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托福 TPO 听力笔记（二）：TPO 3 Lecture 1
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Environmental science
Narrator
Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.
Professor
Now, we’ve been talking about the loss of animal habitat(栖息地) from housing developments,
uh …, growing cities – small habitat losses. But today I wanna begin talking about what happens
when habitat is reduced across a large area. There are, of course, animal species that require
large areas of habitat, and some migrate over very long distances. (6)So what’s the impact
of habitat loss on those animals – animals that need large areas of habitat?
Well, I’ll use the humming birds(蜂鸟) as an example. Now you know a humming bird is amazingly
small, but even though it’s really tiny, it migrates over very long distances, travels up and
down the western hemisphere – the Americas, back and forth between where it breeds in the summer
and the warmer climates where it’s spent the winter.
So you would say that this whole area over which it migrates is its habitat because on this
long-distance journey, it needs to come down to feed and sleep every so often, right? Well,
the humming bird beats its wings – get this – about 3 thousand times per minute. So you think,
wow, it must need a lot of energy, a lot of food, right?
Well, it does. It drinks a lot of nectar(花蜜) from flowers and feeds on some insects, but
it’s energy-efficient too. You can’t say it isn’t. I mean, as it flies all the way across
the Mexico Gulf, it uses up none of its body fat. But that doesn’t mean it doesn’t need to
eat. So humming birds have to rely on plants in their natural habitat.
(11)And it goes without saying, but the opposite is true as well, plants depend on humming
birds too. There are some flowers that can only be pollinated by the humming birds. Without
its stopping to feed and spread pollen from flower to flower, these plants would cease to exist.
(7)But the problem, well, as natural habitat along these migration routes is developed by
humans for housing or agriculture or cleared for raising cattle, for instance, there is less
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food available for migrating humming birds. Their nesting sites are affected too, the same by
the same sorts of human activities. And all of these activities pose a real threat to the humming
bird population.
So help them survive, we need to preserve their habitats.(8)And one of the concrete ways
people have been doing this is by cleaning up polluted habitat areas and then replanting flowers,
um, replanting native flowers that humming birds feed on.
Promoting(增进) ecological tourism is another way to help save their habitat. As the number
of visitors, eco-tourists who come to humming bird habitats to watch the birds, the more the
number of visitors grows, the more local businesses’ profit, so ecological tourism can bring
financial rewards, all the more reason to value these beautiful little creatures in their habitat,
right?
But to understand more about how to protect them to support the humming birds the best we
can, we’ve got to learn more about their breeding, nesting sites and migration routes, and
also about the natural habitats we find there. That just helps us determine how to prevent further
decline in the population.
A good research method, a good way to learn more, is by running a banding study. Banding
the birds allows us to track them over their lifetime. It’s been a practice that’s been used
by researchers for years. In fact, most of what we’ve known about humming birds comes from
banding studies, where we capture a humming bird and make sure all the information about it,
like its weight and age and length, are all recorded and put into an international information
database.
And then we place an extremely lightweight band on one of its legs, well, what looks like
a leg, although technically it’s considered part of the bird’s foot. Anyway, these bands are
perfectly safe, and some humming birds have worn them for years with no evidence of any problems.
The band is labeled with tracking number, oh, and there is a phone number on the band for people
to call for free, to report a banded bird to be found or recaptured.(9)So when a banded bird
is recaptured and reported, we learn about its migration route, its growth, and how long it
has been alive, its lifespan. One recaptured bird was banded almost 12 years earlier – she
was one of the oldest humming birds on record. (10)Another interesting thing we learned is that
some humming birds no longer use a certain route. They travel by a different route to reach
their destination. And findings like these have been of interest to biologists and environmental
scientists in a number of countries who are trying to understand the complexities of how changes
in a habitat affect the species in it.
结构主旨：迁徙动物的栖息地保护。(6 题)
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例子：蜂鸟。蜂鸟的迁徙特征，它们和植物的共生关系，它们栖息地丧失的原因(7 题)以及解决办法
(8 题)。一种调查研究的方法：banding study。(9、10 题)
Q6What does the professor mainly discuss?
� Major changes in the migratory patterns of hummingbirds
� The adaptation of hummingbirds to urban environments
� Concern about the reduction(减少) of hummingbird habitat
� The impact of ecotourism on hummingbird Populations
Q7What does the professor imply might cause a decrease in the hummingbird population?
� An increase in the ecotourism industry
� An increase in the use of land to raise crops and cattle
� A decrease in banding studies
� A decrease in the distance traveled during migration
Q8What does the professor say people have done to help hummingbirds survive?
� They have built a series of hummingbird feeding stations
� They have supported new laws that punish polluters of wildlife habitats
� They have replanted native flowers in once polluted areas
� They have learned to identify various hummingbird Species
Q9What way of collecting information about migrating hummingbirds does the professor mention?
� Receiving radio signals from electronic tracking devices
� Being contacted by people who recapture banded birds
� Counting the birds that return to the same region every year
� Comparing old and young birds’ migration routes
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Q10What does the professor imply researchers have learned while studying hummingbird
migration?
� Hummingbirds have totally disappeared from some countries due to recent habitat destruction
� Programs to replant flowers native to hummingbird habitats are not succeeding
� Some groups of hummingbirds have changed their migration patterns
� Some plant species pollinated by hummingbirds have become extinct
Q11RWhat does the professor imply when she say this:
� There is disagreement about the idea she has presented
� She does not plan to discuss all the details
� Her next point may seem to contradict what she has just said
� The point she will make next should be obvious to the students
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