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Digestion & Excretory System Test Review 1. What are the 2 reasons we need food? Nutrients /energy/builds materials 2. How do we measure the amount of energy in food? Calories 3. What are the 6 primary nutrients that the body needs? Water, Fats, Vitamins, Protein, Minerals, Carbohydrates 4. Why does our body need water? 70 % of our body is made up of water 5. What is the main function of carbohydrates? Main source of energy for cells a. What are the 2 types of carbohydrates that we consume? Simple sugars-glucose Complex-starch 6. Why are fats a necessary part of the body even though they are the “bad guys” of nutrition? Store energy a. What are the 2 categories of fats and a difference between each? Saturated-solid at room temp (butter) unsaturated-liquid at room temp (oils) 7. Why are proteins an important part of a persons diet? Provides body with material for growth & repair 8. How many amino acids are there? What are essential amino acids? 20 amino acids 8-amino acids that your body must get by eating foods 9. What are the 2 categories of vitamins? Fat soluble Water soluble 10. What is the function of the digestive system? Breakdown foods into smaller pieces 11. Where does digestion begin? Mouth 12. What is the job of the teeth in digestion? Help tear/crush food into smaller pieces 13. What is the function of saliva? Moisten food a. What is the function of the enzyme amylase in your saliva? Starts the breakdown of starches (carbohydrates) 14. What is bolus? Chewed clump of food 15. Explain how food can be passed through your esophagus even if you are standing on your head. Peristalsis-wavelike contracts force food down 16. What is the role of mucus and pepsin in the stomach? Mucus helps chemically breakdown food Pepsin begins the digestion of Protein 17. What is chyme? Liquefied food 18. List two accessory organs of the digestive system. Liver and Pancreas 19. Describe the important function of the pancreas. Pancreas: secretes several digestive enzymes into the small intestine Liver: produces bile, secretes bile, a greenish fluid that breaks fat globules into tiny fat droplets 20. Where is bile produced and what is its function? Liver-breaks down fats 21. What is the function of the small intestine in the digestive system? Absorption of nutrients 22. What is the function of the villi? Location inside the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed 23. What is the main function of the large intestine? Absorption of water 24. What is Excretion? Removal of waste by the body 25. What are the main organs of the excretory system? Kidneys 26. What are the three main tubes that enter or leave the kidney? Renal artery, Renal vein, ureter 27. Of the three main tubes listed in question # 26, which one carries the clean blood back into blood circulation? Renal vein 28. Of the three main tubes listed in question # 26, which one carries the urine to the urinary bladder? ureter 29. Of the three main tubes listen in question # 26, which one carries the blood carrying wastes into the kidney’s nephrons? Renal artery 30. What are the functional units of the kidney called? nephron 31. List the 4 parts of the nephron and describe their functions. Glomerulus-filtration occurs Bowman’s Capsule-reabsorption occurs here Loop of Henle-where the wastes are concentrated (urine) by the continued removal of water • Collecting Duct-where the final result of filtration is done, Carries the wastes to the ureter 32. What is the nitrogen-containing waste product found in urine? urea 33. Describe the process of filtration and reabsorption in the kidney? Filtration-everything is taken out of the blood Reabsorption-The process in which liquid is taken back into a blood vessel