Download Chapter 18 and 19 Civil War and Reconstruction

Civil War
Chapter 18
U.S. History - The Civil War Begins (1861-1865) and
Reconstruction
Chapter 18 and 19
Fort Sumter
As South seceded they took over many US Federal forts. Major Robert Anderson
commanded the garrison at Ft. Sumter Charleston, South Carolina where
supplies were running low. Lincoln’s choices: surrender fort or supply it.
Confederacy attacked before the supplies arrived. Anderson forced to
surrender. No one killed - 1st battle of the Civil War
Firing on Fort Sumter – Fort Sumter, a federal fort in Charleston Harbor, was
fired upon by rebel forces to begin the Civil war (April, 1861).
Battle Hymn of the Republic written by Julia Ward Howe.
“Battle Hymn of the Republic” – written at the beginning of the Civil War, used
music from the abolitionist song “John Brown’s Body”; became a popular Civil
War song of the Union Army and later a well-loved patriotic anthem.
Choosing
Sides
Border States: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and
Missouri could tip the balance. Keeping Maryland in Union important because
of Washington D.C.’s location.
First Battle
of Bull Run
To get to Richmond to invade, the North
would have to go through Manassas, Virginia. July 21, 1861 Union forces
commanded by General Irvin McDowell fought General Pierre Beauregard
near a creek called Bull Run, just north of Manassas. “There is Jackson, standing
like a stonewall!” Thomas J. Jackson = Stonewall Jackson
Rebels (Confederates) launched a counter attack with a “rebel yell” and Union
troops scattered. North shocked at their loss. Lincoln sent home 90 day
militia and called for real army of 500,000 volunteers for 3 years.
Many Southerners thought the war was over.
Changes in
Military
Technology
Technological Advancements changed tactics and increased casualties.
Rifles with minie balls increased death toll - bullet would spin, increasing
distance and accuracy.
Ironclads: Warships covered in iron. First ironclad battle: the Confederate
“Virginia” (originally named the Merrimack) battled the Union “Monitor” off
Virginia’s coast in 1862. 4 hour battle ended in a draw.
Bloody
Antietam
General Lee’s reasons for invading: Hit North while they’re down. Give
Virginia farmers a break. Still hoping to get European support. Confederate
officer accidentally left Lee’s battle plans behind at a campsite and Union
soldiers found them, giving McClellan a chance to stop Lee. Battle of
Antietam near Sharpsburg, Maryland. Bloodiest day in American History
with 25,000 dead. Lee retreated. McClellan did not follow. Lincoln fired
McClellan. Battle of Antietam –first battle of the Civil War to take place on
Northern soil (in Sharpsburg, Maryland, September, 1862); bloodiest one-day
battle in American history (23,000 casualties); Union victory when Lee
withdrew to Virginia; built Union confidence and led President Abraham
Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation (announced in September,
1862; signed the order in January, 1863)
US History – The Tide of War Turns
Calls for
Emancipation
Abolitionists, such as Frederick Douglass urged Lincoln to emancipate the
slaves. Lincoln was not sure if Constitution allowed him to free slaves.
He decided to free the slaves after Antietam which was viewed as a Union
victory. Emancipation Proclamation issued January 1, 1863. It freed few slaves
because of Constitution, Lincoln felt he couldn’t free border state slaves.
But as Commander-in-Chief he could make a military move to weaken the
South. Though most slaves in South couldn’t go free it was an important
symbolic move.
The announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation – changes the nature
of the war from that of preserving the Union to freeing the slaves. The
proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories. (announced in
September, 1862; signed the order in January, 1863)
54th Mass
54th Massachusetts was one of the first African American Union regiments of
the Civil War. Two of Frederick Douglass’ sons belonged to the regiment.
The 54th fought at Fort Wagner, South Carolina. African American soldiers
faced execution instead of becoming a prisoner of war if they were captured by
Confederates. William Carney served with the 54th Massachusetts and won the
Congressional Medal of Honor for his actions at Fort Wagner.
Gettysburg
June, 1863: Lee moves into S. Pennsylvania ran into Union troops July 1, 1863.
Both call for reinforcements. 3 day battle Union victory.
Death toll: 23,000 Union men dead
28,000 Confederate men dead
Lee led his army back to Virginia and will never have another offensive attack
in the North. Battle of Gettysburg, PA – turning point of the Civil War; Lee’s
invasion of northern territory is repelled; South is no longer capable of an
offensive into Union territory (July, 1863)
Siege of
Vicksburg
Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeated Confederate
troops at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Vicksburg was last major Southern stronghold
On Mississippi River. Split the Confederacy into 2.
Siege of Vicksburg, MS – the North captured this stronghold to gain control
of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states. (May-July, 1863)
Surrender at
Appomattox
Lee sent a message to Grant that he was ready to surrender.
April 9, 1865 Lee and Grant met in small town of Appomattox Court House, VA.
Lee was offered amnesty (generous terms): after laying down arms, Confederates
could return home, taking their possessions & horses.
Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, VA – brings the Civil War to a
close as Lee surrenders the Confederate forces of Virginia to Grant (North).
(April,1865)
Lincoln’s
Assassination
5 days after Lee’s surrender Lincoln and his wife went to Ford’s Theater in
Washington D.C. During the play John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln.
This was a part of a larger plot to kill several government officials such as
Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward. Lincoln first
President to be assassinated. Assassination of Lincoln – Lincoln is shot by
John Wilkes Booth, a southern sympathizer (April, 1865)
Reconstruction
Amendments
Reconstruction
Key People
of Civil War
Union army, both during & after the War, notified slaves of their freedom
January 1865, 13th amendment passed and slavery became illegal. (Freed
slaves)
14th Amendment Republicans wanted equality and citizenship for all people to be
protected in the Constitution. Amendment made former slaves citizens and
protected equal rights, but not suffrage for African Americans.
15th Amendment Stated citizens couldn’t be stopped from voting based on race,
color, or previous condition of servitude. (Free male citizens could vote). Made
many educated white women very angry.
US History – Reconstruction (1865-1877)
Reconstruction is the process the government went through to bring the
South back into the country as non-slave states. It took place from 1865 to
1877. Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South for the war and
give former slaves citizenship. After Lincoln’s death, the Radical
Republicans controlled congress despite Andrew Johnson’s attempt to veto
their policies.
Homestead Act gave 160 acres plots of land to settlers west of the
Mississippi River. One condition was no slaves allowed.
Morrill Act encouraged the creation of colleges and universities devoted to
agricultural and mechanical research. (Ex. Texas A&M)
Dawes Act provided lots of land to Native Americans by dividing up tribal
lands.
Sharecropping is where the owner of the land allows others to work the
farm in return for a portion of the harvest. African Americans became share
croppers after the Civil War since farming was the only skill most of the
freedmen had.
Hiram Rhodes Revels first African American member of the Senate.
Philip Bazaar a Navy seaman who was awarded the Congressional Medal
of Honor for valor in combat at the battle for Fort Fisher.
Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederacy
Ulysses S. Grant – final commander of the Union forces
Robert E. Lee – commander of the Army of Virginia
Abraham Lincoln – President of the United States
William Carney – Congressional Medal of Honor recipient; served with the
54th Massachusetts Colored Regiment (Union) during the Civil War; born a
slave; the first black soldier to receive the award. (Reason for citation – “When
the color sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to
the parapet, and planted the colors thereon. When the troops fell back he
brought off the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely
wounded.”)
Philip Bazaar – born in Chile, South America, was a Navy seaman in the
Union Navy; received the Medal of Honor for distinguished service during the
Civil War. (Reason for citation – “On board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba
during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865. As one of a boat crew
detailed to one of the generals on shore, O.S. Bazaar bravely entered the fort
in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height
of the battle. He was 1 of 6 men who entered the fort in the assault from the
fleet.”)
Stonewall Jackson – Confederate General in the Civil War; earned his name
“Stonewall” at the Battle of Bull Run; gifted tactical commander; led troops in
the 1st and 2nd Battles of Bull Run (Manassas) and Antietam.
Important Speeches
Lincoln’s first inaugural address:
Equality – promised he had no intent to abolish slavery
The Union – argued for the preservation of the Union
The Government – stated it was against the law to secede from the Union
Lincoln’s second inaugural address:
Equality – stated that slavery perpetuated the war and denounced slavery
The Union – fought for restoration of peace and the Union
The Government – Lincoln stated that there were people trying to destroy the
government, with or without war.
Gettysburg Address:
Equality – all slaves in the Confederate states would be free
The Union – stated that the country was worth fighting for
The Government – “The government of the people, by the people, and for the
people shall be preserved.”
Jefferson Davis’s inaugural address:
Jefferson Davis became the President of the Confederate States of America in
February, 1861. His inaugural address states that the secession of the
Southern states was similar to the colonists’ revolution against the British;
justifies the South’s “need” to secede, and discussed a tentative plan for the
seceding states’ future. He claimed that secession was “a necessity, not a
choice, we have resorted to the remedy of separation, and henceforth our
energies must be directed to the conduct of our own affairs, and the perpetuity
of the Confederacy which we have formed.”
Civil War – Southern states thought they had the right to secede.
Issues: right to own slaves as property and Federal tariffs; the Civil War brings
the issue of states’ rights to a close; the Federal government emerges as the
dominant authority and the Union is restored.