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Name _______________________________________ Period _____ # _____ Mitosis Vocabulary 1. Binary fission The form of cell division in Prokaryotic (bacteria) cells. This is simpler and quicker than mitosis because there is only one ring shaped piece of DNA to copy and send to the new cells. 2. Cell Cycle This term describes the three stages of the life cycle of a Eukaryotic cell: Stage I Interphase (normal activity/ chromatin doubles at end) Stage II Mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) Stage III Cytokinesis (cytoplasm separates into two new cells) 3. Chromatin A single, twisted thread of DNA used to direct cell activities. This is the condition of the DNA during interphase while the cell is carrying out its normal functions. 4. Chromosome A doubled condensed coil of DNA which forms during late interphase. It is easier for the DNA to move through the stages of mitosis in this condensed form. 5. Chromatid One half of a chromosome made of a single coil of DNA 6. Centromere The point of attachment between two chromatids. The centromere attaches to the spindle fibers during mitosis and helps chromatids move to the opposite side of the cell during anaphase. 7. Somatic cells These are cells that make up the body parts of a plant or animal Ex: liver cells, toe cells, wing cells, leaf cells, root cells. These cells have the normal or diploid number of chromosomes. 8. Diploid This term describes the number of chromosomes in an organism’s somatic (body cells). Example: Humans have 46 chromosomes in their liver and lung cells so 46 is the diploid number of chromosomes in humans. 9. Haploid This term describes the number of chromosomes in an organism’s gametes (sex cells). It is always half the diploid number. Example: Humans have 23 chromosomes in their sperm/egg cells so 23 is the haploid number of chromosomes in human sex cells. 10. Parent cell The original cell being described. 11. Daughter cells The term used to describe the two new cells which form at the end of cell division. 12. Cell plate A structure formed in dividing plant cells during telophase – it grows from the middle of the cell outward to join the old cell membrane. 13. Poles The opposite ends (sides) of a cell. Chromatids move toward the poles during anaphase. 14. Equator The midline of the cell. Chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell during metaphase. Key Events of the Cell Cycle (There are more details – this is just a memory device!) Stage I Interphase Late interphase Normal activity Chromosomes double Stage II Mitosis (has four phases) Prophase Chromosomes visible Metaphase Chromosomes in Middle Anaphase Chromosomes pull Apart Telophase Two nuclei Stage III Cytokinesis Cytoplasm separates Meiosis Vocabulary 13. Gametes These are the sex cells of an organism; female gametes are called egg cells and male gametes are called sperm cells. These cells have the haploid (1/2) number of chromosomes. 14. Fertilization The joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell to form a fertilized egg. 15. Zygote A fertilized egg. 16. Trait A distinguishing characteristic that can be passed from one generation to the next. Examples: eye color, height, shape of leaf, color of flower, size of wing 17. Gene A section of DNA (and therefore a section of a chromosome) that controls one trait or characteristic. There is a gene for eye color, a gene for shape of leaf, a gene for each enzyme in cellular respiration. 18. Homologous chromosome pairs Term used to describe a matching pair of chromosomes that are the same size and shape and contains genes for the same traits/characteristics. One chromosome comes from the male parent and was in the sperm cell; the other comes from the mother and was in the egg cell. 19. Meiosis The form of cell division that results in gametes (sperm/egg). The parent cell goes through two divisions creating four cells with half as many chromosomes in each of the four new cells. Haploid sex cells form.