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AP Biology Comparative Fungi Anatomy Body Plan of Fungi Name: Spores Mass of hyphae, a mycelium Example of one type of fruiting body (ascocarp). An extensive mat of hyphae is called a Fungi produce spores. ___________________________ The typical body of a fungus is in What is a spore? __________________ A fruiting body on a fungus is the shape of long filaments called like a what on a plant? ___________________________ _________________________ ________________________________ Hyphae branch and aggregate to form a pattern of interconnecting Is a spore haploid or diploid? ________ filaments collectively called __________________________ Phylum Chytridiomycota Draw and label a representative of Phylum Chytridiomycota in the adjacent space. What is the phylogentic significance of looking at Allomyces? ________________________________ How is Allomyces similar to a protist? How to a fungus? ___________________________________ What is the economic importance of Allomyces? __________________________________________ Comparative Fungi Lab 1 Phylum Zygomycota Rhizopus (breadmold) mycelium growing in Petri plate. What is the white material growing on the surface of this agar plate? ______________________________________ What is the ploidy level of a hypa? ______________________________________ What are the dark structures? ______________________________________ Rhizopus asexual sporangia at different stages of development What is a sporangium? ___________________ ______________________________________ What is the difference between a sexual and asexual spore? __________________________ Rhizopus zygosporangium (stained) What is a zygosporangium and why is it important? _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ Before a zygosporangium can produce spores, what type of cell division must occur? _____________________________________________ Quiet and germinating spores of Rhizopus What is a spore? ______________________________ ____________________________________________ What is the ploidy level of a spore? ____________________________________________ In each of the above photos, find and label a mycelium, hypha, and a zygosporangium. Comparative Fungi Lab 2 Every fall in temperate climates, massive amounts of leaves are shed. Using the above photos as a visual, explain the decomposer role of fungi in ecosystems. ___________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Bread Mold Dissection 1. Carefully open the bag of bread and observe the To what Phylum does this organism belong bread mold then using a hand lens study it _________________________________________ Does this organism produce spores in a) asexual reproduction b) sexual reproduction c) both d) neither closely.(do NOT inhale the spores) 2. Identify, draw, and label the parts of the bread mold in space below. In this organism sexual reproduction takes place in the: A. ovary B. zygospore C. ascus D. basidiocarp T/F Sexual reproduction only occurs in the most ideal climates How many nuclei are you expecting to observe in each cell? _________________________________ Describe the hyphae of this organism A) coenocytic The spores from two different sporangia shown here and dikaryotic B) coenocytic with haplid nuclei C) are genetically same? ________________________ septate with haploid nuclei D) septate with diploid nuclei E) coenocytic with dipoid nuclei F) septate and dikaryotic Where are the asexual spores in this organism produced? _________________________________ In the sexual reproduction of Zygomycota, two types of mating gametangia fuse to produce (A) rhizoids; (B) hyphae; (C) zygospore; (D) asexual spore. If bread is left exposed to air under moist conditions, mold grows on it. Where does the mold come from? ___________________________________________________________________________________ Comparative Fungi Lab 3 Phylum Ascomycota-Sac Fungi Mold on Orange T/F Penicillium, mildew and mold belong to the Phylum Ascomycota. Penicillium at 200X (stained) What name is given to these specialized asexual Name one other type of fungus that is also found in spores?_________________________________ this phylum. _________________________________________ Powdery Mildew of Lilac Ascocarp (stained) What is an ascocarp? ___________________________ What would you expect to find inside an ascocarp? _____________________________________________ What is the ploidy level of an ascocarp? ____________ Mildew hyphae on leaf surface, Lo mag Comparative Fungi Lab High magnification of ascocarp (stained) Mildew hyphae on leaf surface, Hi mag 4 What is function of haustoria? (A) absorb water from soil; (B) produce asexual spores; (C) absorb nutrients from the host leaf; (D) participate sexual reproduction. This fungus is a parasite that lives on the leaves of this lilac. The term that plant pathologists us to denote a fungus that is parasitically associated with the leaves of a plant is _________________________________. Describe how a mildew obtains nutrients from its host. __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ How do mildews spread from one lilac leaf to another? __________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ What is the ploidy level of the hyphae of a mildew? ____________________________________________ Cup fungi (You should review the life cycle of Sordaria, an Ascomocota fungus) Peziza at 400X. Note closely packed asci each containing ascospores (stained). The sac like reproductive structures of this fungus are called______________________. How many ascospores are in an ascus? ________________ What type of cell divisions occur in the development of an ascospore? _______________ _________________________ Sordaria. Fungi produce spores. Are they haploid or diploid? ___________ What is a spore? _____________ ___________________________ What are these spores called? ___________________________ True / False The spores released In cup fungi, a diploid zygote Do they occur during the asexual by this structure are always divides to produce 8 ascospores by or sexual phase? _____________ formed by meiosis. (A) mitosis and meiosis; (B) What phylum does this organism mitosis; (C) meiosis; (D) belong to? Why? Which structure below is unique fertilization.. _____________ to this organism's phylum? A. ___________________________ basiocarp B. zygospore C. ascus. Select the sequence of events that Describe what is meant by a produced the red-stained cells "dikaryon" and where this stage What is the ploidy level of the A) karyogamy-diploid cell-mitosis- fits within the life cycle of an spores and hyphae shown here? meiosis-ascospores B) diploid cell- Ascomycete fungus. __________ ___________________________ karyogamy-meiosis-ascospores C) Karyogamy-diploid cell-meiosis___________________________ ___________________________ mitosis-ascospores D) Karyogamydiploid cells-mitosis-ascospores. ___________________________ Comparative Fungi Lab 5 Name the structures produced by asexual reproduction in this organism. ___________________________________________________________ This organism is only diploid at one stage in its life cycle. Which stage is that? _______________________________________________________ What reproductive structure is featured here? _______________________ This organism is only diploid at one stage in its life cycle. Which stage is that? _______________________________________________________ Describe what is meant by a "dikaryon" and where this stage fits within the life cycle of an Ascomycete fungus.____________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Yeast Dissection 1. Obtain a clean microscope slide from your teacher. 2. Place a few specimens of Dry Yeast on the slide; add some water and then a coverslip. 3. Find the yeast specimens first on scanning power, then low, and finally high-power. Sketch and label the structures of the yeast in the adjacent space. Penicillium Observation Observe some penicillium on an orange. Sketch your observations. Based on your observations, how are these fungi different that the others you have observed in this lab?_________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Comparative Fungi Lab 6 Phylum Basidiomycota 1. Take your mushroom and using the hand lens or the dissecting microscope study it closely. 2. Identify, draw, and label these parts of the mushroom: gills, cap, basidiocarp, and stalk (page 507). 3. Now take the mushroom and cut it lengthwise through the cap and stalk. a. Examine the cut areas with the hand lens or the dissecting microscope. b. Identify, draw, and label the hyphae part of the mushroom. Mushroom (basidiocarp) showing gills under cap. What division does this fungus belong to? A. Chytridiomycota; B. Zygomycota; C. Ascomycota; D. Basidiomycota. What microscopic structures would you expect to find on the gill surfaces? ____________________ The hyphae in a mushroom are (A) diploid; (B) dikaryotic; (C) monokaryotic. What ploidy level do most of the tissues in this mushroom exhibit? ________________________ What is a basidiocarp?______________________ ________________________________________ If surface of gill is observed at high magnification Comparative Fungi Lab Basidiospores are attached to basidia by small 7 basidia are observed. The structures on this organism that produce the spores are the _____________________________ Each basidium produces how many spores? _____ Are spores haploid or diploid? _______________ Are basidiospores produced by mitosis or meiosis? _________________________________________ cytoplasmic extensions, Gills of oyster mushroom. Bracket fungi This structure was produced from: A) haploid hypae B) dikaryotic hyphae C) diploid hyphae D) none of the above What type of nuclear division gave rise to this structure?__________________________________ Bracket fungus upper surface Bracket fungus on left was cut in half to reveal inner structure. General and Comparative Questions 1. Define plamogamy and karyogamy. Diagram a general life cycle of a Kingdom Fungi member and show where these two processes occur in the life cycle. Clearly indicate the ploidy levels of the stages. 2. Define the terms coenocytic and dikaryon. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Comparative Fungi Lab 8 3. Compare and contrast the importance of asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction in the Divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. 4. What are the distinguishing characteristics of a fungus that are not shared with other organisms? _________________________________________________________________________________ 5. If you were given a fungus, how would you go about determining if it was a member of one of the four divisions studied in this lab topic? _________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Is a fungal spore a seed? Why do you say so? _________________________________________________________________________________ 7. How are spores from fungi similar to those from seedless plants? ____________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 8. 9. 10. 11. What is the role of spores in the life cycle of fungi? _______________________________________ What is the role of fungi in the ecosystem? ______________________________________________ What does the cell wall of a fungal hyphae consist of? _____________________________________ List 2 reasons why the fungi group does not belong to the Plant Kingdom. _____________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 12. 13. Fungi have adopted a saprophytic lifestyle. What is meant by saprophytic? ____________________ What are the different types of associations that fungi have with other organisms? Name one example of each. __________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Why do most plants grow slower in sterile soil (void of bacteria and fungi) than non-sterile soil? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Comparative Fungi Lab 9 http://www.biology.iastate.edu/Courses/211L/Fungi/FungINDX.htm Comparative Fungi Lab 10