Download Ch 9 Study Guide How Cells Divide_HB

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Chapter 9 How Cells Divide
Honors Biology
1. During cell division, the DNA in eukaryotic cells are coiled into compact
structures called ____________________
2. Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures made of _________ and ___________
3. DNA is tightly would around proteins called ____________. Histones help
maintain the shape of the _____________ and aid in the tight packing of DNA.
4. _________________ proteins are generally involved in controlling the activity of
specific regions of the DNA
5. Chromosomes exist as two identical halves, each half is known as a
____________
6. Two chromatids are held together by a _________________ until they separate
during cell division
7. Draw and label a chromosome
8. Regions of DNA uncoil in between cell division so they can be read and so
information can be used to direct the activities of the cell. This less tightly coiled
DNA protein complex is called _________________.
9. DNA in most prokaryotes are made of only __________________ which is
attached to the inside of the cell membrane.
10. Prokaryotic chromosomes consist of a _______________________ associated
with proteins.
11. Human and animal chromosomes are known as _______________ or
___________
12. Sex chromosomes determine the sex of an organism and may carry genes for
other characteristics. Normal females ___________, Normal males __________
13. Autosomes are the body cells. They make up the first ________________. They
are also called ___________________.
14. What is a homologous chromosome?
15. What are sister chromatids?
16. _____________________ is a photomicrograph of the chromosomes in a dividing
cell found in a normal human
17. Forty-six chromosomes exist as ________ homologous pair of autosomes and
______ sex chromosomes
18. Cells having two sets of chromosomes are _________ and is abbreviated as
________
19. In humans, somatic cells have __________ chromosomes, _______ pairs of
autosomes, and _____ pairs of sex chromosomes
20. Human sperm and egg cells are ______________ and is abbreviated as
_________
21. Human haploid cells have only _______________ of each homologous pair and
only ___________________.
Cell Division
22. All cells come from ____________________
23. _________________ is the creation of offspring from a single parent.
24. _____________ produces two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent
cell
25. _____________________ divide through binary fission
26. Describe the 3 stages of binary fission
a. The chromosome attached to the inside of
the cell membrane makes a copy of itself
resulting in 2 _________________
b. Cell continues to grow until it is
_________ the cells original size
c. Cell wall forms between the 2
chromosomes and the cell splits into 2
_______
27. ________________ forms a new organism from a small projection growing on
the surface of the parent
28. _________________ is the splitting of the parent into pieces that grow into a new
organism
29. Why are cells limited to size?
1.
2.
3.
30. What are the 2 major groups that make the cell cycle?
1.
2.
Interphase:
31. Not a true phase of mitosis, but prepares the cell for division
Is the busiest phase of the ___________
32. What are the 3 steps of Interphase?
1.
2.
3.
33. What is the Go phase?
34. G =
35. What are the steps of Mitosis?
36. Mitosis is followed by __________________.
Prophase:
PROPHASE






The longest phase of _____________
Double Chromosomes appear
Centrioles replicate
Spindle fibers appear
Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by the _________
Nuclear membrane, Nucleus & nucleolus break down &
disappear
37. List the 2 types of Spindle Fibers that make up Mitotic Fibers:
a. ________________ fibers-go from centriole to centromere of chromosome
b. ________________ fibers-go from pole to pole
Metaphase:
METAPHASE



Kinetochore fibers move the chromosomes to the
_____________
Each chromosome is held in place by the kinetochore
fibers
Chromosomes (paired chromatids) attach to the spindle
fibers by their Centromere and line up _______________
Anaphase:
ANAPHASE

____________ separate at the Centromere & begin to
migrate to opposite poles
Centromere leads the way
Chromatids cluster together when they reach the poles
___________ furrow forms



Telophase:
TELOPHASE






Chromosomes reach opposite poles
Chromosomes uncoil & re-form Chromatin
Nuclei forms around chromatin
Spindle fibers disappear
Nucleus, Nucleolus, Nuclear Envelope & Nuclear
Membrane re-appear
_____________ begins
38. Two new cells identical to the original
Animal Cells:
Plant Cells:
Cytokinesis:



CYTOKINESIS
Division of the ____________
Begins in Telophase
A cleavage furrow forms in animal
cells at the equator
A cell plate forms in plant cells & will become the
cell wall
39. List the differences between Plant and Animal Mitosis:
_________________________________________
40. The cell cycle is controlled by proteins called ______________ and a set of
enzymes that attach to the cyclin and become activated. Occasionally these cells
lose control of the cell cycle
41. ______________ is a malignant growth resulting from uncontrolled cell division
42. Cancerous cells form masses of tissue called ______________ that deprive
normal cells of nutrients
43. ______________ remain clustered and can be removed.
44. ________________ break away (metastasize), and can form more tumors
45. List the common causes of cancer
1. __________ errors in specific genes - Breast cancer
2. Exposure to ____________________ - Skin cancer
3. Some carried by ______________ - Cervical cancer
4. ___________________ - pollution, tobacco
46. List some cancer preventatives
1.
2.
3.