Download PERSIAN Charts: Definitions and Guiding Questions

Charts:
By: Angie Wong
Time
8000
BCE
Major CONTINUITIES
Religious/Social
Political
Economic
-Very defined social classes
-Patriarchal societies
-Nile River: the principal
source of flowing water
through North Africa.
-Long-distance trade (Egypt
and Nubia)
-Sex and gender relationships
influenced the roles
individuals played in society
-Egyptian and Nubians believed
deities played prominent roles in
the world
-They were polytheistic
-Mostly Christianity and Islam and
some Judaism
-African and European languages
Intellectual/Art/Technology
-Wall paintings showed Egyptian
goldsmiths' jewelry and decorative
objects
-Mummification
-Watermills and heavy plows during the
Middle Ages.
600
CE
Time
8000
BCE
Major CHANGES
Religious/Social
Political
Economic
-Cities were not prominent in
the Nile Valley, but emerged
later on.
-Songhay Empire (1,464-1,591
B.C.E)
-Swahili City- States declined
-5,000 B.C.E: The Sahara
Desert was cool and wet
enough to support humans
and animals but gradually
started getting arid and
uninhabitable.
-They first used the Nile River
for transportation and later
used wheeled vehicles and
donkey caravan.
-Monotheistic to polytheistic
-Some people converted to
Islam from Christianity
-1,500 B.C.E population: 34
Million
-1,600 B.C.E: 44 Million
-1,700 B.C.E: 52 Million
-1,800 B.C.E: 60 Million
Intellectual/Art/Technology
-Hieroglyphic writing to Meroitic
writing.
600
CE
Africa : T im e L in e: 8 0 0 0 B.C.E. - 1 0 0 0 B.C.E.
S u d a n ic p e o p le
fo rm e d m o n a rc h ie s
Go a ts a n d s h e e p ru le d b y k in g s w h o
a rriv e d fro m S .W . w e re v ie w e d aass
As ia .
d e v in e .
S m a ll lo c a l k in g d o m s
o rg a n iz e d p u b lic life
th ro u g h o u t Eg y p t.
8000
7000
6500
5000
4000
3300
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
In h a b ita n ts o f th e S u d a n ic p e o p le s b e g a n Ag ric u ltu ra l v illia g e s
W e s te rn S u d a n
to c u ltiv a te g o u rd s ,
a lo n g th e Nile
b e g a n to c u ltiv a te w a te rm e lo n s a n d c o tto n . tra d e d a n d b u ilt
y a m s in th e re g io n
irrig a tio n s y s te m s
b tw th e Nig e r &
Co n g o Riv e rs .
3100
B.C.E.
Eg y p t c a m e to
u n ifie d ru le b y a
c o n q u e ro r n a m e d
Me n e s .
T h e p ro d u c tio n o f
b ro n z e flo u ris h e d
in Me s o p o ta m ia .
T h e s o u th e rn Nile
s o c ie tie s b e g a n
la rg e -s c a le p ro d u c tio n o f iro n .
W ritin g a p p e a re d
in Eg y p t fro m Me s o p o ta m ia n in fu le n ce.
T h e B a n tu m ig ra tio n s
q u ic k e n e d a n d th e y
b e g a n to p ro d u c e iro n
to o ls a n d w e a p o n s .
3000
2500
1000
3500
3200
4000
1000
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
B.C.E.
T h e Eg y p tio n s
d e v e lo p e d th e
p o w e rfu l k in g d o m
o f Ku s h .
Eg y p tia n m e rc h a n ts
b e g a n tra d in g w ith Me s o p o ta m ia n s .
Timeline (Above):
By: Christina Polvian
T h e o rig in a l B a n tu
la n g u a g e w a s o n e
o f th e m a n y re la te d
to u n g u e s in th e
la rg e r Nig e r- Co n g o
fa m ily o f la n g u a g e s
in W e s t Afric a .
Vocabulary:
By: Kaylyn Thompson
Nubia- Was an area south of Egypt. The kingdom of Kush in Nubia invaded and dominated Egypt from 750-664 B.C.E.
Egypt- Was an area north of Nubia, and it is located near the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
Cataract- is a stretch of rapids and waterfalls that are not easy to navigate.
Demographic Pressures- Was what forced Egyptians to develop more intense and sophisticated methods of agriculture.
Cultivated- Prepared and used for raising crops.
Domesticated- To tame (an animal), especially by generations of breeding, to live in close association with human beings as a pet or
work animal and usually creating a dependency so that the animal loses its ability to live in the wild.
Hieroglyphics- Ancients Egyptian writing language.
Hieroglyphs- Were known as “holy inscriptions” to the visitors, because the symbols were particularly prominent on temples.
Papyrus- Is a paper-like material fashioned from the insides of papyrus reeds, which flourished along the Nile River. Sheets of
papyrus are used for the hieroglyphic writings.
Hieratic Scripts- Is a form of ancient Egyptian writing consisting of abridged forms of hieroglyphics, used by their priests in their
records. The hieratic scripts were used more on an everyday basis. It was a simplified, cursive form of hieroglyphs.
Demotic Scripts- Is the simplified form of hieratic writing used in ancient Egypt. The Egyptians adapted the Greek alphabet to their
own language and developed alphabetic scripts. These scripts are mostly found in papyrus texts and occasionally in inscriptions.
Coptic Scripts- This also was one of the alphabetic scripts that originated from when the Egyptians adapted the Greek alphabet to
their own language. It too is found mostly in papyrus texts and sometimes in inscriptions.
Meroitic Writing- This form of writing was made for the Meroitic language. The Nubian scribes borrowed Egyptian hieroglyphs.
They were used to represent sounds rather than ideas, which created a flexible writing system.
Kandake- Is also known as a regent.
Scribes- Someone who would prepare administrative and legal documents for governments and private parties.
Swene- Trade
Agricultural Surpluses- Things that are grown in capacity and don’t need any more of it. In this case there is plenty of agricultural
land and crops that provide for a large population.
Bantu- African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria. Around 2000 B.C.E. they began a centuries-long
migration that took them to most of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Bantu were very influential, especially linguistically.
Hyksos- Invaders who seized the Nile delta and helped bring an end to the Egyptian Middle Kingdom.
Old Kingdom- Around the time of the first millennium of Egyptian history, also known as the Archaic Period and the Old Kingdom,
the pharaohs were at their strongest ruling and had the greatest power. The symbols that expressed their authority and status were
the massive pyramids, which were constructed during the Old Kingdom as royal tombs. This showed the pharaohs’ ability to
marshal Egyptian resources. High agricultural productivity took its place toward the end of the Old Kingdom, making several
regions of Egypt so prosperous and powerful that they were able to ignore the pharaohs and follow their own interests. Due to this
revolt, the central state slowly collapsed.
Middle Kingdom- The upcoming of the Middle Kingdom brought back paranoiac authority. Pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom were
not as powerful as their predecessors of the Old Kingdom, but they were able to effectively stabilize Egypt and supervise relations
with neighboring lands of Nubia, North Africa, and Syria.
New Kingdom- During the time of the New Kingdom, pharaohs built numerous temples, palaces, and monumental statues to
advertise their power and authority. They wanted Egyptian authority to extend past the Nile valley and the delta.
Imperialism- Is a term associated with the expansion of European powers and their conquest and colonization of African and Asian
societies.
Hierarchies- Any system of persons or things ranked one above another.
Patriarchal Society- Egyptians and Nubians both created patriarchal societies that vested authority over public and private affairs in
their men. This is a society that men governed their households and dominated public life. They are the ones who determined a
majority of the decisions about governmental policies and public affairs. Men were the rulers in both Egyptian and Nubian states.
It was a rare occasion when they were not the prime ruler.
Monotheism- Is the belief that a single god rules over all creation. This was a rare concept in the ancient world.
Notes:
By Jessica Shafer
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People:
Menes- A ruler who brought unified rule to Egypt in 3,100 B.C.E, which combined Upper and Lower Egypt. He founded the
city of Memphis, which served as Menes’ capital. He was sometimes identified with an early Egyptian ruler called Narmer. He
was a minor official who rose to power and extended his authority from Upper to Lower Egypt.
Hyksos- The Hyksos were horse-riding nomads who were also known as “foreign rulers’. These people were particularly
Semitic people who had probably introduced Egypt to horses. They captured Memphis and claimed authority over all of Egypt.
Their rule provoked a strong reaction in Upper Egypt.
Egyptians- People of Egypt who also came up with a writing system called Hieroglyphs, which were just a bunch of pictures
to represent words. They were huge influences on the people around them and the people they traded with.
Bantu Language Speakers- Bantu Language Speakers were among the most influential peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa in
ancient times. They cultivated many crops and had a migration called the Bantu Migration. The Bantu displayed a readiness to
migrate to new territories. By their migrations, they had invented new technology and began to grow into a society.
Apedemak- Apedemak was one of the Nubian deities who were often depicted with a bow and arrows and who serves as a
war god for the Kingdom of Kush.
Tuthmosis III- Tuthmosis was one of the New Kingdom pharaohs who reigned from 1,479-1,425 B.C.E. He was important
because he personally led Palestine to Syria and dominated the coastal regions of the Eastern Mediterranean as well as North
Africa.
Pharaoh Akhenaten- He was also known as Pharaoh Amenhotep IV, who reigned from 1,353-1,335 B.C.E. He was important
because he considered Aten the World’s “sole god” and as long as he lives, the Cult of Aten flourished.
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Amon and Re- Amon was one of the two principal gods. Amon was associated with the sun, creation, fertility, and
reproductive forces. Amon was originally a local Theban deity. Re was associated with the sun and was known as the god
worshiped at Heliopolis. They both were increasingly associated with and honored in a combined Cult. Egyptians and Nubians
believed that Amon-Re was the universal god who presided over all the earth.
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Aten- Aten is another god associated with the sun. Amenhotep IV, also known as Akhenaten, built a new capital city in
honor of Aten and encouraged other people to worship him too.
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Apedemak- Apedemak is one of the Nubian deities who was often depicted with a bow and arrow. He also served as
the war god of the Kingdom of Kush.
Events:
• Unification of Egypt (3,100 B.C.E.)- Egypt came to unified rule by a conqueror named Menes, which combined upper and Lower
Egypt.
• Egyptian Old Kingdom (2,660-2,160 B.C.E) - The power of pharaohs were the greatest during this period. Tensions led to
violence during this period between Egypt and Nubia.
• Pyramid building first began (2,600- 2,500 B.C.E)- Constructed as royal tombs, these structures were the most enduring
symbols of a pharaohs’ authority and divine status.
• Kingdom of Kush Arose (2,500- 1,450 B.C.E) - Nubia established the powerful kingdom of Kush as a result in the Egyptian
presence in the north of Upper Nubia.
• Egyptian Middle Kingdom (2,040- 1,640 B.C.E.)- Pharaonic authority returned with the establishment of the Middle Kingdom.
However, pharaohs were not as powerful as they were in the Old Kingdom.
• Beginning of Bantu Migrations (2,000 B.C.E.) - Bantu migrations were not mass movements of people. It occurred gradually. It
was said that population pressures drove the migrations.
• Egyptian New Kingdom (1,550- 1,070 B.C.E.)- Egyptian leaders gradually pushed the Hyksos out of the Nile delta and founded
the New Kingdom. Pharaohs presided over a prosperous and productive society.
• Invention of Iron Metallurgy (900 B.C.E.) - Since Nubia didn’t have the resources to make bronze, they had to import copper
and tin from the north. However, the Hittites developed techniques for foraging iron. After that, iron metallurgy rose with
experiments on iron ore.
Writing appeared in Egypt (3,200 B.C.E.) - Hieroglyphic writing first appeared around 3,200 B.C.E. It is said to be a result of
Mesopotamian influence. Hieroglyphs were pictographic writing but soon became symbols representing words and sounds. There
are more than 2,000 hieroglyphic characters.
Places:
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Egypt- Egypt was known as the “Gift of the Nile” because it could take better advantage of its resources. Egypt was the most
prominent Ancient African society.
Nubia- Egypt emerged alongside Nubia, which too, could have been called the “Gift of the Nile”. Both societies practiced early
agricultural techniques which led to the success of new inventions and specialized labor, such as pottery, metallurgy, and
decorations for their homes.
Memphis- Memphis served as Menes’ capital. It also became the cultural and political center of Ancient Egypt.
Nile Valley- The Nile Valley also includes the Nile Valley River. The Nile River was the main source of water for more people in
Egypt/Nubia. It’s fertile land that made agriculture possible for Egypt and Nubia.
Sahara Desert- The Sahara Desert wasn’t always dry and arid. In late 5,000 B.C.E, The Sahara Desert was cool and well watered
which was able to support biotic factors. However, it underwent a process called desiccation which turned the once rich grasslands
into a barren desert. Since this climate could no longer provide for human needs, the people who lived in this region migrated to a
region with more suitable resources.
Documents:
Document #1:
By: Christina Polvian
file:///G:/APWH/ancient africa_files/ancientafrica3.htm
Ancient African Jewelry -
This gold bracelet, ornamented with the seated figure of the
Goddess Hathor, was placed in the tomb of a Nubian queen of the
First century B.C. The sequence of ancient civilizations that
flourished in Nubia, a region of Africa, began thousands of years
before her time, as early as 6000 B.C. The ancient Africans would bury jewelry and other treasures along with their departed.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Document #2:
By: Christina Polvian
http://wysinger.homestead.com/tombofhuy.html
Here are some paintings of the tomb of Huy, an Egyptian official, which were created by an Egyptian artist.
Document #3:
By: Jessica Shafer
The Pyramid of Giza
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/explore/gizahistory.html
The Pyramids of Giza were constructed to be the King Khufus’ tomb. The pyramid was guilt in 2,560 B.C.E, during the Old Kingdom.
It is said to have taken thirty years to complete the tomb, ten years for the ramp and twenty for the actual pyramid. The Pyramid of
Giza is also the oldest and largest of pyramids in Egypt. It is one of the three pyramids near the Nile River’s west bank. There are
three chambers inside the pyramid.
Document #4:
By: Jessica Shafer
Egyptian Writing
http://humanpast.net/language/language3k.htm
Hieroglyphic writing was first arrived in Egypt around 3,100 B.C.E. However, soon after a new script derived from Hieroglyphs. The
Hieratic writing was basically cursive Hieroglyphs that existed from about 292 B.C.E until about 200 B.C.E. They were mainly used
in carved or painted inscriptions. They were also normally written in ink on papyrus (paper). Hieratic writing was known as formal
hieroglyphs and the actual writing was from left to right, horizontally. However, around 660 B.C.E, demotic script replaced hieratic in
most places to where hieratic was only used my priests.
Document #5:
By: Jessica Shafer
The Black Pharaohs
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/black-pharaohs/robert-draper-text.html
The Black Pharaohs is usually ignored historical events where kings from deep in Africa conquered Ancient Egypt. A man names Piye
thought the only way to save Egypt from itself was to invade it. He considered himself the true ruler of Egypt. When Piye died at the
end of his reign in 715 B.C.E, he was honored by his subjects and buried in an Egyptian-style pyramid. Piye was the first of the black
pharaohs, which were a series of Nubian kings who ruled over all of Egypt for three-quarters of a century as that country’s 25th
dynasty.
Bibliography:

Bentley, Jerry H. and Herbert, Ziegler. Traditions Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past. The McGraw Hill Companies,
Glenco.
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Murray, Dr. Jocelyn and Sheehan, Sean. Cultural Atlas for Young People: Africa. Facts On File, Inc. 2003
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Ehret, Christopher. The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800. The University Press of Virginia. 2002
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Wysinger, Myra. "The Tomb of Huy." 2000.http://wysinger.homestead.com/tombofhuy.html
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WBGH and PBS, "History of Giza." 1997.http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/pyramid/explore/gizahistory.html
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HUMANPAST.NET, "Africa." N.D..http://humanpast.net/language/language3k.htm

Draper, Robert. "The Black Pharaohs." 2008.http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/02/black-pharaohs/robert-draper-text.html
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The Franklin Institute, "Hieroglyphs." 2007.http://www.fi.edu/learn/tut/9-12/hieroglyphics.html