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Part 5: States of Consciousness Testing your knowledge of idioms and other vocabulary Here are some more American idioms, words used with figurative meanings, and other vocabulary items that you may not be familiar with. Match each item in column A with the appropriate meaning given in column B. If you are unsure, look at the sentence context given below. Remember that words may have different meanings in different contexts. The meanings given here are appropriate for the contexts from your textbook, but in different contexts the words in question might have different meanings. Answers are given on page 32. COLUMN A COLUMN B a. delude 1. a distinguishing characteristic; a mark of genuineness 2. a secondary and sometimes unexpected or unintended result 3. deceive; mislead; cheat 4. excited 5. to desire strongly 6. harm or damage caused during normal use of something 7. to be engrossed in; to be fascinated by; to focus all one’s attention on 8. sold lawfully without a prescription 9. to perceive 10. to abandon something addictive 11. to complete or compensate for something at a later time 12. to compare 13. someone with little or no medical education who attempts to cure people, often with unusual methods 14. irregular; unpredictable 15. ready to fall asleep 16. to ignore; to become unresponsive to 17. obvious; typical; clear 18. to urinate while sleeping 19. a psychological and physiological condition which occurs after flying through several time zones 20. terrible; tragic b. to liken (something) to c. to be/become absorbed d. hallmark e. wear and tear f. over-the-counter g. catastrophic h. jet lag i. drowsy j. to pick up k. to wet the bed l. to catch up on m. by-product n. telltale o. fired up p. erratic q. to crave r. to kick the habit s. to tune out t. quack Handbook for Non-Native Speakers -26- Sentence context a. In fact, he declared that “the time seems to have come when psychology must discard all references to consciousness; when it need no longer delude itself into thinking that it is making mental states the object of observation. (p. 185) b. The first American psychologist, William James, likened consciousness to a stream that’s constantly changing yet always the same. (p. 185) c. Have you ever been so absorbed during an exam that you completely forgot your surroundings until the instructor announced, “Time is up,” and asked for your paper? (p. 185) d. This type of focused attention is the hallmark of controlled processes. (p. 185) e. “When I learned to type, I had to do it painfully and with much nervous wear and tear.” (p. 186) f. Many people now take over-the-counter versions of melatonin as a “sleeping pill.” (p. 188) g. Catastrophic accidents can also be traced to simple, but unusual coincidences. (p. 189) h. Have you ever taken a long airline flight and felt fatigued, sluggish, and irritable for the first few days after arriving? If so, you experienced symptoms of jet lag. (p. 189) i. During the day, do you feel drowsy while driving? (p. 190) j. The electrodes pick up electrical changes in the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex. (p. 190) k. Stage 4 sleep is also the time when children are most likely to wet the bed and when sleepwalking occurs. (p. 192) l. That is, they try to “catch up” on REM sleep on subsequent occasions by spending more time than usual in this state. (p. 194) m. In contrast to the Freudian perspective, the activationsynthesis hypothesis, dreams are a by-product of random stimulation of brain cells during REM sleep. (p. 196) n. A telltale complaint of insomnia is that the person feels poorly rested the next day. (p. 199) o. But don’t exercise vigorously late, or you’ll get fired up instead. (p. 201) Handbook for Non-Native Speakers -27- p. Keep regular hours. An erratic schedule can disrupt biological rhythms. (p. 201) q. Do you crave a drink or other drug at a definite time daily, or do you want a drink or other drug the next morning? (p. 205) r. As scientific evidence of the dangers of smoking accumulates and as social pressure from nonsmokers increases, many smokers are trying to kick the habit. (p. 208) s. The participant is able to “tune out” competing sensory stimuli. (p. 215) t. From the 1700’s to modern times, hypnosis has been used (and abused) by entertainers and quacks. (p. 216) Reviewing your knowledge of English grammar One area of English grammar which is problematic for many non-native speakers is that of articles, both definite (the) and indefinite (a, an, some). There is one other related grammar point which it is important to know about. You may have noticed that not all nouns in English occur with an article. For example, plural common nouns such as people, animals , researchers, etc. can occur with either the definite article the or with no article at all. We call this lack of an article the “zero article” (Ø). The rule for Ø vs. the in English is relatively simple: no article is used when all cases of the plural noun are being referred to - that is, when only generalities or generalizations are being discussed. The is used when a specific group of the plural noun is being referred to. Often, this specific group is further qualified through the use of a prepositional phrase or relative clause. The zero article (Ø) refers to all cases of the noun (i.e., to the noun in general) when it occurs in the plural form. More than 20% of workers in the United States are on rotating shift schedules that force them to keep changing their sleep and waking cycles. Studies show that shift workers typically suffer from increased fatigue and sleep disorders due to disruptions in their normal circadian rhythms. The refers to a specific group of the noun when it occurs in the plural form. (Prepositional phrases and relative clauses which help to qualify the specific group even more are double underlined.) Many people believe that the workers in the Union Carbide chemical accident in Bhopal, India were not alert because they worked a rotationg shift and suffered from fatigue. It is also believed that the crew memberswho were aboard the Exxon Valdez were fatigued and that their condition contributed to the Alaskan oil spill. Handbook for Non-Native Speakers -28- In the paragraph below, insert either the or Ø (leave the space blank) in the blanks. Use the above rules to guide you in making decisions. When you are finished, you may check your answers in the answer key section. While _____ nocturnal animals, such as _____ rats, sleep in the daytime and stay awake at night, _____ humans and most other animals are awake during _____ light times of the 24hour period and asleep during _____ periods when it is dark. For _____ humans, _____ circadian rhythms influence not only sleep and waking, but also blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature, blood sugar level, and cell growth. These daily rhythms help explain why we feel irritable, hungry, listless, or energetic at different times of the day. For example, _____ morning people reach their peak body temperature and maximum efficiency levels at midmorning, whereas _____ night people have higher temperatures and function better in the evening. Finding key information In this chapter, the authors describe in detail the effects of substances that produce an alternate state of consciousness. One pattern that is followed is to look at the different effects of a drug as it is administered in different doses (for example, low, high, and very high doses). Examine the paragraph below, which describes the effects of differing amounts of the drug marijuana. Then study the chart to see how this paragraph is logically organized: Marijuana, one of the most popular of all illegal consciousness-altering drugs today, is a hard drug to classify because it has the properties of depressants as well as stimulants and hallucinogens. In low doses it induces a sense of relaxation and mild euphoria sometime s characterized by detachment or uncontrollable giggles. With higher doses subjects often report disruptions in time perception and sensory experiences. With very high doses, it can cause visual or auditory hallucinations. EFFECTS OF MARIJUANA LOW DOSES HIGH DOSES a sense of relaxation and disruptions in time mild euphoria; detachment perception and sensory and/or uncontrollable experiences giggles Handbook for Non-Native Speakers VERY HIGH DOSES visual or auditory hallucinations -29- Read the section called “Depressants” on pages 191 and 192. Then fill in the chart below with key words that identify the different effects of alcohol according to blood alcohol level. EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL LOW DOSES HIGH DOSES VERY HIGH DOSES EXTREMELY HIGH DOSES Examining structural clues There are many ways in English to signal a cause/effect relationship. Sometimes, the mention of the cause precedes the effect; other times, the effect is mentioned first, and is followed by an explanation of the cause. To see how these relationships are expressed, study the sentences below: CAUSE EFFECT A warm bath can cause drowsiness. When a person is in an ASC distorted. his or her awareness of the world is lessened or Because of his 200-hour wake-a-thon Peter Tripp suffered delusions such as seeing cobwebs in his shoes and a suit of furry worms. People who regularly use sleeping pills run the risk of psychological and physiological drug dependence. EFFECT CAUSE We experience ASC meditation. as a result of sleep, dreaming, drugs, hypnosis, and Rotating shift workers are more due to fatigue and the interruption of their natural circadian accident-prone rhythms. You can get out of sync with your circadian rhythms Sleep apnea by flying across several time zones. Handbook for Non-Native Speakers results from blocked upper air passages. -30- There are a variety of words and expressions which are signal words for cause/effect relationships. Some of them are: because, because of, to bring about, to bring on, to induce, to cause, a cause, to lead to, to be due to, on account of, as a consequence of, in consequence, for, for this reason and as a result. Locate 5 sentences in this chapter which contain a cause/effect relationship and write the sentences in the spaces below. Decide which part of each sentence refers to the cause and which to the effect. 1. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Handbook for Non-Native Speakers -31- Answer key Testing your knowledge of idioms and other vocabulary a. 3; m. 2; b. 12; n. 17; c. 7; o. 4; d. 1; p. 14; e. 6; q. 5; f. 8; r. 10; g. 20; s. 16; h. 19; t. 13; i. 15; j. 9; k. 18; l. 11; Reviewing your knowledge of English grammar While _____ nocturnal animals, such as _____ rats, sleep in the daytime and stay awake at night, _____ humans and most other animals are awake during the light times of the 24hour period and asleep during the periods when it is dark. For _____ humans, _____ circadian rhythms influence not only sleep and waking, but also blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature, blood sugar level, and cell growth. These daily rhythms help explain why we feel irritable, hungry, listless, or energetic at different times of the day. For example, _____ morning people reach their peak body temperature and maximum efficiency levels at midmorning, whereas _____ night people have higher temperatures and function better in the evening. Finding key information EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL LOW DOSES HIGH DOSES has stimulating effects; relaxes inhibitions and enlivens a person at the same time symptoms of drunkenness appear; reactions slow; speech slurs; skilled performance deteriorates VERY HIGH DOSES EXTREMELY HIGH DOSES drinker is “out of risk of coma and even control” and incapable death from respiratory of involuntary action depression Examining structural clues Answers will vary. Handbook for Non-Native Speakers -32-