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Name _______________________________________ Social Studies Mesopotamia Review Sheet The Mesopotamia social studies test will be on ______________________________. Chapter 4 – The Rise of Sumerian City-States How did geographic challenges lead to the rise of city-states in Mesopotamia? In this chapter, we learned about how geographic challenges led to the rise of city-states in Mesopotamia. Explain the geography/environment of Southern Mesopotamia (Sumer). Mesopotamia – A Difficult Environment Why was Mesopotamia considered the Fertile Crescent? Problem Solution Problem Solution Problem Solution Problem Solution Food Shortages in the Hills Uncontrolled Water Supply in the River Valley Building and Maintaining a Complex Irrigation System Attacks by Neighboring Communities Word irrigation levee Definition Chapter 5 – Ancient Sumer Why do historians classify ancient Sumer as a civilization? In this chapter, we learned about the characteristics of a Sumerian society that made it a civilization. Stable Food Supply How did Sumerians know they had a stable food supply? Name two inventions that helped with farming. Social Structure top-level middle-level Describe the three levels of social structure. Explain what types of houses they lived in. Government How was the king chosen? What were some of his responsibilities? Religion In what ways did Sumerians express their religious beliefs? The Arts What types of objects did artisans make for Sumerians? Why was music important to Sumerians? Technology What were two technological advances of the Sumerians? Describe their importance. Writing Describe Sumerian writing and why scribes were important. Word civilization artisan technology pictograph scribe ziggurat Definition bottom-level Chapter 6 – Exploring Four Empires of Mesopotamia What were the most important achievements of the Mesopotamian empires? In this chapter, we learned about the most important achievements of the four empires that once ruled Mesopotamia. The Fall of Sumer Explain what caused the Fall of Sumer. What is Sargon best known for? Explain the strategies Sargon used that made him a successful leader. What were some of the Akkadians cultural achievements? What is Hammurabi best known for? Describe Hammurabi’s code of laws. List at least three other achievements of Hamnmurabi. Sargon and the Akkadian Empire Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire Contributions List at least five Mesopotamian contributions. 1.______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. ______________________________ 4. ______________________________ 5. ______________________________ Word empire contribution Definition Name _______________________________________ Social Studies Mesopotamia Review Sheet The Mesopotamia social studies test will be on ______________________________. Chapter 4 – The Rise of Sumerian City-States How did geographic challenges lead to the rise of city-states in Mesopotamia? In this chapter, we learned about how geographic challenges led to the rise of city-states in Mesopotamia. Explain the geography/environment of Southern Mesopotamia (Sumer). Mesopotamia – A The environment of Southern Mesopotamia (Sumer)was low and flat with little rain. Mesopotamia was surrounded by mountains and bodies of water. The Tigris and Difficult Euphrates rivers ran through Mesopotamia. Environment Why was Mesopotamia considered the Fertile Crescent? Mesopotamia was a crescent-shaped area of land marked by rich soil. Food Shortages in the Hills Uncontrolled Water Supply in the River Valley Building and Maintaining a Complex Irrigation System Attacks by Neighboring Communities Word irrigation levee Problem Solution The population increased and farmers did not have enough land to grow food for its people. Mesopotamians moved out of the foothills and onto the plains. Problem Solution Farming was difficult because there was either too much or too little rain. Sumerians learned how to control the water by digging canals, constructing dams and building reservoirs to store water for later use. Problem Solution The irrigation system crossed village boundaries and needed constant care and repair. The canals often became clogged with silt. Sumerians had to cooperate to keep the water system working. Villages worked together to clear silt from canals and ensure water levels in reservoirs were balanced. Problem Solution People fought over the right to use more water. People built new canals and blocked other cities’ canals. Sumerians built strong mud-brick walls around their cities for protection. They also dug moats outside city walls to prevent enemies from entering. Definition a means of supplying land with water a wall of earth built to prevent a river from overflowing its banks Chapter 5 – Ancient Sumer Why do historians classify ancient Sumer as a civilization? In this chapter, we learned about the characteristics of a Sumerian society that made it a civilization. Stable Food Supply How did Sumerians know they had a stable food supply? Name two inventions that helped with farming. Social Structure Describe the three levels of social structure. Explain what types of houses they lived in. Government How was the king chosen? What were some of his responsibilities? Religion In what ways did Sumerians express their religious beliefs? The Arts Sumerians had a stable food supply if it had enough food for its people. Their complex irrigation system and invention of the plow helped with farming. top-level ~ included priests, landowners and government officials ~ lived in two-story luxurious homes in the center of the city middle-level ~ included merchants, artisans, farmers and fishermen ~ lived in small mud-brick houses at the edge of the city bottom-level ~ included slaves ~ lived in their owners’ homes ~ had no property of their own The king was chosen by the gods. His responsibilities included enforcing laws, collecting taxes, building and maintaining temples, making sure irrigations systems were maintained, leading city-state’s army and appointing government officials. Sumerians expressed their religious beliefs by constructing temples and religious towers called ziggurats. They also made statues and held religious ceremonies. What types of objects did artisans make for Sumerians? Why was music important to Sumerians? Artisans made weapons, cups, mirrors, jewelry. Music was important to Sumerians because they believed music brought joy to gods and people. They played a variety of instruments that included drums, pipes and the lyre. Technology 1. Sumerians invented the wheel. It was used by potters, wheeled carts for farmers and chariots for the army. Wheeled carts made moving goods and farming easier. 2. Sumerians also invented the arch. Arches added strength and beauty to Sumerian buildings and became a common feature of temple entrances and upper-class homes. What were two technological advances of the Sumerians? Describe their importance. Writing Describe Sumerian writing and why scribes were important. Sumerians created a written language called cuneiform. They used a wedge-shaped stylus to etch their writing on clay tables. Scribes were important because they wrote down Sumerian laws. Word Definition civilization artisan a society marked by developed arts, sciences, government, and social structure. skilled workers technology the use of tools and other inventions for practical purposes pictograph a symbol that stands for an object scribe ziggurat Sumerian writer ancient Mesopotamian temple tower Chapter 6 – Exploring Four Empires of Mesopotamia What were the most important achievements of the Mesopotamian empires? In this chapter, we learned about the most important achievements of the four empires that once ruled Mesopotamia. The Fall of Sumer Explain what caused the Fall of Sumer. The Sumerians never united into one group, which left them open to attacks, they fought over land and water rights, and they were attacked by a stronger group (Akkadians). Sargon is best known for creating the world’s first empire. Explain the strategies Sargon used that made him a successful leader. Military strategies: assembled large army and taught how to fight in formation Political strategies: destroyed walls of city, demanded loyalty of city-state governors What were some of the Akkadians cultural achievements? Akkadians replaced Sumerian language with their own, created three-dimensional sculptures and steles. What is Hammurabi best known for? Describe Hammurabi’s code of laws. Hammurabi is best known for his written code of laws. Hammurabi’s code of laws unified the empire and brought order to people’s lives. They were very detailed and spelled out punishments for crimes. List at least three other achievements of Hammurabi. Hammurabi maintained irrigation systems properly, made Babylon a center for trade, built roads, and created a postal service. To unite the people, he named Marduk the supreme god over all others. What is Sargon best known for? Sargon and the Akkadian Empire Hammurabi and the Babylonian Empire Contributions List at least five Mesopotamian contributions. Word empire contribution Some contributions included the first written language (cuneiform), earliest civilization, first government system to run a city, written laws, wheel, plow, arch, chisel, lever, pulley, 12 month calendar (divided year into weeks, divided days into hours and hours into seconds), clock (60 minute hour and 60 second minute), number system based on 60 Definition large territory in which several groups of people are ruled by a single leader or government to give or supply; be an important factor in