Download BiologyEOCT review stations_KEY

Station 1. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
Task:
a.
Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
Describe the structure and composition of the cell membrane. (make a
Organelle
Golgi
Ribosome
Function
Package a ship proteins
Lysosome
Makes proteins
Stores the DNA
Contains digestive enzymes
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
Mitochondria
ATP production
Centroles
Aids in Cell division
Nucleus
How are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells?
Pro- no nucleus, all bacteria, single celled.
Eu- Has organelles, other 4 kingdoms, uni or multi cellular.
Which have been around longer? Prokaryotic
sketch) Made of a bilayer of phospholipids. It also has proteins
stuck in it that serve as channels to allow certain substances
to move into & out of the cell.
What does the “Theory of
Endosymbiosis” state?
Eukaryotes evolved from
prokaryotes by engulfment.
How does the cell membrane help maintain
homeostasis? Since its job is to allow things
into and out of the cell. IT MAINTAINS
HOMEOSTASIS!
List three differences between plant cells and animal cells.
Plants have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuole. Animals do not.
What are the 3 part of the “cell theory?”
1- Cells are the basic unit of life.
2- All living things are made of cells.
3- Cells come from pre-existing cells.
What is Homeostasis?
Give an example.
 Maintaining a constant
internal environment.
 Body temperature, blood
pressure, blood sugar
levels..
How does the contractile
vacuole in some protists
help maintain
homeostasis? It allows
them to get rid of
excess H2O. They need
this because the live in
a hypotonic solution.
Station 2. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
b.
Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.
Based on the graph to the right, what do enzymes do? Be specific
Speed up chemical reactions in the body by LOWERING the amount
of energy needed for the reaction to proceed (activation energy).
Label the 2 boxes on the graph: “with out enzyme” or “with enzyme”.
What group of macromolecules do
enzymes belong to?
W/out
Make a sketch that explains what is
meant by the sayings that “enzymes
are specific” and fit like a “lock and
key.” Label your sketch with the
following words: active site,
substrate, enzyme, products
Proteins
With
Characteristics of Enzymes
What will happen to the rate of reaction if you….
Heat up the enzyme? Faster to a point.
Cool down the enzyme? Slower
Change the pH? Stop Working
If you add more enzymes (increases the
concentration) to a solution of substrate, what
will happen to the reaction rate? More enzymes
would cause the reaction to come to completion
faster because ther are more enzymes present
1. They do not make processes happen that would not take place on their
own. They just make the processes take place faster!
2. Enzymes are not permanently altered or used up in reactions.
3. The same enzyme works for the reverse and forward directions of a
reaction.
4. Each enzyme is highly selective about its substrate.
Word bank: reverse, selective, do not, forward, faster, not, used
Cells are constantly building up and breaking down molecules.
Each step is helped along by ENZYME !!!
Station 3. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells.
Task:
c.
d.
Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e., osmosis, diffusion).
What is Osmosis?
Movement of Water
through a cell
membrane.
Describe each type of solution and
make a sketch of a cell placed in
that type of solution. Use arrows
to show water movement into or
out of the cell.
Hypotonic
Isotonic
- more H2O outside
- H2O is equal
- more solute inside
- solute equal
- H2O moves into the cell - H2O stays the same
Elements?
Major functions
Monomer
Examples
Carbohydrates
CHO
Sugars
Lipids
CHO
Fatty
Acids
- glucose, sucrose,
cellulose, chitin
- phospholipids, fats,
oils, waxes
Proteins
CHONS
Nucleic Acids
PCHONS
Energy NOW,
structure
Energy
Storage,
membranes
Enzymes, hair
nails, muscles
Store Genetic
Information
Amino
Acids
Nucleotide
-Enzymes, hair nails,
muscles
-DNA and RNA



Hypertonic
- more H2O inside
- more solute outside
- H2O moves out of
the cell
Passive Transport
High to low

Does not need energy
Facilitated diffusion
.
Venn Diagram
Put the following in the
venn diagram:
 Need energy
 High to low
 Low to high
 Does not need energy
 Molecules pass
through cell membrane
 Facilitated diffusion
Molecules pass
through cell
membrane
What are the cell walls of fungi made of? Chitin
What are the cell walls of plants made of?
Cellulose
Active Transport
 Need energy
 Low to high
Station 4. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.
Task:
a.
b.
Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information.
# of strands
Monomers
Major function
Involved in what
processes?
4 Bases
Location in cell
DNA
RNA
2
1
Nucleotide
Nucleotide
Storage of
genetic info
Replication,
Protein
Synthesis
ATGC
Transfer of
genetic info.
Protein
synthesis
Nucleus
AUGC
Sugar
Deoxyribsose
Nucleus &
Cytoplasm
Ribsose
What it stands for
Deoxyribsose
Nucleic Acid
Ribonucleic
acid
How many chromosomes do humans have in their somatic cells?
46 Gametes? 23
Define:
Diploid: A cell that contains 2 copies of each chromosome
Haploid: A cell that has only 1 copies of each
chromosome
Sketch a DNA
molecule. What is
the term used to
describe its
shape?_Double
Helix
What forms
the backbone?
SugarPhosphate
Sketch a
nucleotide. Label
the three parts.
Which part has the
code for a protein?
The Bases
Mitosis
Meiosis
Types of cells made
Somatic
Gamete
Number of divisions
1
2
Stays the same
Cut in ½
What happens to the
# of chromosomes?
Sketch a cell for each phase of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Station 5. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.
b.
Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular information.
Briefly describe the steps of DNA
replication.
1. DNA unzips and unwinds
2. DNA polymerase adds new
bases to each of the
original strands.
3. Each new strand contains ½
of the parent strand.
What is the purpose/function of
transcription and translation?
 Transcription:
o Send a copy of the
gene to the
ribosome.
 Translation:
o Use the copy of the
gene to make a
protein
Where are proteins made in the cell?
In the cytoplasm on a ribosome.
What are the 3 types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
What happens?
A section of a chromosome that codes for
a protein is called a Gene
.
What are the 3 coding letters called
in mRNA?
Codon
What are the 3 coding letters called
in tRNA?
Anticodon
Where does it
take place?
Transcription
Translation
o An mRNA
“backwards”
copy of a gene
(section of DNA)
is made in the
nucleus.
o The mRNA
copy goes to
the ribosome
where it is read
and turned into
a protein (
made of amino
acids).
nucleus
cytoplasm
Transcribe and then translate the following DNA strand:
A G T A G C T A G C T T T T G C T A A T G
U C A U C G A U C G A A A A C G A U U A C
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ _____
Station 6. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.
c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability.
e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.
The process of meiosis provides the opportunity for the shuffling of chromosomes. How is
meiosis and sexual reproduction helpful for the survival of a species? Meiosis produces
new combination of traits. If the environment changes, or there is an
outbreak of disease, the new combinations could be more fit, and that would
ensure the survival of the species.
What is crossing over? How does
this relate to the question
above?
-This is when two
chromosomes exchange
pieces of DNA. This mixes
up the traits creating new
combinations.
What are four sources of
genetic variation in organisms?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Meiosis
Mutations
Crossing over
Sexual
Reproduction
# of parents
Genetics
different or
same?
Types
Advantages
Disadvantages
Sexual
reproduction
Asexual
reproduction
2
1
Different
Same
Bacteria &
Protista:
Bacteria & Fungi:
Conjugation
New
combinations
of genes.
Need another
partner. Can
be slow.
Binary fission,
budding,
fragmentation
Don’t need
another
organism.
Reproduce
rapidly.
No new
combinations.
In rabbits, black fur (B) is dominant over
brown fur (b). If one parent rabbit is
heterozygous and the other parent rabbit
is homozygous brown, what is the
probability of producing an offspring with
brown fur? (Use a Punnett square to determine
your answer.)
______________________
What is the phenotypic ratio
of the offspring?
______________________
What is the genotypic ration
of the offspring?
The alleles are different.
 Homozygous: Both Alleles are the same.
 Heterozygous:
Know these
Station 7. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations.
d.
f.
Forensics
Medicine
Agriculture
Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including
- Alterations during replication –Insertions –Deletions -Substitutions
 Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA.
 High energy radiation (x-rays and ultraviolet) and Chemical
Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture.
Give examples of how DNA technology can be used in the following areas.
DNA fingerprinting
Gene splicing, insulin
Crop nutrition, pesticide resistance
Explain the following types of mutations:
Insertion
Deletion
-A base
is added
into the
DNA
strand
-A base
is
removed
from
the
DNA
strand
Substitution
-A base
changed
in the
DNA
strand
What is a mutation?
A change in the
DNA strand.
Are all mutations bad?
NO.
Explain the symptoms of each:
Trisomy 21
Hemophilia
Sickle Cell Anemia
Colorblindness
-down
syndrome
- 3 copies of
chromosome
#21
-caused by
nondisjunction
-sex-linked
(x- chromosomes)
---blood does not
clot
-misshapen blood
-sexlinked ( xchromosomes0
--usually redgreen
cells
What is a mutagen? List three.
-something that causes a mutation
1. UV light
2. X-rays
3. exposure to certain chemicals
How can (do) mutations help populations survive and adapt (evolve)?
Produces new combinations of genes.
Station 8. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.
a.
Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
What is the equation for Photosynthesis?
Sunlight + Carbon Dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen
What are the two steps in photosynthesis?
Light dependent & Light independent (Calvin
Cycle)
Which step could be called “Carbon Fixation”?
Light independent
What types of organism can do photosynthesis? Give
specific examples
Plants, some bacteria, some Protista (algae)
What do we call them? Autotrophs, Producers
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
Oxygen + Glucose  Water + Carbon Dioxide + ATP
What is stored
in the bonds of
glucose?
ENERGY
How do plants
get CO2 into
their bodies?
Stomata
H20?
Roots
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration
related? Plants trap energy in the bonds of
glucose during photosynthesis and
respiration breaks down glucose to release
the energy for the cell.
Why do organisms do cellular respiration?
To get energy from their food.
-What organelles makes ATP?
What types of organism perform cellular respiration?
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
All
-Energy is release when
Where do the 3 steps take place in eukaryotes? Be
into
ATP is converted
ADP.
specific. Cytoplasm-Mitochondria-Mitochondria
What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?
Breaking down glucose with or without
oxygen.
Where does photosynthesis take place in the cell?
Prokaryotes=Cytoplasm
Eukaryotes= Chloroplast
These are the steps of Cellular
Respiration.
ENERGY
is stored in the bonds of ATP.
**Label the picture above: ATP, ADP
Station 9. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.
b.
c.
Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.
Archaebacteria
Domain
Prokaryotic or
eukaryotic
Single or multicellular
Heterotrophic or
Autotrophic
Cell wall??
(If so,
composition?)
Eubacteria
Protista
Plant
Animals
Archae
Bacteria
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eukarya
Eukarya
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
eukaryotic
Single
Single
Single
Single or
Multi
Multi Only
Multi Only
Heterotrophic
or Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
Heterotrophic
or Autotrophic or Autotrophic
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Yes
Yes
YesCellulose
NO
Some
Yes-Chitin
organisms.
- Putting organisms in
groups based on their
similarities..
Which kingdom is the most ancient?
Fungi
What is taxonomy?
-Classification of
Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
Bacteria
What is the name of Linnaeus’s naming system? Give
a brief description of how it works.
Binomial Nomenclature
-First name is the Genus and it is
Capitalized.
-Second name is the Species and it is lower
case.
Which of the following is written correctly?
Quercus rubra
Quercus rubra
quercus rubra
Quercus Rubra
What are the 8
levels (taxons) of
classification?
D
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
Which one has organisms that are
most closely related? Species
Least? Domain
Station 10. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems.
d.
Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.
What is the basic structure of a virus? Make and
label a sketch.
Why are viruses considered
nonliving particles? Give four
reasons.
1- Do not use energy.
2-Cannot reproduce on their
own.
What type of genetic material does a virus have?
Either DNA or RNA.
3- Are not made of cells.
4- Do not grow and develop.
Explain how a virus replicates using the lytic cycle & the lysogenic cycle.
LYTIC CYCLE
See Picture Below
LYSOGENIC CYCLE
See Below.
Why is HIV called a retrovirus?
It has RNA. The RNA needs to
be converted (reverse
transcription) into DNA before it
is incorporated into the host
cell’s DNA.
Why is it that scientist have been able to come
up with vaccines for some DNA viruses, but have
trouble when it comes to RNA viruses?
RNA viruses mutate more the DNA
viruses. No “Spell Checker” for RNA.
Station 11. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems.
a.
b.
Label the
trophic levels
Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.
Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by
What do the

Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow.
arrows in the food

Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid.
chain represent?

Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).
Why do elements (nutrients) need to be cycled (recycled) in the environment?
Give one type of molecule that organisms
need that contains the following elements:
Carbon:__________________________
Oxygen:_________________________
Hydrogen:________________________
Nitrogen:________________________
Phosphorus: ______________________
Create an energy pyramid from the above food change.
Which level can support the most
List the levels of organization in the
biosphere:
organisms?____________________________________
If there were a toxin in the environment, which organism would
contain the most? ___________________________
What percent of the energy is
available to the next trophic
level?
What happens to the rest of the
energy?
List 2 biotic and 2 abiotic factor in an
ecosystem:
Station 12.
c.
d.
Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems.
Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems.
Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption.
Describe primary
succession:
Describe secondary
succession:
How does overpopulation affect
the environment?
What is a limiting factor?
What is Biological
Magnification?
List 3 density dependent limiting factors:
List three things that can
cause it?
List three things that can
cause it?
What is carrying capacity?
(Make a sketch of a graph to aid
your answer)
List 3 density independent limiting factors:
What causes it?
What are pioneer
species? List two.
What is a climax
community?
Global
warming
What is Ecology?
What does it do to the environment?
Station 13. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems.
e.
Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
How do seeds help plant populations to survive?
List 3.
-Can stay dormant for Years
-Aid in Dispersal
-has a small amount of food for the baby
plant.
What is an organism’s
niche? List an organism
and give an example of
its niche.
It’s role in the
environment. It
includes where it
lives (its habitat),
what it eats, and
any relationships.
Gravitropism
What it causes
plants to do
Why this is
helpful
How can flowers be pollinated? Give 3 ways
Wind, water, Animals
Thigmotrophism
-Plants grows towards
the light
-Response to touch
_ Get more water with
roots & Stems towards
the light
-Photosynthesis
-Grow up toward the light
List 3 abiotic and 3 biotic factors in the
ecosystems.
Abiotic; rain, sunlight,
temperature
Biotic; Grass, tree, lion
Phototropism
-Roots go down and
stems go up
How it helps the plant
Cuticle
-Waxy covering on plants to prevent water loss.
Close stomata during hot
weather
-Prevent Water loss.
Cacti have reduced the
size of there leaves
- Prevent Water loss.
Station 14. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems.
f.
Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.
Behavior
Innate
Instincts
What is it? Give an example.
-includes both automatic responses and instinctive
behaviors
Animal Defenses
Give two examples of the following defenses:
Mechanical:
Territorial
Animals that have territories will defend their space
12Chemical:
Migration
Learned
1-
Imprinting: Ex: animal returns to the place of its birth
to lay its eggs
animal imprints on its mother
Habituation: organism decreases or stops its response to
a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms the
animal
2-
Station 15. Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution.
a. Trace the history of the theory.
b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution.
What was Lamark’s mechanism for evolution?
-Acquired Characteristics
What was Darwin’s mechanism for evolution?
-Natural Selection
List and describe 3 Mechanism of Speciation:
What is speciation?
1-___Geographic Isolation___________________________
_______________________________________________
2-___Temperal Isolation___________________________
_______________________________________________
3-___Behavioral Isolation____________________________
_______________________________________________
What is natural
selection? When
the environment
changes those
organisms that
posses traits
that allow them
to survive….
….survive. They
are more fit!
Explain what is meant by “survival of the fittest.”
More fit individuals survive and reproduce. Thoes that are not fit for
the environment…die, and do not pass on their DNA.
What are the two rates of evolution? Explain each.
1. Gradualism
2. Punctuated Equilibrium
Explain each type of evolution. Give an example of each.
1. Coevolution
2. Divergent Evolution
2.Convergent Evolution
- 2 organism evolve
together
-ex: bee & flower
- 2 organisms that
ARE related become
different in
structure because
they live in
different
environments.
-Ex: Human &
Whale.
- 2 organisms that
ARE NOT related
become similar in
structure because
they live in similar
environments.
-ex: Whale & Shark
Station 16. Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution.
c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory.
d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.
e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).
What is meant by an organism’s “fitness?”
What is a fossil?
Sketch graphs to show 4 types of selection:
List and describe 5 pieces of evidence scientist’s
use for the theory of evolution:
1. Fossil Record
a. radioisotope dating
b. relative dating
2. DNA
3. Homologous structures
4. Embryology
5. Vestigial Organs
How can bacteria become resistant to an antibiotic?
Organisms with genes that allow them to survive get to
____________________ and pass on their “good” genes.
***Remember: Natural selection doesn’t produce new genotypes and phenotypes, but it rather eliminates the less fit.