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HISTORY OF ROME LATIUM ROMAN FORBEARS (Several centuries before Rome's official founding. May have come from Troy) DATE BC 753 BC 714 BC 721 ASSYRIANS BC 672 BC 640 BC 616 606 BABYLONIANS BC 578 BC 538 PERSIANS BC 534 Romulas, legendary founder of Rome. Numa Pompilius. First religious lawgiver. (mythical) Tullus Hostilius, the Conqueror of Alba Longa of the Latin League. Killed by lightening. Ancus Martius, the second religious lawgiver. Conquered more Latin towns, which became plebians of the king. Bridged the Tiber. Territory extended to the sea on the west. Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin the Elder), The Builder. Assassinated by Ancus Martius. Forum and the Circus Maximus erected. Servius Tullius. The Civil Lawgiver. Etruscan general. Son-in-law to Tarquin Elder. Established the Comitia Centuriata. enclosed the Seven Hills. Assassinated by Tarquin the Proud. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (Tarquin the Proud)--The Tyrant, Forced to abdicate the throne after his son, Sextus caused Lucretia to commit suicide. REPUBLICAN ROME (BC 508 TO BC 27) CONSULS (Two equal magistrates ruling) BC 508 Lucius Junius Brutus--The Elder, a Plebian. Killed in battle by Aruns, son of Tarquin the Proud. Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, a Patrician Period of war with the Etruscans who were trying to reinstate Tarquin the Proud. DICTATORS (Chosen by the Senate with absolute power when there was a state of emergency). BC 494. TRIBUNES OF THE PLEBS Gained by Plebeians seceding to Mons Sacer (Sacred Mount). Treaty made with the Patricians. BC 452. DECEMVIRS (Ten commissioners to revise the constitution) BC 449 CONSULAR TRIBUNES, Accomplished by second plebeian revolt to Mons Sacer. Caused by Patrician, Appius Claudius, attempting to make Virginia a slave. BC 390 BC 390 BC 343 BC 339 BC 336-324 BC 333 BC 326-304 MILITARY TRIBUNES Resulted from third revolt of Plebs to Hill of Janiculum. Rome burned by the Gauls First Samnite War for conquest of Italy. (Samnites were a Sabine race) Great Latin War Alexander the Great of Greece GREEKS Jerusalem 333 Second Samnite War. p.1 (N-124) = NT-292 BC 310-306 BC 298-290 BC 286 BC 283-264 BC 264-133 BC 263-241 BC 225-222 BC 218-201 BC 214-205 BC 200-196 BC 191-190 BC 171-168 BC 149-146 Appius encourages building the Appian Way and aqueducts. Third Samnite War. Plebeians again secede to Mount Janiculum War with Tarentum PUNIC WARS between Rome and Carthage First Punic War. Rome invades Sicily. Fleets built to attack Carthage in North Africa. Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul. Second Punic War. Hannibal crosses the Alps from Gaul to invade Italy First war with Philip V of Macedon Second war with Philip V of Macedon War with Antichus The Great of Syria. War with Perseus of Macedon. Decisive battle of Pydna ended Macedonian Kingdom Third Punic War. Carthage totally destroyed. 133-27 BC 134BC 121BC 111BC 107-101 BC 102-99 BC 90-88 BC 88BC 74-63 CIVIL WARS AND FALL OF THE REPUBLIC First Servile War. Revolt of slaves in Sicily. Death of Caius Sempronius Graccus. End of people's freedom. Aristocratic total control. Jugurthine War. Invading Teutones and Cimbri destroyed. Second Servile War in Sicily. The Social War. (Revolt of the Italians) First Mithridatic War. Second Mithridatic War. John Hyracanus II became High Priest and placed on the throne of Judea . Julius Caesar becomes Pontifix Maximus (Religious Superintendent) Pompeii conquers Jerusalem. First Triumvirate (Caesar, Pompeii and Crassus). Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon from Gaul to invade Italy. Defeated Pompeii. Caesar defeats Ptolemy XIII of Egypt and places Cleopatra, his mistress, on throne. Caesar made dictator for life by the Senate with title of Imperator. Caesar assassinated by Brutus and his band. Second Triumvirate. (Octavius Caesar, Antony and Lepidus. Cleopatra seduces Mark Antony. Pompeii and Lepidus defeated by Octavius Battle of Actium. Antony and Cleopatra defeated. They commit suicide (BC 30). BC 63 BC 63 BC 59 BC 48 BC 45 BC 44 BC 43 BC 36 BC 31 IMPERIAL ROME BC 27-14 AD BC 27 AD 14-37 AD 37-41 AD 41-54 AD 43 AD 54-68 AD 68-69 AD 69 AD 69 AD 69-79 AD 79-81 AD 79 AD 81-96 Octavius conferred title of Augustus (the Divine) and Imperator (Emperor) by Senate. Tiberius: Step-son of Augustus. Reign of terror instituted. Smothered with bed-clothes Caligula or Caius Caesar: Tyrant. Incest with Drusilla. Seemed totally mad. Assassinated. Claudius: Half-witted. Elevated by the Praetorian Guard. Poisoned by Agrippina, mother of Nero. Britain invaded Nero: Burned Rome. Murdered his mother, two wives and son of his step-father, Cladius. (lst Persecution) Galba: Overthrown by Otho and the Praetorian Guards and killed. Otho: Committed suicide after defeat by Vitellius. Vitellius: Glutton. Troops rebelled. Killed and cast into the Tiber. Vespasian: Troops made him emperor while fighting the Jews. Died of an illness. Titus: (son) General who destroyed Jerusalem. Died of fever. Mt. Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum. Domitian: (brother) The “fly-killer.” Jealous of general Julius Agricola. Assassinated by wife. Last of 12 Caesars. (2nd Persecution) ROME TRIUMPHANT p.2 (N-124) = NT-292 (Most prosperous and peaceful period) AD 96- 98 AD 98-117 AD 117-138 Nerva: Old man. Adopted Trajan. First of the Five Good Emperors. Died of a fever. Trajan: Highest point in the empire. Died in Cilicia. From Crete. Adopted Hadrian. 3 rd persecution. Hadrian: Barcocheban Jewish revolt quashed (131-135). Died slowly of disease. 4th persecution of Christians. Antoninus Pius: First Emperor to protect Christians. Most peaceful and prosperous time in Roman History. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus: Philosopher. 5th persecution of Christians. AD 138-161 AD 161-180 DECLINE OF PAGAN CONTROL. CIVIL UPHEAVAL BLOODSHED AD 180-193 AD 192 AD 193 AD 193 Commodus: 19 years old. Murdered by concubine in drunken sleep. Noted for his strength. Pertinax: Killed by Praetorian Guard. Good man. Julianus: Bought the throne at auction. Septimus Severus: Marched on Rome & took power. Son, Caracalla attempted assassination. Suicide overeating. FAMINE & WANT Caracalla and Geta: Brothers. Geta murdered by Caracalla in mothers arms. Caracalla went mad. Assassinated. Macrinus: Coward. Had Caracalla killed. Was killed in rebellion by troops. Haliogabalus (Bassianus): Syrian. Age 14. High-priest. Extravagant. Killed by soldiers. Alexander Severus: Good ruler. Protected Christians. Killed by his soldiers Maximin: 8 ½ feet tall. Fantastic strength. Killed by his soldiers. 6th persecution The two Gordians (father and son): Killed by supporter of Maximin Pupeinus and Balbinus: Assassinated by the Praetorian Guards. Gordian III: Age 12. Dominated by Timesitheus, the Praetorian Perfect. Poisoned by Philip. Philip the Arabian: Killed Gordian. Defeated by Decius and killed. AD 211-217 AD 217 AD 218-222 AD 222-235 AD 235-238 AD 238 AD 238 AD 238-244 AD 244-249 PLAGUE AND DEATH Decius: Reluctant Emperor. Died in marsh surrounded by Goths. 7th general persecution. Gallus: with Decius (son) and Hostilianus as colleagues. Killed by troops. 8 th persecution. Plague. Aemilianus: Slain in battle by Valerian. Valerian: Old man. Franks, Goths and New Persians pressed in. Captured by Persians and flayed after seven years by Sapor and skin put up on wall of Persian temple. 9 th persecution. Gallienus: Invasions of the empire. (Son) Time of the Thirty Tyrants. Killed by his soldiers. Claudius II: Drove back the barbarians. Died in the plague. Quintillius: (Brother) Killed by army after 17 days. Aurelian: Routed the barbarians and restored the empire. New wall around Rome. Assassinated. Marcus Claudius Tacitus: Age 75. Died in Cappadocia after 7 months. Florian: (brother). Killed by his soldiers after 3 months. Probus: Drained the marshes. Assassinated by soldiers. Drove back the barbarians. Carus: Two sons with him in rule. Died or disease or struck by lightening in New Persian campaign. Numerian and Carinus: (sons) slain separately. AD 249-251 AD 251-253 AD 253 AD 253-260 AD 260-268 AD 268-270 AD 270 AD 270-275 AD 275-276 AD 276 AD 276-282 AD 282-283 AD 283-284 REORGANIZATION and ERA OF MARTYRS Power transferred from military to Imperial, divided between Augusti. 10th persecution 284 Diocletian (Title: Augustus) 285 Maximian (Title: Augustus) p.3 287 Cerousius (Title: Augustus) (N-124) = NT-292 in the East (continued) 305 resigned 292 Constantius (Title: Caesar) 305 (Augustus) 306 Constantine I (continued) (continued) in the West (continued) 305 resigned 292 Galerius (Title:Caesar) 305 (Augustus) 306 died 307 Maxentius 307 returned (continued) (continued) 312 drowned 310 executed 311 died 293 assassinated 305 Severus (Title: Caesar) 306 (Augustus) 307 suicide 307 Licinius 322 executed 305 Maximin (Title: Caesar) (continued) (continued) 314 suicide 322-364 PAGANISM'S POLITICAL FALL / RISE OF CHRISTIANIZATION 325 Nicean Council called by Constantine. “Christ is God.” 330 Capital moved to Byzantium, Constantinople (or New Rome) 337 Constantine's baptism and death. His three sons take control. 331-360 Constantius II. (died) 331-350 Constans (youngest-- killed by Magnentius) 331-340 Constantine II (oldest killed by Constans) 361-363 Julian the Apostate: Tried to revive paganism. Attempted to rebuild the Jerusalem temple. Killed by an arrow. 363-364 Jovian: Suffocated by fumes from charcoal burner. FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE 364-375 RISE OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE Valentinian I: Died of burst blood vessel. 375-383 Gratian: Killed in revolt of Maximus. 383-392 Maximus: Slain by Theodosius 392 Valentinian II: Murdered by Arbogastes. 392-394 Eugenius: (Imperial secretary) killed by troops. 395-423 Honorius: Died. Stilicho, his administrator. 410 Rome sacked by Alaric the Visgoth 3 times. 423-455 Valentian III: Assassinated by Petronius Maximus. 429 Vandals. conquered Spain and North Africa 431 Council of Ephesus on Depravity of man.. 451 Council of Chalcedon on Humanity of Christ 451 Attila the Hun defeated at Chalons. 452 Attila devastates Northern Italy. Pope Leo persuades him to spare Rome. 455 Petronius Maximus: Killed in Vandal attack. 455 Vandals under Geneseric. sack Rome 455-456 Avitus: Deposed by Count Ricimer. 457-461 Marjorian: Deposed by Ricimer. 461-465 Libius Severus: 467-472 Anthemius: Deposed by Ricimer. p.4 364-378 Valens: Over Eastern Empire. Permitted the Visgoths to find refuge from Huns by crossing Danube. 378-395 Theodosius the Great: Subdued the Goths and completed the triumph over paganism. 381 Council of Constantinople on Holy Spirit. 390Theodosius repents after interdict for murder. 395-408 Arcadius: 408-450 Theodosius II: (8 yrs old) bribed Huns to withdraw. Drowned. 450-453 Pulcheria: (sister) Married Marcian. 453-457 Marcian: Married Pulcheria. 457-474 Leo I: Thracian. Anthemius and Julius Nepos established in the West through him. (N-124) = NT-292 472-473 473-474 474-475 475-476 Olybrius: Glycerius: Deposed by Leo I of eastern empire. Julius Nepos: Deposed by Orestes Romulus Augustulus: Deposed by Odoacer. 474 Leo II., the Younger 474-491 Zeno: the Isaurian. Eastern Roman Empire after fall of the West 491-518 Anistasius I., the Illyrian. 518-527 Justin I 527-565 Justinian I 565-578 Justin II 578-582 Tiberius II 582-602 Maurice, the Cappadocian. 602-610 Phocas 610-641 Heraclius 641 Constantine III., Heracleonus 641 Heracolonas 641-668 Constans II 668-685 Constantine IV., Pogonatus. 685-695 Justinian II (deposed). 695-698 Leontius 698-705 Tiberius III., Aspimar. 705-711 Justinian II. (restored) 711-713 Philippicus Bardanes 713-715 Anastasius II 715-717 Theodosius III Isauric Race 717-741 Leo III., the Isaurian. 741-775 Constantine V 775-780 Leo IV 780-797 Constantine VI. and Irene. 797-802 Irene, Empress. 802-811 Nicephorus I., Logothetes. 811 Stauracius 811-813 Michael I 813-820 Leo V., the Armenian. 820-829 Michael II., the Stammerer. 829-842 Theophilus 842-867 Michael III., Porphyrogenitus. Macedonian Race 867-886 Basil I., the Macedonian. 886-912 Leo VI., the Philosopher. 911-913 Alexander and Constantine VII., Porphyrogenitus. 913-959 Constantine VII 919-944 Romanus Lecapenus, co-emperor with his sons. 920 Christopher and his sons. 928 Stephen and Constantine VIII. 945 Constantine VIII. (alone) 959-963 Romanus II 963-969 Nicephorus II., Phocas. 969-976 John I., Zimisces. 976-1025 Basil II. and Constantine IX p.5 (N-124) = NT-292 1025-1028 1028-1034 1034-1041 1041-1042 1042-1055 1055-1053 1056-1057 1057-1059 1059-1067 1067-1071 1071-1078 1078-1081 1081-1118 1118-1143 1143-1180 1180-1183 1183-1185 1185-1195 1195-1203 1203-1204 1204 Constantine VIII (?) Romanus III., Argyropulus. Michael IV., the Paphiagonian. Michael V., Calaphates. Constantine X., Monomachus, and Zoe Theodora Michael VI., Stratiotes. The Comneni. Isaac I., Comnenus. Constantine XI., Ducas. Eudocia and Romanus Diogenes. Michael VII., Parapinaces. Nicephorus III Alexius I., Comnenus. John Commenus. Manuel I., Commenus. Alexius II., Commenus. Andronicus I., Comnenus. Isaac II., Angelus Comnenus. Alexius III., Angelus, the Tyrant. Isaac II. and Alexius IV. Alexius V., Ducas. 1204 1206 1216 1221 1228 French, or Latin Emperors. Baldwin I. (of Flanders). Henry I. Peter de Courtenay. Robert de Courtenay. Baldwin II. (Latin dynasty ended in 1261) 1261-1282 1282-1328 1328-1341 1341-1347 1347-1354 1355-1376 1376-1379 1379-1391 1390 1391-1425 1425-1448 1448-1453 The Greek Empire Restored at Constantinople under the Palaeologi. Michael VII., Palaeologus. Andronicus II., the Elder Andronicus III., the Younger. John Palaeologus I (deposed) John Cantacuzene John Palaeologus (restored) Andronicus IV John V (restored) John VII Manuel II., Palaeologus. John Palaeologus II Constantine Palaeologus XIV. Killed and empire ended by the Turks, 1453 p.6 1206-1222 1222-1254 1254-1258 1258-1261 1261 Greek Emperors at Nice. Theodore Lascaris I. John III Ducas Vataces. Theodore Lascaris II. John IV Lascaris. Michael Palaeologus. (N-124) = NT-292