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Civil War Chapter 18 U.S. History - The Civil War Begins (1861-1865) and Reconstruction Chapter 18 and 19 Fort Sumter As South seceded they took over many US Federal forts. Major Robert Anderson commanded the garrison at Ft. Sumter Charleston, South Carolina where supplies were running low. Lincoln’s choices: surrender fort or supply it. Confederacy attacked before the supplies arrived. Anderson forced to surrender. No one killed - 1st battle of the Civil War Firing on Fort Sumter – Fort Sumter, a federal fort in Charleston Harbor, was fired upon by rebel forces to begin the Civil war (April, 1861). Battle Hymn of the Republic written by Julia Ward Howe. “Battle Hymn of the Republic” – written at the beginning of the Civil War, used music from the abolitionist song “John Brown’s Body”; became a popular Civil War song of the Union Army and later a well-loved patriotic anthem. Choosing Sides Border States: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri could tip the balance. Keeping Maryland in Union important because of Washington D.C.’s location. First Battle of Bull Run To get to Richmond to invade, the North would have to go through Manassas, Virginia. July 21, 1861 Union forces commanded by General Irvin McDowell fought General Pierre Beauregard near a creek called Bull Run, just north of Manassas. “There is Jackson, standing like a stonewall!” Thomas J. Jackson = Stonewall Jackson Rebels (Confederates) launched a counter attack with a “rebel yell” and Union troops scattered. North shocked at their loss. Lincoln sent home 90 day militia and called for real army of 500,000 volunteers for 3 years. Many Southerners thought the war was over. Changes in Military Technology Technological Advancements changed tactics and increased casualties. Rifles with minie balls increased death toll - bullet would spin, increasing distance and accuracy. Ironclads: Warships covered in iron. First ironclad battle: the Confederate “Virginia” (originally named the Merrimack) battled the Union “Monitor” off Virginia’s coast in 1862. 4 hour battle ended in a draw. Bloody Antietam General Lee’s reasons for invading: Hit North while they’re down. Give Virginia farmers a break. Still hoping to get European support. Confederate officer accidentally left Lee’s battle plans behind at a campsite and Union soldiers found them, giving McClellan a chance to stop Lee. Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland. Bloodiest day in American History with 25,000 dead. Lee retreated. McClellan did not follow. Lincoln fired McClellan. Battle of Antietam –first battle of the Civil War to take place on Northern soil (in Sharpsburg, Maryland, September, 1862); bloodiest one-day battle in American history (23,000 casualties); Union victory when Lee withdrew to Virginia; built Union confidence and led President Abraham Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation (announced in September, 1862; signed the order in January, 1863) US History – The Tide of War Turns Calls for Emancipation Abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass urged Lincoln to emancipate the slaves. Lincoln was not sure if Constitution allowed him to free slaves. He decided to free the slaves after Antietam which was viewed as a Union victory. Emancipation Proclamation issued January 1, 1863. It freed few slaves because of Constitution, Lincoln felt he couldn’t free border state slaves. But as Commander-in-Chief he could make a military move to weaken the South. Though most slaves in South couldn’t go free it was an important symbolic move. The announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation – changes the nature of the war from that of preserving the Union to freeing the slaves. The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories. (announced in September, 1862; signed the order in January, 1863) 54th Mass 54th Massachusetts was one of the first African American Union regiments of the Civil War. Two of Frederick Douglass’ sons belonged to the regiment. The 54th fought at Fort Wagner, South Carolina. African American soldiers faced execution instead of becoming a prisoner of war if they were captured by Confederates. William Carney served with the 54th Massachusetts and won the Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions at Fort Wagner. Gettysburg June, 1863: Lee moves into S. Pennsylvania ran into Union troops July 1, 1863. Both call for reinforcements. 3 day battle Union victory. Death toll: 23,000 Union men dead 28,000 Confederate men dead Lee led his army back to Virginia and will never have another offensive attack in the North. Battle of Gettysburg, PA – turning point of the Civil War; Lee’s invasion of northern territory is repelled; South is no longer capable of an offensive into Union territory (July, 1863) Siege of Vicksburg Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeated Confederate troops at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Vicksburg was last major Southern stronghold On Mississippi River. Split the Confederacy into 2. Siege of Vicksburg, MS – the North captured this stronghold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states. (May-July, 1863) Surrender at Appomattox Lee sent a message to Grant that he was ready to surrender. April 9, 1865 Lee and Grant met in small town of Appomattox Court House, VA. Lee was offered amnesty (generous terms): after laying down arms, Confederates could return home, taking their possessions & horses. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, VA – brings the Civil War to a close as Lee surrenders the Confederate forces of Virginia to Grant (North). (April,1865) Lincoln’s Assassination 5 days after Lee’s surrender Lincoln and his wife went to Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. During the play John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln. This was a part of a larger plot to kill several government officials such as Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward. Lincoln first President to be assassinated. Assassination of Lincoln – Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth, a southern sympathizer (April, 1865) Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction Key People of Civil War Union army, both during & after the War, notified slaves of their freedom January 1865, 13th amendment passed and slavery became illegal. (Freed slaves) 14th Amendment Republicans wanted equality and citizenship for all people to be protected in the Constitution. Amendment made former slaves citizens and protected equal rights, but not suffrage for African Americans. 15th Amendment Stated citizens couldn’t be stopped from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. (Free male citizens could vote). Made many educated white women very angry. US History – Reconstruction (1865-1877) Reconstruction is the process the government went through to bring the South back into the country as non-slave states. It took place from 1865 to 1877. Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South for the war and give former slaves citizenship. After Lincoln’s death, the Radical Republicans controlled congress despite Andrew Johnson’s attempt to veto their policies. Homestead Act gave 160 acres plots of land to settlers west of the Mississippi River. One condition was no slaves allowed. Morrill Act encouraged the creation of colleges and universities devoted to agricultural and mechanical research. (Ex. Texas A&M) Dawes Act provided lots of land to Native Americans by dividing up tribal lands. Sharecropping is where the owner of the land allows others to work the farm in return for a portion of the harvest. African Americans became share croppers after the Civil War since farming was the only skill most of the freedmen had. Hiram Rhodes Revels first African American member of the Senate. Philip Bazaar a Navy seaman who was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for valor in combat at the battle for Fort Fisher. Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederacy Ulysses S. Grant – final commander of the Union forces Robert E. Lee – commander of the Army of Virginia Abraham Lincoln – President of the United States William Carney – Congressional Medal of Honor recipient; served with the 54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment (Union) during the Civil War; born a slave; the first black soldier to receive the award. (Reason for citation – “When the color sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors thereon. When the troops fell back he brought off the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded.”) Philip Bazaar – born in Chile, South America, was a Navy seaman in the Union Navy; received the Medal of Honor for distinguished service during the Civil War. (Reason for citation – “On board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865. As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore, O.S. Bazaar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle. He was 1 of 6 men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet.”) Stonewall Jackson – Confederate General in the Civil War; earned his name “Stonewall” at the Battle of Bull Run; gifted tactical commander; led troops in the 1st and 2nd Battles of Bull Run (Manassas) and Antietam. Important Speeches Lincoln’s first inaugural address: Equality – promised he had no intent to abolish slavery The Union – argued for the preservation of the Union The Government – stated it was against the law to secede from the Union Lincoln’s second inaugural address: Equality – stated that slavery perpetuated the war and denounced slavery The Union – fought for restoration of peace and the Union The Government – Lincoln stated that there were people trying to destroy the government, with or without war. Gettysburg Address: Equality – all slaves in the Confederate states would be free The Union – stated that the country was worth fighting for The Government – “The government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall be preserved.” Jefferson Davis’s inaugural address: Jefferson Davis became the President of the Confederate States of America in February, 1861. His inaugural address states that the secession of the Southern states was similar to the colonists’ revolution against the British; justifies the South’s “need” to secede, and discussed a tentative plan for the seceding states’ future. He claimed that secession was “a necessity, not a choice, we have resorted to the remedy of separation, and henceforth our energies must be directed to the conduct of our own affairs, and the perpetuity of the Confederacy which we have formed.” Civil War – Southern states thought they had the right to secede. Issues: right to own slaves as property and Federal tariffs; the Civil War brings the issue of states’ rights to a close; the Federal government emerges as the dominant authority and the Union is restored.