Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Station 1. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. Task: a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. Describe the structure and composition of the cell membrane. (make a Organelle Golgi Ribosome Function Package a ship proteins Lysosome Makes proteins Stores the DNA Contains digestive enzymes Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Mitochondria ATP production Centroles Aids in Cell division Nucleus How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells? Pro- no nucleus, all bacteria, single celled. Eu- Has organelles, other 4 kingdoms, uni or multi cellular. Which have been around longer? Prokaryotic sketch) Made of a bilayer of phospholipids. It also has proteins stuck in it that serve as channels to allow certain substances to move into & out of the cell. What does the “Theory of Endosymbiosis” state? Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes by engulfment. How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? Since its job is to allow things into and out of the cell. IT MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS! List three differences between plant cells and animal cells. Plants have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuole. Animals do not. What are the 3 part of the “cell theory?” 1- Cells are the basic unit of life. 2- All living things are made of cells. 3- Cells come from pre-existing cells. What is Homeostasis? Give an example. Maintaining a constant internal environment. Body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar levels.. How does the contractile vacuole in some protists help maintain homeostasis? It allows them to get rid of excess H2O. They need this because the live in a hypotonic solution. Station 2. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts. Based on the graph to the right, what do enzymes do? Be specific Speed up chemical reactions in the body by LOWERING the amount of energy needed for the reaction to proceed (activation energy). Label the 2 boxes on the graph: “with out enzyme” or “with enzyme”. What group of macromolecules do enzymes belong to? W/out Make a sketch that explains what is meant by the sayings that “enzymes are specific” and fit like a “lock and key.” Label your sketch with the following words: active site, substrate, enzyme, products Proteins With Characteristics of Enzymes What will happen to the rate of reaction if you…. Heat up the enzyme? Faster to a point. Cool down the enzyme? Slower Change the pH? Stop Working If you add more enzymes (increases the concentration) to a solution of substrate, what will happen to the reaction rate? More enzymes would cause the reaction to come to completion faster because ther are more enzymes present 1. They do not make processes happen that would not take place on their own. They just make the processes take place faster! 2. Enzymes are not permanently altered or used up in reactions. 3. The same enzyme works for the reverse and forward directions of a reaction. 4. Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate. Word bank: reverse, selective, do not, forward, faster, not, used Cells are constantly building up and breaking down molecules. Each step is helped along by ENZYME !!! Station 3. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. Task: c. d. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids). Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion). What is Osmosis? Movement of Water through a cell membrane. Describe each type of solution and make a sketch of a cell placed in that type of solution. Use arrows to show water movement into or out of the cell. Hypotonic Isotonic - more H2O outside - H2O is equal - more solute inside - solute equal - H2O moves into the cell - H2O stays the same Elements? Major functions Monomer Examples Carbohydrates CHO Sugars Lipids CHO Fatty Acids - glucose, sucrose, cellulose, chitin - phospholipids, fats, oils, waxes Proteins CHONS Nucleic Acids PCHONS Energy NOW, structure Energy Storage, membranes Enzymes, hair nails, muscles Store Genetic Information Amino Acids Nucleotide -Enzymes, hair nails, muscles -DNA and RNA Hypertonic - more H2O inside - more solute outside - H2O moves out of the cell Passive Transport High to low Does not need energy Facilitated diffusion . Venn Diagram Put the following in the venn diagram: Need energy High to low Low to high Does not need energy Molecules pass through cell membrane Facilitated diffusion Molecules pass through cell membrane What are the cell walls of fungi made of? Chitin What are the cell walls of plants made of? Cellulose Active Transport Need energy Low to high Station 4. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. Task: a. b. Distinguish between DNA and RNA. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information. # of strands Monomers Major function Involved in what processes? 4 Bases Location in cell DNA RNA 2 1 Nucleotide Nucleotide Storage of genetic info Replication, Protein Synthesis ATGC Transfer of genetic info. Protein synthesis Nucleus AUGC Sugar Deoxyribsose Nucleus & Cytoplasm Ribsose What it stands for Deoxyribsose Nucleic Acid Ribonucleic acid How many chromosomes do humans have in their somatic cells? 46 Gametes? 23 Define: Diploid: A cell that contains 2 copies of each chromosome Haploid: A cell that has only 1 copies of each chromosome Sketch a DNA molecule. What is the term used to describe its shape?_Double Helix What forms the backbone? SugarPhosphate Sketch a nucleotide. Label the three parts. Which part has the code for a protein? The Bases Mitosis Meiosis Types of cells made Somatic Gamete Number of divisions 1 2 Stays the same Cut in ½ What happens to the # of chromosomes? Sketch a cell for each phase of mitosis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Station 5. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information. Briefly describe the steps of DNA replication. 1. DNA unzips and unwinds 2. DNA polymerase adds new bases to each of the original strands. 3. Each new strand contains ½ of the parent strand. What is the purpose/function of transcription and translation? Transcription: o Send a copy of the gene to the ribosome. Translation: o Use the copy of the gene to make a protein Where are proteins made in the cell? In the cytoplasm on a ribosome. What are the 3 types of RNA? mRNA, tRNA, rRNA What happens? A section of a chromosome that codes for a protein is called a Gene . What are the 3 coding letters called in mRNA? Codon What are the 3 coding letters called in tRNA? Anticodon Where does it take place? Transcription Translation o An mRNA “backwards” copy of a gene (section of DNA) is made in the nucleus. o The mRNA copy goes to the ribosome where it is read and turned into a protein ( made of amino acids). nucleus cytoplasm Transcribe and then translate the following DNA strand: A G T A G C T A G C T T T T G C T A A T G U C A U C G A U C G A A A A C G A U U A C ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _____ Station 6. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability. e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations. The process of meiosis provides the opportunity for the shuffling of chromosomes. How is meiosis and sexual reproduction helpful for the survival of a species? Meiosis produces new combination of traits. If the environment changes, or there is an outbreak of disease, the new combinations could be more fit, and that would ensure the survival of the species. What is crossing over? How does this relate to the question above? -This is when two chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA. This mixes up the traits creating new combinations. What are four sources of genetic variation in organisms? 1. 2. 3. 4. Meiosis Mutations Crossing over Sexual Reproduction # of parents Genetics different or same? Types Advantages Disadvantages Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 2 1 Different Same Bacteria & Protista: Bacteria & Fungi: Conjugation New combinations of genes. Need another partner. Can be slow. Binary fission, budding, fragmentation Don’t need another organism. Reproduce rapidly. No new combinations. In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over brown fur (b). If one parent rabbit is heterozygous and the other parent rabbit is homozygous brown, what is the probability of producing an offspring with brown fur? (Use a Punnett square to determine your answer.) ______________________ What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? ______________________ What is the genotypic ration of the offspring? The alleles are different. Homozygous: Both Alleles are the same. Heterozygous: Know these Station 7. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. d. f. Forensics Medicine Agriculture Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including - Alterations during replication –Insertions –Deletions -Substitutions Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA. High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) and Chemical Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture. Give examples of how DNA technology can be used in the following areas. DNA fingerprinting Gene splicing, insulin Crop nutrition, pesticide resistance Explain the following types of mutations: Insertion Deletion -A base is added into the DNA strand -A base is removed from the DNA strand Substitution -A base changed in the DNA strand What is a mutation? A change in the DNA strand. Are all mutations bad? NO. Explain the symptoms of each: Trisomy 21 Hemophilia Sickle Cell Anemia Colorblindness -down syndrome - 3 copies of chromosome #21 -caused by nondisjunction -sex-linked (x- chromosomes) ---blood does not clot -misshapen blood -sexlinked ( xchromosomes0 --usually redgreen cells What is a mutagen? List three. -something that causes a mutation 1. UV light 2. X-rays 3. exposure to certain chemicals How can (do) mutations help populations survive and adapt (evolve)? Produces new combinations of genes. Station 8. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. What is the equation for Photosynthesis? Sunlight + Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen What are the two steps in photosynthesis? Light dependent & Light independent (Calvin Cycle) Which step could be called “Carbon Fixation”? Light independent What types of organism can do photosynthesis? Give specific examples Plants, some bacteria, some Protista (algae) What do we call them? Autotrophs, Producers What is the equation for cellular respiration? Oxygen + Glucose Water + Carbon Dioxide + ATP What is stored in the bonds of glucose? ENERGY How do plants get CO2 into their bodies? Stomata H20? Roots How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related? Plants trap energy in the bonds of glucose during photosynthesis and respiration breaks down glucose to release the energy for the cell. Why do organisms do cellular respiration? To get energy from their food. -What organelles makes ATP? What types of organism perform cellular respiration? Mitochondria & Chloroplasts All -Energy is release when Where do the 3 steps take place in eukaryotes? Be into ATP is converted ADP. specific. Cytoplasm-Mitochondria-Mitochondria What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic? Breaking down glucose with or without oxygen. Where does photosynthesis take place in the cell? Prokaryotes=Cytoplasm Eukaryotes= Chloroplast These are the steps of Cellular Respiration. ENERGY is stored in the bonds of ATP. **Label the picture above: ATP, ADP Station 9. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. b. c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. Archaebacteria Domain Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Single or multicellular Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Cell wall?? (If so, composition?) Eubacteria Protista Plant Animals Archae Bacteria Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Prokaryotic Prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic Single Single Single Single or Multi Multi Only Multi Only Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Heterotrophic or Autotrophic or Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Yes Yes YesCellulose NO Some Yes-Chitin organisms. - Putting organisms in groups based on their similarities.. Which kingdom is the most ancient? Fungi What is taxonomy? -Classification of Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals). Bacteria What is the name of Linnaeus’s naming system? Give a brief description of how it works. Binomial Nomenclature -First name is the Genus and it is Capitalized. -Second name is the Species and it is lower case. Which of the following is written correctly? Quercus rubra Quercus rubra quercus rubra Quercus Rubra What are the 8 levels (taxons) of classification? D K P C O F G S Which one has organisms that are most closely related? Species Least? Domain Station 10. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms. What is the basic structure of a virus? Make and label a sketch. Why are viruses considered nonliving particles? Give four reasons. 1- Do not use energy. 2-Cannot reproduce on their own. What type of genetic material does a virus have? Either DNA or RNA. 3- Are not made of cells. 4- Do not grow and develop. Explain how a virus replicates using the lytic cycle & the lysogenic cycle. LYTIC CYCLE See Picture Below LYSOGENIC CYCLE See Below. Why is HIV called a retrovirus? It has RNA. The RNA needs to be converted (reverse transcription) into DNA before it is incorporated into the host cell’s DNA. Why is it that scientist have been able to come up with vaccines for some DNA viruses, but have trouble when it comes to RNA viruses? RNA viruses mutate more the DNA viruses. No “Spell Checker” for RNA. Station 11. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. a. b. Label the trophic levels Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by What do the Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow. arrows in the food Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid. chain represent? Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P). Why do elements (nutrients) need to be cycled (recycled) in the environment? Give one type of molecule that organisms need that contains the following elements: Carbon:__________________________ Oxygen:_________________________ Hydrogen:________________________ Nitrogen:________________________ Phosphorus: ______________________ Create an energy pyramid from the above food change. Which level can support the most List the levels of organization in the biosphere: organisms?____________________________________ If there were a toxin in the environment, which organism would contain the most? ___________________________ What percent of the energy is available to the next trophic level? What happens to the rest of the energy? List 2 biotic and 2 abiotic factor in an ecosystem: Station 12. c. d. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption. Describe primary succession: Describe secondary succession: How does overpopulation affect the environment? What is a limiting factor? What is Biological Magnification? List 3 density dependent limiting factors: List three things that can cause it? List three things that can cause it? What is carrying capacity? (Make a sketch of a graph to aid your answer) List 3 density independent limiting factors: What causes it? What are pioneer species? List two. What is a climax community? Global warming What is Ecology? What does it do to the environment? Station 13. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. How do seeds help plant populations to survive? List 3. -Can stay dormant for Years -Aid in Dispersal -has a small amount of food for the baby plant. What is an organism’s niche? List an organism and give an example of its niche. It’s role in the environment. It includes where it lives (its habitat), what it eats, and any relationships. Gravitropism What it causes plants to do Why this is helpful How can flowers be pollinated? Give 3 ways Wind, water, Animals Thigmotrophism -Plants grows towards the light -Response to touch _ Get more water with roots & Stems towards the light -Photosynthesis -Grow up toward the light List 3 abiotic and 3 biotic factors in the ecosystems. Abiotic; rain, sunlight, temperature Biotic; Grass, tree, lion Phototropism -Roots go down and stems go up How it helps the plant Cuticle -Waxy covering on plants to prevent water loss. Close stomata during hot weather -Prevent Water loss. Cacti have reduced the size of there leaves - Prevent Water loss. Station 14. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. f. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. Behavior Innate Instincts What is it? Give an example. -includes both automatic responses and instinctive behaviors Animal Defenses Give two examples of the following defenses: Mechanical: Territorial Animals that have territories will defend their space 12Chemical: Migration Learned 1- Imprinting: Ex: animal returns to the place of its birth to lay its eggs animal imprints on its mother Habituation: organism decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms the animal 2- Station 15. Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. a. Trace the history of the theory. b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. What was Lamark’s mechanism for evolution? -Acquired Characteristics What was Darwin’s mechanism for evolution? -Natural Selection List and describe 3 Mechanism of Speciation: What is speciation? 1-___Geographic Isolation___________________________ _______________________________________________ 2-___Temperal Isolation___________________________ _______________________________________________ 3-___Behavioral Isolation____________________________ _______________________________________________ What is natural selection? When the environment changes those organisms that posses traits that allow them to survive…. ….survive. They are more fit! Explain what is meant by “survival of the fittest.” More fit individuals survive and reproduce. Thoes that are not fit for the environment…die, and do not pass on their DNA. What are the two rates of evolution? Explain each. 1. Gradualism 2. Punctuated Equilibrium Explain each type of evolution. Give an example of each. 1. Coevolution 2. Divergent Evolution 2.Convergent Evolution - 2 organism evolve together -ex: bee & flower - 2 organisms that ARE related become different in structure because they live in different environments. -Ex: Human & Whale. - 2 organisms that ARE NOT related become similar in structure because they live in similar environments. -ex: Whale & Shark Station 16. Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory. d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance). What is meant by an organism’s “fitness?” What is a fossil? Sketch graphs to show 4 types of selection: List and describe 5 pieces of evidence scientist’s use for the theory of evolution: 1. Fossil Record a. radioisotope dating b. relative dating 2. DNA 3. Homologous structures 4. Embryology 5. Vestigial Organs How can bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic? Organisms with genes that allow them to survive get to ____________________ and pass on their “good” genes. ***Remember: Natural selection doesn’t produce new genotypes and phenotypes, but it rather eliminates the less fit.