* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ancient Greece wars
Survey
Document related concepts
Athenian democracy wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek religion wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek literature wikipedia , lookup
Thebes, Greece wikipedia , lookup
Spartan army wikipedia , lookup
List of oracular statements from Delphi wikipedia , lookup
Peloponnesian War wikipedia , lookup
Battle of the Eurymedon wikipedia , lookup
Second Persian invasion of Greece wikipedia , lookup
First Peloponnesian War wikipedia , lookup
Corinthian War wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Cyrus the Great of the Persian Wars 539 BC, called himself the King of Kings ruled all of West Asia conquered Ionia raised Ionia’s taxes and imposed tyrants Ionians- unhappy about this Cyrus' Son, Cambyses conquered Egypt also conquered some Greek islands between Anatolia and Greece in 522 BC, conquered the important island of Samos. Darius Cambyses was killed-Darius became king wanted to conquer something too 514 BC, decided to attack the Scythians, north of the Black Sea perhaps to weaken the Greeks lost war-- Scythians retreated, but burned all their food before leaving Darius' army could find nothing to eat; forced to go home to Persia. many thought: Thebes, Athens, Sparta next many Greeks sent messengers to Persia begged Darius not to attack willing to do anything to please Persians King Darius- rude to Athenians Athenians decided not to make peace alliance 499 BC, Greek island, Naxos, is attacked four month siege Persia gives up Ionian Greeks confident they, too, could defeat Persia revolt led by Aristagoras (air-uh-STAG-uh-rus) of Meletus a Greek who’d tried to help King Darius defeat Naxos may have feared Darius’ punishment for failure turned against Darius, helped Ionians got rid of pro-Persian tyrant rulers set up democracies asked Sparta for help; Spartans refused Aristagoras asked Athens for help Athens sent 20 ships from new navy Eretrians of Euboea sent 5 ships Ionia allied Greek forces capture and burn capital, Sardis Aristagorus is killed but gradually Persia begins to win in 5 years, by 499 BC, Persians take Meletus (Aristagorus’ home city) Ionian revolt is over! Ionians don’t seem to receive much punishment Persians very angry now at Athenians and Eretrians Persians viewed Athenians and Eretrians as terrorists considered them foreign invaders who destroyed innocent people’s homes and lives for revenge? to expand Persian Empire? this time? --- by sea by land? --- failed in 514 BC against Scythians Persians start from Ionia (modern Turkey) first goal? : conquer Athens then maybe all of Greece Hippias, exiled tyrant of Athens, was angry with Athenians Hippias lived in King Darius’ court Hope?: helping Darius might put Hippias back in power in Athens 1st step --- Eretria 490 BC, Persia took cavalry on ships to Eretria looted islands along the way when arrived at Eretria, people ran inside city, shut gates Persians had no weapons to get them in city walls battle 6 days Some Eretrians fear Persians-traitor opens back gate during night and lets in Persians Hippias advises King Darius to sail to Marathon Marathon- 25 miles from Athens Hippias’ father landed there 56 years earlier maybe people of Marathon would help Hippias back to power area around Marathon only good place for grazing cavalry horses- another good reason to go there many Athenians are frightened citizens (free men) meet discuss whether to stay democracy (all citizens vote) -or go back to oligarchy (allow a few rich powerful people to rule) Athenian men votedemocracy is chosen Athenians would have been safe behind walls of city feared someone would let Persians in like in Eretria Athenian army took strong position in hills around Marathon legend:(many versions) runner, Pheidippides (fid IP uh dees), goes to Sparta for help ran 150 miles to Sparta in two days Statue of Pheidippides alongside the Marathon Road Sparta’s Answer? Sparta refused due to religious law stating only allow to battle during full moon promised help in 6 days Athenians wait several days, then afraid someone would betray them, decide to attack nearby Plateans help at first Persian cavalry made it impossible for Athenian infantry to cross open plain Greek general, Miltiades (mill TIE uh dees), tricked the Persians divides army into three sections: center, left, right center pretends to retreat Persians chase them right and left wings of Greek army rush in from sides number killed? : thousands of Persians, less than 200 Greeks Persians scurry back to ships, sail away, defeated Greek Army at Marathon Click link below, scroll to very bottom of site page for animation of battle of Marathon. One mystery remains: how could the Athenians cross the plain without fear for a cavalry attack? Herodotus (the historian) suggests that their charge was too swift, but contradicts this when he says that the struggle was long drawn out (which means: more than two hours). A Persian nobleman: small bust from Persepolis ) (National Archaeological Museum, Tehran There is, however, another story about the battle of Marathon: deserters from the Persian army had come to the Athenian camp, telling that the cavalry were away. But why? A possible explanation is that Datis and Artaphernes had become uneasy with the stalemate, had decided to leave the plain to attack the Athenian port of Phaleron, and had ordered the cavalry to embark on the transports. If this speculation is correct, the Athenians merely attacked a Persian rearguard. Whatever the truth, it is certain that cavalry took part in the final stages of the battle, because in the Athenian building known as Stoa Poikilê was a painting of the battle that included a Persian horseman. From the biography of Miltiades by the Roman author Cornelius Nepos (first century BCE) and in the Suda, a tenth century Byzantine lexicon http://www.livius.org/man-md/marathon/marathon.html---verbatim only women and children were back in Athens Athenian army hurried, 8 hours’ march, 25 miles to save families in Athens Persians took 12-14 hours by sea when Persians arrive, whole Athenian army waits inside gates Persians give up, sail home to Persia Next day Spartans finally arrive, Athenians show victory begin to wonder where Persians hurried off to to Persia or around the point of land to Athens itself? whole Athenian army – in Marathon busy fighting revolt in Egypt during 10 years King Darius had died Darius’ son, Xerxes (ZERK-sees), rules settles Egyptian revolt plans to teach the old Greek terrorists a lesson (still angry about them helping in Ionian revolt) Darius’ plan to conquer Greece by sea had failed Xerxes decides to try land attack again 480 BC, Xerxes builds canal, crosses at Hellespont http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/hist05.htm Then once on link, scroll down to section: Persian Canal Discovery Is Testament to Ancient Engineering Skills http://edsitement.neh.gov/edsitement%E2%80%9 9s-persian-wars-resource-pages#MarathonAnim On this page take the interactive bridge-building activity. Persian army crosses Hellespont people of Thrace and Macedonia surrender or form alliances Persians turn south to Greece had to go through steep mountain pass: Thermopylae (ther-MOP-ah-lay) Thermopylae means hot springs or hot gate (hot springs near pass) no other way for Persians to get through mountains of Greece Thebes makes alliance with Persia Argo remains neutral Spartans and Corinthians want to abandon northern Greece, only defend south (where they are) Athenians want to try to defend north at pass of Thermopylae Spartans and Corinthians agree Athenians, Spartans, Corinthians and smaller cities march to Thermopylae set up barricades for several days attacking Persians can’t get through Greeks are very happy soldiers from some Greek traitor tells Persians about a small goat pass a few Persian soldiers slip through surround Greeks from behind a group of 300 Spartans and a few of their Boeotian allies from Thespiae and Thebes stay and fight even though they are surrounded and know they’ll die this allows most of Greek army to march to safety brave Spartan king, Leonidas, 300 Spartans, and some Boeotian allies fight Persians three days all 300 and allies die but most of Greek army had time to march to safety after war, stone erected in memory and honor of brave soldiers Persians pass over Thebes, leave them alone Thebes had made an alliance with Persia Persian plan: on to Athens Spartans and Corinthians again want to just defend south, since plan failed to stop Persians at Thermopylae of course Athenians want to defend Athens Athenian general, Themistocles (thuh-MISS-toe-klees) moves all Athenians to safety at a nearby island Athenians burn all of Athens, even the Parthenon Athenian navy tricks Persians into attacking them near the island of Salamis (SALL-uh-mis) Persian and Greek navies both use trireme ships Persians have many more ships Athenians trick Persians into thinking they’d attack at night Persians – alert all night Athenians get restful night’s sleep next morning- Greeks fresh, well rested Persian soldiers sleepy, sluggish Athenian navy wins!!! http://www.livius.org/man-md/marathon/marathon. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/westasia/history/persians.htm http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/hist05.htm http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/kapparis/GP/PersianWarsMap.htm http://www.geo.gr/map.htm http://www.ancientgreekbattles.net/Pages/People/Pheidippides.htm //www.ancientgreekbattles.net/Pages/People/Pheidippides.htm http://www.geo.gr/map.htmhttp://www.geo.gr/map.htmhttp://www.geo.gr/map.h http://www.geo.gr/map.htm