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Rozema Biology—Spring 2010 Name: ____________________________________________ Hr: ___________ Introduction to Genetics BIG IDEAS: Genetics is the study of heredity, or the transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring. Organisms closely resemble their parents; their slight variations can accumulate over many generations and result in more obvious differences between organisms and their ancestors. All plants and animals (and one-celled organisms) develop and have the capacity to reproduce. Reproduction, whether sexual or asexual, is a requirement for the survival of species. Characteristics of organisms are influenced by heredity and environment. Genetic differences among individuals and species are fundamentally chemical. Different organisms are made up of somewhat different proteins. Reproduction involves passing the DNA with instructions for making these proteins from one generation to the next with occasional modifications. The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. Allele combinations in organisms can be described by their genetics, or by their physical expression. Each organism carries at least two alleles for each gene. However, some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes. Some traits are also specific to types of chromosomes (such as male and female chromosomes). Rozema Biology—Spring 2010 Probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses (breeding). Punnett Squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic outcomes of a “cross” or of breeding. The principle of independent assortment states that different alleles for genes can segregate independently during the formation of gametes (sex cells). Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations in plants and animals. Recent advances in biochemistry and cell biology have increased understanding of the mechanisms of inheritance and enabled the detection of disease related genes. Such knowledge is making it possible to design and produce large quantities of substances to treat disease and, in years to come, may lead to cures. If an error occurs in the formation of gametes (sex cells), the errors has the possibility of being passed on to future offspring. In gene therapy, an absent or faulty gene would be replaced by a normal-working gene. The Human Genome Project is an ongoing effort to analyze the human DNA sequence, in order to better understand the inheritance of traits. Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation in plants, animals, and other organisms, to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms. Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability. Unit Vocabulary: - Words You Already Learned: Alleles Gene Chromosome Homologous Pairs of Chromosomes Sex Cell / Gamete Sex Chromosomes Independent Assortment Law of Segregation Mutations - New Words To Learn: Gregor Mendel Dominant Trait Recessive Trait Genotype Phenotype Punnett Square Heterozygous Genotype Homozygous Genotype Sex-Linked Traits Co-Dominant Traits Polygenic Traits Genetic Diversity Genetic Recombination Gene Therapy Rozema Biology—Spring 2010 “Peas In A Pod: Cracking The Code” Video 1) How cool are those singing detectives? Super Cool Cool Eh Pretty Lame 2) Why did they originally think men carried the genetic information? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 3) What did Linnaeus believe? What did he think would happen when 2 individuals would “cross-breed”? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4) Many people used to believe in “blending” during breeding. What is “blending”? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5) People of Darwin’s time also believed in “acquired inheritance”. What is “acquired inheritance”? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6) Why did Gregor Mendel choose pea plants to study? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 7) Why did Gregor Mendel call some traits “dominant” and some “recessive”? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 8) How did Gregor Mendel KNOW that genes are not “blended” when organisms cross-breed? ______________________________________________________________ Rozema Biology—Spring 2010 9) What is the difference between “phenotype” and “genotype”? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 10) Mendel believed that during sperm/egg production, the “gene pair” splits up. What is this called? ______________________________________________________________ 11) What is the difference between “homozygous” and “heterozygous” genotypes? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 12) When Gregor Mendel studied more than one trait at a time in pea plants, he found that the traits were inherited randomly and separately. What is this called? ______________________________________________________________