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Review: Hinduism and Buddhism World History/Napp Identify whether the following statements are true or false. 1- Hindus believe in a world soul (Brahman) and an individual soul (atman). Atman is part of Brahman. True or False 2- Karma refers to the deeds and action of an individual. Karma from a past life determines a person’s reincarnation. Good karma leads to a better reincarnation. True or False 3- The caste system is a class system with social mobility. In a lifetime, a person can change his caste. True or False 4- Siddhartha Gautama was a homeless man who longed to be a king. He eventually rose to power and was a great warrior. True or False 5- When leaving the palace, Siddhartha Gautama saw four sights: an old man, a sick man, a corpse and a religious man. True or False 6- Hindus and Buddhists believe in reincarnation or that the soul is reborn. True or False 7- Moksha is a Sanskrit term for reincarnation. True or False 8- Upon his enlightenment, Siddhartha Gautama became the Buddha or the enlightened one and came to believe in the Four Noble Truths or that life has suffering, desire causes suffering, suffering can end, and the Eightfold Path as a means to ending suffering. True or False 9- Buddhists accept the caste system. They believe that a person is born into his caste and remains in his caste throughout his lifetime. True or False 10- To Buddhists, dharma refers to the teachings of the Buddha. To Hindus, dharma refers to the rules of caste. True or False 11- Nirvana is a Buddhist term that refers to the end of suffering, the end of reincarnation. It is a state of perfect understanding. True or False The terms Brahma, caste, and moksha are most closely associated with the religion of (1) Judaism (2) Buddhism (3) Hinduism (4) Islam In India, the Caste system determined a person’s occupation, personal associations, and marriage partner. It (1) has promoted social mobility (2) has been a way of life as well as an element of religion Questions: What are the four castes of the caste system? ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ What determines a person’s caste? ________________ Define the following terms: Karma Moksha The word “Hindu” is derived from the name of River Indus, which flows through northwestern India. In ancient times the river was called the “Sindhu,” but the Persians who migrated to India called the river “Hindu,” the land “Hindustan” (Sanskrit, Hindi), and its inhabitants “Hindus.” Hinduism is the dominant religion of India today. Eighty percent of Indians are Hindus. What is the word “Hindu” derived from? ___________________________________________ Who called the river “Hindu”? ___________________________________________ According to the Persians, who were the Hindus? ___________________________________________ What percentage of Indians are Hindus? ___________________________________________ The core of Hinduism is the belief in Brahman, the universal life force or god that is part of all existence. According to Hindus, one’s ignorance of the true nature of the self as one with Brahman or god is what traps a person in an endless cycle of death and reincarnation (the rebirth of the soul). Therefore, the highest goal of Hinduism is liberation (moksha) from the karmic cycle of death and rebirth. At moksha, a person stops reincarnating and realizes his true god self. What is Brahman? ___________________________________________ Define reincarnation. ___________________________________________ According to Hinduism, why do people reincarnate? ___________________________________________ What is the goal of the Hindu? ___________________________________________ The belief that one’s karma determines one’s birth in the next life has supported the structure of the caste system in India, made up of four castes that determine one's occupation: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (merchants) and Sudras (farmers). A person is born into his caste and remains in his caste a lifetime. If a person belongs to no caste, he is an outcaste. Outcastes or untouchables face discrimination. Brahmins Caste System Untouchables The Buddhist religion teaches that salvation is earned by (1) Following the Ten Commandments (2) Worshiping Allah as the one true god (3) Learning to give up selfish desire (4) Being baptized and confirmed The Eightfold Path, the Four Noble Truths, and the concept of nirvana are associated with the religion of (1) Islam (2) Jainism (3) Shinto (4) Buddhism Where is the Mahabodhi Temple located? ____________ ____________ What did Brahma ask Buddha to do? ____________ Siddhartha Gautama was born around the year 580 BCE in the village of Lumbini in present-day Nepal. He was born into a royal family, and his privileged life protected him from the sufferings of life; sufferings such as sickness, age and death. One day, after growing up, marrying and having a child, Siddhartha went outside the royal enclosure where he lived. When he went outside he saw, each for the first time, an old man, a sick man, and a corpse. This greatly disturbed him, and he learned that sickness, age, and death were the inevitable fate of human beings - a fate no-one could avoid. Where and when was Siddhartha Gautama born? ________________________________________________ Describe his early life. ________________________________________________ What happened when he left the royal enclosure? ________________________________________________ Why was Siddhartha disturbed? ________________________________________________ Siddhartha had also seen a monk and he decided this was a sign that he should leave his protected royal life and live as a homeless holy man. Siddhartha’s travels showed him much more of the suffering of the world. He searched for a way to escape the inevitability of death, old age and pain first by studying with religious men. This didn’t provide him with an answer. What did Siddhartha do after witnessing suffering? ________________________________________________ What did Siddhartha search for? ________________________________________________ Did he find his answer? ________________________________________________ One day, seated beneath the Bodhi tree (the tree of awakening) Siddhartha became deeply absorbed in meditation, and reflected on his experience of life, determined to penetrate its truth. He finally achieved Enlightenment and became the Buddha. The Mahabodhi Temple at the site of Buddha’s enlightenment is now a pilgrimage site. Buddhist legend tells that at first the Buddha was happy to dwell within this state, but Brahma, king of the gods, asked, on behalf of the whole world, that he should share his understanding with others. What happened to Buddha under the Bodhi tree? ________________________________________________ Define the following terms: The Four Noble Truths The Eightfold Path Buddha “Hinduism was not just a religion in ancient India. It was a way of life. It affected how Indians lived, what they believed, and even the way they organized their society. Hinduism taught that a well-organized society was divided into social classes. Europeans later called this the caste system. The Vedas describe four main social classes: • Brahmins (priests and religious scholars) • Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors) • Vaishyas (herders and merchants) • Shudras (servants) According to the Vedas, each class, or Varna, had its own duties. For example, Brahmins had a duty to study and teach the Vedas. Warriors had a duty to become skilled with weapons. But the caste system meant that some people were much more favored than others. Brahmins held the top place, while Shudras held the lowest. Over the centuries a fifth class developed, called the untouchables. These were people whose jobs or ways of life involved activities that Hindus considered lowly or “dirty,” such as handling garbage and dead animals. Untouchables often had to live in their own villages or neighborhoods. They could not enter many temples or attend most schools. Other Hindus avoided touching them and, in many cases, even looking at them. The caste system affected all aspects of people’s lives. Indians were born into a certain caste, and they could not change it. In addition, people could only marry within their own caste. The caste system is just one example of how Hinduism was woven into the fabric of daily life in India. Even today, the highest caste in India is the Brahmins. They are identified by the sacred thread worn over their shoulders.” ~ World History - Why is the caste system a fixed social class system? - How does the caste system favor some individuals and disfavor others? - How does the caste system differ from the American class system? - How were untouchables treated? - What are the four Varnas? 1. The caste system in India was characterized by (1) toleration for various religious beliefs (2) equality between men and women (3) a lack of social mobility (4) the right of people to choose their occupations 2. Which belief system is most closely associated with the terms Eightfold Path, Four Noble Truths, and nirvana? (1) Buddhism (2) Christianity (3) Judaism (4) Shinto 3. “…He who, being of weak faculties [abilities], develops the wisdom of the first path with a dull insight is reborn seven times at most; after seven rebirths in states of bliss he will make an end of misery: he who develops it with medium faculties and insight is a roamer; after two or three rebirths he will make an end of misery: he who develops it with keen faculties and insight takes root but once, only one human birth will he pass through and make an end of misery…” ~ Charles W. Eliot, ed., Sacred Writings, Vol II, P.F. Collier & Son, 1910 4. Which belief system is described in this passage? (1) Buddhism (2) Christianity (3) Islam (4) Confucianism 5. Which factor most influenced a person’s social position in early Indian societies? (1) education (2) birth (3) geographic location (4) individual achievement 6. Which belief is most closely associated with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)? (1) People are born into a specific caste. (2) Believers must follow the Ten Commandments. (3) Followers must fast during Ramadan. (4) People can overcome their desires by following the Eight-Fold Path. 7. Which belief is shared by Hindus and Buddhists? (1) Everyone should have the same social status. (2) People should pray five times a day. (3) The soul can be reincarnated. (4) Material wealth is a sign of the blessing of the gods. 8. According to Buddhist principles, believers can end personal suffering by (1) doing good deeds (2) eliminating selfish desires (3) making pilgrimages to Mecca (4) relying on divine help 9. The terms Brahma, dharma, and moksha are most closely associated with which religion? (1) Judaism (2) Islam (3) Hinduism (4) animism 10. The “four passing sights” did NOT include (1) a sick man (2) a hungry child (3) a dead man (4) an old man Reincarnation, Yoga, Untouchable, Indus, Ganges, Cow, Karma, Dharma, Brahman, Caste, Vedas Nirvana, Cultural Diffusion, Buddha, Middle, Reincarnation, Siddhartha, Desire, Eight, Four, India, Hinduism