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Texas History Fort Burrows Chapter 12 Life on the Home Front Section Three The people of Texas suffered during the Civil War. The blockade slowed trade, though it could not stop it completely. Ships called blockade runners brought in some goods by sailing quickly past the blockading ships. Still, the people of Texas faced shortage of goods during the war. The goods that were available became very expensive. They learned to do without things or to find substitutes. Many men were away from the state fighting in the war. As a result, many women had to do the needed farm work. They learned to do the protecting of their families. They also learned how to run the Plantations. Some made uniforms and other supplies for the armies. Many towns in Texas became the centers for manufacturing. Texas farms also grew food for the soldiers. Most Texans supported the Confederacy. Some though were Unionist. They supported the United States government. Some of them left the state. Others joined the Union Army. Many stayed home, hoping to avoid trouble. Sometimes, though, conflict arose. The blockade caused a shortage of goods. People had to make their own goods or use substitutes. The Civil War With men serving in armies, many women did farm work, protected their families, ran Plantations Many of the people in the town of Gainesville were Unionist. They did not want to be drafted into the Confederate Army. Fighting broke out, and more than 40 of them were hanged. (On Pecan Creek and buried in Fair Park Cemetery.) There was also fighting between German Unionist and Confederate Troops. In April 1865, the Civil War ended when the Confederate Army surrendered. The news did not reach Texas right away. A month later, the last battle of the Civil War was fought in Texas. The Battle of Palmito Ranch was a Confederate victory. This was in Cameron County, near Point Isabel (Brownsville). Involved in the fight with the Gray-Backs were Native Americans, African Americans, and Mexican American. It has been said that the Imperial Mexican Forces also fought but, these reports were never validated. It did not change the outcome of the war. The South had lost. In Texas Texas towns became centers for making equipment & supplies needed by the army. Texas farmers grew food for the soldiers. Unionists in Texas supported the United States. Sometimes there were clashes between them & people backed the Confederates. What Would You Do ? A. Join the Confederate Army ? B. Join the Union Army ? C. Leave the State ? D. Stay at home hiding to avoid conflict ? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 1 of 12.3 Printer Copy Texas History Fort Burrows 12.3 - Life on the Home Front Main Idea: Most Texans worked to produce goods to support themselves and the Confederacy during wartime. Other Texans tried to remain neutral. Vocabulary: blockade runner – ship that slips past military blockade to deliver goods & supplies Unionist – person that remained loyal to and wanted to remain part of the United States The Wartime Economy Wartime brought new hardships to many Texans. Most suffered from shortages of manufactured goods and other supplies the Union blockade eventually began to slow down and hurt Texas trade Economy Texans were forced to manufacture their own goods dishes, plows, wagons, clothing, ammunition, rifles, sugar, coffee and more previously came from the North farmers began growing corn and wheat instead of cotton to help feed the soldiers Texas also provided beef and bacon to the entire South √ Working Women in Texas, women worked together to make uniforms for the troops men fought the war and women had to work the farms and plantations they also fought off the Indian attacks √ Supplying the Army the Confederate Quartermasters’ Clothing Bureau of 1862 ( CQCB ) provided food, clothing, & equipment for the army inmates at Huntsville prison manufactured cloth for the uniforms Houston area made shoes, tents, ammunition Dallas, Tyler, Rusk, Waco made leather goods like boots, saddles, harnesses, & wagons factories in Tyler, Rusk & Columbia produced rifles & pistols instead of cotton, Texas farmers grew corn and wheat, and supplied beef and bacon to the army Hard Times and Shortages Texans made many sacrifices for the war effort farmers donated grain 2 of 12.3 Printer Copy Texas History Fort Burrows women gave up their jewelry, so troops could purchase supplies local committees collected food, clothing, and money for the war effort the blockade forced Texans to go without coffee, sugar, paper, and other items Texas farms and plantations suffered less than the rest of the South due to few battles that occurred on Texas soil Texans made very little money during the war since they were donating to the South ( Houstonians raised about $3000 weekly ) Patriotic song “homespun dresses”, like the Southern Ladies wear helped them deal with the shortages of material to make clothes or new dresses √ The ‘Great Hanging’ many who sided with the Union lived in Gainesville and the Cooke County area they voted against leaving the Union and protested against the draft of their men into the Confederate Army State troops from North Texas rounded up 150 able-bodied men who resisted the draft and charged them with treason 40 of them were hanged in Gainesville There are monuments in virtually every Texas County to the Confederacy, but only a few to the Union sympathizers who made up the majority of the North Texas voters in 1860. There is a small one, not much bigger than a tombstone, just West of the intersection of California Street and IH 35 in Gainesville. It commemorates the people hanged in a single weekend in that town. About 100 yards south of the monument is a 50 ft monument to the Confederacy. Unionists Unionist Texans that wanted the state to remain part of the U.S. most lived in the northern part of the state and had no slaves some lived on the frontier and had relied on U.S. troops for protection many were German immigrants or from way-far Northern states Sam Houston argued against secession and retired from public life √ German Unionist 3 of 12.3 Printer Copy Texas History Fort Burrows most Germans in the Fredericksburg and San Antonio areas remained neutral Confederates suspected that these Germans supported the Union Confederate troops attacked an armed group of 65 German men and boys they killed many Germans in a clash known as the Battle of the Nueces or the Nueces Massacre The 1862 Hangings at Gainesville, Texas Certainly one of the worst atrocities of the Civil War occurred in Gainesville, Texas in Oct. 1862, when 40 men, suspected of Union sympathies, were hanged. Although they were condemned by a questionable "People's Court," and found guilty by a simple majority of seven slaveholders, Dr. Richard Peebles characterized the act "the great lynching," for which statement he was exiled. Cooke County and four of its Red River neighbors were a center of opposition to secession from the Union. Five counties voted an average of from 61% to 70% against secession. When the Butterfield Stage Line connected the region with Kansas and elsewhere, many new residents resettled there from Kansas and Missouri, but the opposition to secession stemmed mostly from a fear for personal safety, rather than Northern sympathy. The 369 slaves in Cooke County were owned by only 10% of the population, and 95 of those were owned by the two men, Cols. James G, Bourland and William C. Young, who were principally responsible for the atrocity. Actual opposition was quiet until the Confederate Conscription Act of April 1862, was announced. Thirty men, calling themselves the Peace Party, sent a petition to the Confederate Congress, protesting the exemption from the draft for the largest slaveholders of Cooke County. Bourland was commander of a battalion of Texas State Troops, called the "Border Regiment." Young commanded the 11th Texas Cavalry, but as of Oct. 1862, he was home on extended sick leave. On Oct. 1, 1862, the two colonels arrested 150 men, who were accused of treason and conspiracy. The colonels impaneled to try them, an extralegal "People’s Court" (unlisted in "Gammells Laws of Texas"). Conviction came upon a simple majority of seven, and Bourland and Young made certain, that of the impaneled jurors, seven of them were the county's largest slaveholders. Hence, a contest between the slaveholders and the 90% owned no slaves. The 40 defendants were convicted by the "People's Court," and the first 21 were hanged during the same week. About October 10th, Col. Young was murdered by an unknown assassin, and as a result, his son, Capt. James Young of the 11th Cavalry, took his place, exhibiting a real vengeance; and he soon hanged the other 19 defendants. Young tracked down 2 men, accused of killing his father, and he shot one, and lynched the other, using his own family slaves to do the dirty work. Bourland was also accused of other atrocities, but the Confederate Army took no action concerning them. At the end of the war, he obtained a pardon from President Andrew Johnson, but there is no record that he was ever subjected to a Union court martial. He was also acquitted of wrongdoing by a civil court at Gainesville. He died in seclusion, a lonely and broken old man, on Aug. 20, 1879. Teachers Note they were hung on Pecan creek, which runs through the middle of Gainesville Fair Park Cemetery, on the East side, was built to bury the 40 men I played on the ‘Confederate’ tombstones when I was in grade school my Daddy and Gran Daddy are buried there 4 of 12.3 Printer Copy Texas History Fort Burrows The War Ends By 1864, the North’s overwhelming advantage in soldiers and supplies took its toll on the South √ Surrender at Appomattox Union General Ulysses S. Grant trapped Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Petersburg, Virginia Union General Sherman had gone through Georgia destroying railroads, factories, and military supplies Sherman captured Atlanta Grant (North) accepted Lee’s (South) surrender at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia, on April 9, 1865 √ Battle at Palmito Ranch the Last Battle of the Civil War was fought in Texas. news of the surrender did not reach Texas for weeks some Texas Confederates refused to give up the war on May 12, 1865, Union Colonel Theodore H. Barrett attacked Confederate forces at Palmito Ranch the Confederates counterattacked, forcing Barrett to retreat and defeat on May 13 despite this victory, the Texas Confederates received orders to disband their armies troops went home and the Confederate Army and government simply disappeared Andrew Johnson, following the assassination of Lincoln on April 15, 1865 became President only a few days after the wars end he was now leading the U.S. Oran Roberts, 17th Governor of Texas, described the state during the war years, “ The people in most parts of the state set about providing themselves with the necessaries of life. From that time to the end of the war a person traveling past houses on the road could hear the sound of the spinning wheel and of the loom at which women were at work to supply clothing for their families and for their husbands and sons in the Army. Nor was that kind of employment all. Many a wife or daughter of a soldier went out on the farm and bravely did the work with plow and hoe to make provisions for her and the little children.” 5 of 12.3 Printer Copy Texas History Fort Burrows 1. Who died in the “Great Hanging” ? A. inmates at the prison in Huntsville B. blockade runners C. Germans from San Antonio D. Unionists from the Gainesville area 2. During the Civil War, what were Texans forced to sacrifice ? A. summer vacations B. wool C. cattle D. sugar 3. How did the economy of Texas change during the war ? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 4. What shortages did Texans face during the war ? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 5. What hardships did Unionists face in Texas ? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6. What brought the Civil War to an end ? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6 of 12.3 Printer Copy