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Skeletal System Lab
Introduction: The Skeletal system is made up of bone, cartilage and ligaments. The skeletal system provides
protection and support for internal organs, serves as a fulcrum for muscle action, is responsible for blood cell
production and acts as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus.
The adult skeleton is comprised of 206 bones. There are 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton and
80 in the axial skeleton. Knowledge of the skeletal system bone structure is important for understanding the
physiology and mechanics of body movement and muscle action. In this lab you will proceed through
stations in the classroom. At each station you will apply what you have learned by identifying the various
bone markings and surface features of selected bones of the skeleton.
Objectives:
1. Identify and distinguish characteristics of the vertebrae and spinal column
2. Identify the major characteristics and bone markings of the pelvic girdle
3. Identify the major characteristics and bone markings upper and lower extremities
4. Identify the major characteristics and bone markings the thoracic cage
5. Identify the major characteristics and bone markings of the skull
NOTE: You will be asked to identify the bones both individually (disarticulated = not attached to neighboring
bones) and attached to neighboring bones (articulated).
Procedure: On the models present at each station, please identify the numbered structures presented in Table
1 of the data section
Part A.Vertebral Column
 Locate the model of the skeleton. Please observe the model and identify the numbered structures
presented in Table 1.
 Locate the vertebrae. Please observe the vertebrae and identify the numbered structures presented in
Table 1.
Part B. Pelvic Girdle
 Locate the model of the human pelvis. Please observe the model and identify the numbered
structures presented in Table 1.
Part C. Thoracic Cage
 Locate the model of the skeleton. Please observe the model and identify the numbered structures
presented in Table 1.
Part D. Upper and Lower Extremities
 Locate the models of the upper and lower extremities (skeleton and separate bones). Please observe
the models and identify the numbered structures presented in Table 1.
Part E. Skull
 Locate the model of the skull. Please observe the model and identify the numbered structures
presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Numbered Structures to Identify for the Skeletal System
Skull:
Parietal
Frontal
Nasal
Lacrimal
Occipital
Ethmoid
Zygomatic
Temporal
Maxilla
Mandible
Sphenoid
Zygomatic Process
Occipital Condyles
Styloid Process
Mastoid Process
Foramen Magnum
Coronal Suture
Sagittal Suture
Squamosal Suture
Lambdoidal Suture
Hyoid bone (on skeleton)
Ribs:
True ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs
Sternum
Manubrium
Body of sternum
Xyphoid Process
Pectoral Girdle:
Clavicle
Scapula
Acromion (acromial end)
Sternal end
Humerus:
Head
Greater Tubercle
Lesser Tubercle
Deltoid Tuberosity
Olecranon Fossa
Coronoid Fossa
Radius:
Head
Radial Tuberosity
Styloid Process
Patella
Number:
Vertebral Column:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal (coccyx)
Atlas
Axis
Vertebrae:
Body
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
Vertebral Foramen
Intervertebral Foramen
Transverse Foramen (cervical)
Number:
Number:
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Number:
Number:
Number:
Number:
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Pelvic Girdle:
Coxal Bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Symphysis Pubis
Sacroiliac Joint
Acetabulum
Obterator Foramen
Femur:
Head
Fovea Capitis
Neck
Greater Trochanter
Lesser Trochanter
Medial Condyles
Lateral Condyles
Medial Epicondyles
Lateral Epicondyles
Tibia:
Tibial tuberosity
Medial Malleolus
Medial Condyles
Lateral Condyles
Number:
Number:
Number:
Fibula:
Head
Lateral Malleolus
Number:
Joints:
Synarthrotic
Amphiarthrotic
Diarthrotic
Number:
Questions:
1. What are the five regions of the vertebral column? How many bones are in each region? Why is the
alignment and curvature of these bones important for our posture?
2. What are the names of the first two vertebrate in our spine? What about their shape is important?
3. What are 3 differences between a male and female pelvis?
4. Why are some ribs called true ribs and others false ribs? What are floating ribs?
5. Please provide an example for each of the following surface markings:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Condyle
Foramen
Suture
Fossa
6. What is the largest foramen in the skull and why is it important?
7. Where are the sutural bones located?
Conclusion
Using your knowledge of the bones, markings and surface features of the human skeleton, describe how the
structure of many of the bones observed relate to their function.