be proven
scientifically.
2.1.1
Related Work
System
Distributed
Name
System
A [5]
√
B [6]
√
C [7]
√
IPC
Hardware
implementati
Implementa
on
tion
√
√
Reliabili
ty
√
√
√
D [8]
Sunur’s
Home
Automation
√
√
System
8
√
√
9
2.1.1.1
Java Communication Interfaces for Control Systems
Java Communication Interface for Control Systems journal was
written by Zhaoxia(Connie) Huang, Shengxi (Sunny) Zhou and
Shengru Tu in 1997.
This journal explained many things about the Inter-Process
Communication, such as the problem of previous java sockets and
datagram, the promotion of Remote Method Invocation (RMI) by
Sun’s Javasoft divisions which provides a high-level distributed
programming facility by adopting Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
Model, and the introduction of CODART Interfaces.
The CODART method itself was proposed by Gomaa. It provided
an approach for modeling and analyzing systems and supports the
design of distributed systems.
Actually, the author interested with this journal because the journal
covered many things; besides talked about distributed systems and
IPC implementation, the journal also talked about reliability
implementation; but what will be the weakness of this journal was
the journal never explained about the hardware implementation.
The journal only focused on the software development.
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2.1.1.2
DisASTer
(Distributed
Algorithm
Simulation
Terrain): A Platform for the Implementation of
Distributed Algorithm.
DisASTer journal was written by Rainer Oechsle and Tim
Gottwald. As stated on the subtitle DisASTer is a platform for the
implementation of distributed algorithm. It also provides a java
class library that eases the programmer to build a distributed
algorithm program in Java.
DisASTer journal only talked about the distributed system
implementation. The author could not find any literatures about the
IPC implementation, hardware implementation and reliability
implementation on this journal.
2.1.1.3
Application
Integration
Messaging/Queuing System
Application
Integration
Environment
Environment
for
for
Messaging/Queuing
System was written by Vish Narayan in 1995. This journal talked
about the integration of a disparate set of application. This paper
also highlights the problems and the solutions of DAE bus.
At past, the only realistic way to write application was to select the
hardware vendor, write to the vendor’s architecture and live with
being lock with the vendor. Recently the problem was overcome;
there has been an emergence of distributed computing tools, called
middleware. Distributed Application Environment (DAE) is one of
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a middleware. It consists of the set of software function which
facilitates multiple applications to support an integrated information
view.
Later, the author knew that the journal talked about many things,
start from the distributed system to hardware implementation. This
journal also provides an architecture which the idea can be
implemented on the author’s work. The diagram of the related
architecture will be provided on the next page.
Figure 2 DAE Architecture
2.1.1.4
Throughput Performance of Popular JMS
Throughput Performance of Popular JMS Servers was written by
Michael Menth, Robert Henjes, Christian Zepfel, and Sebastian
Gehrsitz in 1996.
Base on this journal:
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“The
Java
Messaging
Service
(JMS)
facilitates
communication among distributed software components
according to publish/subscribe principle”
Although the entire journal only talked about the Java Messaging
Service and its throughput, the author could find the literatures
about what JMS that should be tried by the author for the home
automation system.
2.1.2
Hardware
2.1.2.1
Microcontroller
According to Microcontroller: Theory and Application book,
microcontroller can be describe as
“single – chip microcomputers, that have central
processing units (CPU), memory, input/output port
(I/O), timer and counter, analog - to - digital
converter (ADC), digital - to – analog converter
(DAC), serial ports, interrupt logic, oscillator
circuitry and many more functional blocks on chip.
It is more suited for control and automation of
machines and processes. [9] “
Microcontroller must have not only an excellent ability to compute
but also good input / outputs system [10].
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There are many household electronic appliances and complex
systems, such as televisions, microwave oven, washing machine,
car systems and airplane system, which use microcontroller inside
their architecture [11].
2.1.2.1.1
DT-AVR Low Cost Micro System
A single chip AVR microcontroller module based on
Atmel ATmega8535 chip that have a built in 8 channel
10-bit ADC (Analog to Digital Converter). This module
is equipped with In-system Programming header and
RS-232 Serial Port Interface. This module is suitable for
intermediate
application
to
advance
applications.
The examples of the application are LED control, I/O
control, driver motor, voltmeter digital, and etc. Actual
applications are usually depend on the imagination of
the user.
Figure 3 DT-AVR Low Cost Micro System
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2.1.2.1.1.1
AVR Microcontroller
AVR stand for Alf and Vegard’s Risc. It has
8 bit architecture, which all instructions are
packaged into 16-bit code and most of them
are executed in single cycle clock [12].
2.1.2.1.1.2
Hardware Specification
ATmega8535 Microcontroller consists of:
a.
32 I/O port, which are Port A, Port B,
Port C, and Port D and each of Port
consist of 8 I/O port.
b. 8 channel ADC (Analog to Digital
Converter) 10 bit.
c. 3
timers/counters
with
comparison
ability.
d. CPU consists of 32 registers
e. Watchdog Timer with internal oscillator
f. 512 byte SRAM
g. 8kb flash memory
h. Internal and external interruption
i. 512 byte programmable EEPROM
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j. Analog comparator
k. Port USART for serial communication.
2.1.2.2
Downloader
According to G. Jack Lipovski the downloader can be describe as
“A program running on the personal computer that
takes object code of the cross – assembler from the
personal computer’s disk or its primary memory and
writes it into the target microcontroller’s memory
[13]. ”
2.1.2.3
Relay Board (DT-I/O Relay Board Ver 2.0 – 1201)
DT-I/O Relay Board Version 2.0 - 1201 is a relay module which is
equipped with ULN2803 Darlington Array as current amplifier. It is
compatible with DT-AVR Low Cost Series.
Figure 4 DT I/O Relay Board
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2.1.3
Software
2.1.3.1
IDE
IDE stands for integrated development environment. It is a program
that facilitates software development by providing an editor, a
compiler, a debugger and possibly other tools, that work together
[14]. Typically an editor shows the source codes and uses color to
identified keywords, string, or comments while compiler usually
includes linker that allows programmer to compile and run program
with a single key stroke. There are so many examples of IDE, such
as NetBeans, Bloodshed dev C++ and many others.
2.1.3.1.1
NetBeans IDE 7.0
A
free,
open-source
Integrated
Development
Environment produced by Oracle Corporation for
software developers. There are several useful tools are
included inside NetBeans such as tools for create
professional desktop application, enterprise application,
web, and mobile application base on java programming
language. Moreover NetBeans also provided tools base
on C/C++ language, PHP, JavaScript and many others
[15].
For this thesis, NetBeans is used for creating Java Server
Pages and Java Application.
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2.1.3.1.1.1
Java Server Pages ( JSP )
Java Server Pages (JSP) are Sun’s solution
for developing dynamic websites [16]. The
JSP pages look like HTML page and store
using .jsp extension but actually the JSP
gets converted into a servlet with the static
HTML simply printed to the servlet’s
HttpResponse object.
Example of JSP code <%= getDate(); %>.
2.1.3.2
Code Vision
Code
Vision
is
one
of
powerful
integrated
development
environment (IDE) for AVR microcontroller. Code vision is really
powerful because the code developer only need to right the code in
C language and it will automatically convert C language to
assembler language used by AVR microcontroller [17]. Among the
microcontroller code developer Code Vision known as an automatic
program generator and In-System Programmer (ISP) for the Atmel
AVR family of microcontroller.
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2.1.3.3
Database
Base on [18] definition, database can be described as:
“A collection of related information that is organized
so that it can easily be accessed, managed, and
updated. One of the most suitable examples is the
telephone directory. The entire telephone directory
may be considered as a single file containing list of
all citizens having telephone numbers. This file may
contain various information about each registered
number
like
names,
addresses,
and
telephone
numbers”
Every database has some way to get data in and out. To be able to
connect and maintain the database we need to communicate using a
common
language
understood
by
all
database.
Database
management system introduced a standard and common language
known as Structured Query Language or SQL.
2.1.3.3.1
MySQL
MySQL is a common databases server that competes in
the same arena as other mid-market database back end
such as Microsoft SQL server, PostgreSQL, and Sybase
[19].
Base on [20] argument of his book MySQL crash
course, MySQL has several advantages compared to
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other server. First, MySQL is low cost, it is an opensource program so we need not to pay it when we want
to use it. Second, the performance of MySQL is very
fast compared to other. Third, MySQL is trusted
software. It is already used by the most important and
prestigious organization and sites, and all of whom give
a good feedback on MySQL software. Last, MySQL has
simple characteristic, it can be easily installed and the
user interface is really friendly to be used too.
2.1.3.4
SQL
As stated before to be able to communicate with the database we
need standard language and it called SQL. SQL stand for structured
query language. SQL is based on the groundbreaking work of Dr.
E.F. Codd [21]. The first implementation of SQL is being
developed by IBM during the mid-1970s.
2.1.3.5
Glassfish 3.1
GlassFish is one of the application server to support the Java
Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE 6) standard with production
ready features such as such as clustering and centralized
administration [22].
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2.1.3.6
Message Queue
Base on [23] books, message queue can be defined as:
“A buffer-like object through which tasks and ISRs send
and receive messages to communicate and synchronize
with data. It is like a pipeline. It temporarily hold
messages from a sender until the intended receiver is
ready to read them.”
Message queuing has been used in data processing for many years.
It is most commonly used today in electronic mail. Without
queuing, sending an electronic message over long distances requires
every node on the route to be available for forwarding messages,
and the addressees to be logged on and conscious of the fact that
you are trying to send them a message.
[24] state that there are many advantages of using message queuing,
such as:
-
Message Queuing allows communicate between program
without having to write communication code
-
Message Queuing allows to select the order in which a program
processes messages.
-
Message Queuing allows to balance loads on a system by
arranging for more than one program to service a queue when
the number of messages exceeds a threshold.
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-
Message Queuing allows to Increase the availability of your
applications by arranging for an alternative system to service the
queues if your primary system is unavailable.
2.1.3.6.1
Open MQ
Open message queue is an enterprise quality, production
ready, scalable messaging server. It provides a complete
Java Message Service (JMS) implementation for
message oriented system integration. In addition, Open
MQ provides the additional enterprise features that are
necessary for enterprise deployments, large and small. It
gets its roots from Java Message Queue and provides all
the features, functions and capabilities of the currently
available licensed product: Java System Message Queue
[25].
2.1.3.6.2
Active MQ
One of the Message Queue products produced by
apache. It is a powerful and open-source message
queue. Apache Active MQ supports many cross
language client and protocols. It comes with easy to use
Enterprise Integration Patterns and many advanced
features while fully supporting JMS 1.1 and J2EE 1.4.
Apache ActiveMQ is released under the Apache 2.0
License [26].
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2.1.3.6.3
Rabbit MQ
Rabbit MQ is open source message broker software
which is complete and highly reliable enterprise
messaging system based on the emerging Advanced
Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP).
Rabbit MQ also one of the robust messaging
applications which is very easy to use and runs on
almost all major operating systems. [27]
2.1.3.7
Parser
Parser is one of the components inside a compiler or interpreter that
is very useful in the process of analyzing an input given by the user.
Parsing process starts with splitting an input into smaller parts and
matches it with the grammatical structure. [28].
Base on [29] there are two types of parser, top-down parsers and
bottom-up parsers.
Top-down parsers usually starts at the root of derivation tree and fill
in. On the other hand, bottom-up parsers usually starts with the
leaves and fill in.
2.1.3.8
Java Communication
Java Communication API is a Java extension that facilitates
developing platform-independent communications applications for
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technologies such as Smart Cards, embedded systems, point-of-sale
devices, and many others [30].
2.1.3.8.1
JavaComm
JavaComm is
one
published
by
Sun
notorious,
because
of
Java
Communication API
Coorporation.
it
requires
JavaComm
a
file
is
called
javax.comm.properties to be placed in the JDK lib
directory, something which can't be done with Java
WebStart. This is particularly sad, because the need for
that
file
is
the
result
of
some
unnecessary
design/decision in JavaComm and could have easily
been avoided by the JavaComm designers. Sun
constantly refuses to correct this error, citing the
mechanism is essential.
2.1.3.8.2
RxTx
RxTx library is a free software. RxTx is available for a
number of platforms, not only for Linux used. It can be
used either in conjunction with JavaComm (RxTx
providing the hardware-specific drivers), or it can be
used stand-alone. RxTx provides a richer interface. It
also supports more platforms than the existing
JavaComm implementations.
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2.2 Theoretical Framework
For this thesis purpose, the author uses the three steps general methodology for
research. The first step is group discussion, second is experimental, and the last
observational method.
2.2.1
Group Discussion
In this step, the author does some discussion with friends, colleague, and
author’s supervisor about whether the home automation topic is possible to
be done or not, what the author should does first for finishing the thesis,
what the author needs for finishing this thesis and many others.
This discussion step was really important for the author because by doing
this discussion the author could set up a plan in finishing the thesis later.
2.2.2
Experimental
After knowing what is needed, the author starts the thesis work by setting
up the panel board and creating a program to access it.
Setting up the board was not an easy work; the author should look for all
components needed for this panel board. Those components are power
supply, relay board, and microcontroller.
At the first step in experimental method, the author buys all components
need for panel board in Glodok and starts assemble it in one panel board.
The next step is creating a code which can control the microcontroller and
put it inside the microcontroller’s memory.
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After finishing the program for microcontroller, the author starts preparing
the website, the message queue, the lexer, the parser, and java
communication api.
The last steps which will be done were combining all the things and try to
send a command from the website to the panel board as well as record all
the things happened during the process.
2.2.3
Observational
During the observational time, the author is going to do some test regarding
the reliability. The author will do two tests for reliability, first is testing the
reliability between browser and the system while the second test is testing
the reliability between the system and the panel board. After finishing the
testing, the author intends to record all the things happened and show the
result for the reader