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Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Locust Valley Middle School Mathematics Department MATH RESEARCH July 2010 Superintendent of Schools: Dr. Anna Hunderfund Board of Education: Jack Dolce – President Suzanne Sgueglia – Vice President Philip Bellisari Erika Bruno Dr. Yao Chu Joseph Madsen Ronald J. Walsh, Jr. Principal: Howard Hogan Assistant Principal: Rachel Green Curriculum Supervisor: Robert Teseo Written By: Lisa McNamara Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Philosophy…………………………………………………………………………....1 State Standards…………………………………………………………………….....2 Units of Study……………………………………………………………………….14 Daily Objectives in Each Unit……………………………………………………....15 Appendix A Sources for exploration activities………………………………………A1 Appendix B: Bibliography…………………………..………………….……………B1 Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 STATEMENT OF PHILOSOPHY Thinking mathematically is a skill that is a useful tool for students of all ages. Logical thinking and reasoning can be explored at all levels of mathematics and is a way for students to become better thinkers. The Math Research curriculum extends, formalizes, and builds upon students prior mathematics concepts. The New York State standards, as well as national standards, were taken into consideration when creating the Math Research curriculum. The curriculum should: Include a broad range of content Emphasize the mastering of problem solving skills Allow for students to use conjecture to further their understanding of math topics Promote the development of thinking and reasoning abilities Include relevant applications of mathematics Incorporate the use math type We recommend the classroom teacher employ the following strategies: Extensive use of problem solving Student discussions of mathematical ideas The utilization of varied methodologies An emphasis on differentiated instruction Small group learning The use of manipulative tools when possible Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 MATH RESEARCH In implementing math research it is expected that students will develop skills such as questioning, conjecture, problem solving, looking for patterns, organizing information, generating new and innovative ideas. In this course students will be given the opportunity to explore math topics in depth thereby making connections, reasoning and proving, communicating and creating representations in different forms. Students will participate in their own research and submit original research to the Long Island Math Fair. Students will also participate in problem solving competitions such as the American Mathematics Competition, American Scholastic Mathematics Association, Continental Mathematics League, Sigma Mathematics, and Raytheon MATHCOUNTS. Throughout this document the performance indicators use the words investigate, explore, discover, conjecture, reasoning, argument, justify, explain, proof, and apply. Each of these terms is an important component in developing a student’s mathematical reasoning ability. It is therefore important that a clear and common definition of these terms be understood. The order of these terms reflects different stages of the reasoning process. Investigate/Explore - Students will be given situations in which they will be asked to look for patterns or relationships between elements within the setting. Discover - Students will make note of possible patterns and generalizations that result from investigation/exploration. Conjecture - Students will make an overall statement, thought to be true, about the new discovery. Reasoning - Students will engage in a process that leads to knowing something to be true or false. Argument - Students will communicate, in verbal or written form, the reasoning process that leads to a conclusion. A valid argument is the end result of the conjecture/reasoning process. Justify/Explain - Students will provide an argument for a mathematical conjecture. It may be an intuitive argument or a set of examples that support the conjecture. The argument may include, but is not limited to, a written paragraph, measurement using appropriate tools, the use of dynamic software, or a written proof. Proof - Students will present a valid argument, expressed in written form. Apply - Students will use a theorem or concept to solve an algebraic or numerical problem. Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Problem Solving Strand Students will build new mathematical knowledge through problem solving. A.PS.1 A.PS.2 8.PS.2 Use a variety of problem solving strategies to understand new mathematical content Recognize and understand equivalent representations of a problem situation or a mathematical concept Construct appropriate extensions to problem situations Students will solve problems that arise in mathematics and in other contexts. A.PS.3 A.PS.4 Observe and explain patterns to formulate generalizations and conjectures Use multiple representations to represent and explain problem situations (e.g., verbally, numerically, algebraically, graphically) Students will apply and adapt a variety of appropriate strategies to solve problems. A.PS.5 8.PS.5 A.PS.6 A.PS.7 8.PS.7 Choose an effective approach to solve a problem from a variety of strategies (numeric, graphic, algebraic) Make conjectures from generalizations Use a variety of strategies to extend solution methods to other problems Work in collaboration with others to propose, critique, evaluate, and value alternative approaches to problem solving Understand that there is no one right way to solve mathematical problems but that different methods have advantages and disadvantages Students will monitor and reflect on the process of mathematical problem solving. A.PS.8 Determine information required to solve a problem, choose methods for obtaining the information, and define parameters for acceptable solutions A.PS.9 Interpret solutions within the given constraints of a problem A.PS.10 Evaluate the relative efficiency of different representations and solution methods of a problem Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Reasoning and Proof Strand Students will recognize reasoning and proof as fundamental aspects of mathematics. A.RP.1 Recognize that mathematical ideas can be supported by a variety of strategies Students will make and investigate mathematical conjectures. A.RP.2 Use mathematical strategies to reach a conclusion and provide supportive arguments for conjecture 8.RP.3 Evaluate conjectures by distinguishing relevant from irrelevant information to reach a conclusion or make appropriate estimates 8.RP.16 Justify solution methods through logical argument 8.PS.17 Evaluate the efficiency of different representations of a problem Students will develop and evaluate mathematical arguments and proofs. A.RP.5 A.RP.6 A.RP.7 Develop, verify, and explain an argument, using appropriate mathematical ideas and language Present correct mathematical arguments in a variety of forms Evaluate written arguments for validity Students will select and use various types of reasoning and methods of proof. A.RP.8 Support an argument by using a systematic approach to test more than one case A2.RP.9 Devise ways to verify results, using counterexamples and informal indirect proof A.RP.10 Extend specific results to more general cases Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Communication Strand Students will organize and consolidate their mathematical thinking through communication. A.CM.1 Communicate verbally and in writing a correct, complete, coherent, and clear design (outline) and explanation for the steps used in solving a problem A.CM.2 Use mathematical representations to communicate with appropriate accuracy, including numerical tables, formulas, functions, equations, charts, graphs, and diagrams Students will communicate their mathematical thinking coherently and clearly to peers, teachers, and others. A.CM.3 Present organized mathematical ideas with the use of appropriate standard notations, including the use of symbols and other representations when sharing an idea in verbal and written form A.CM.4 Explain relationships among different representations of a problem A.CM.5 Communicate logical arguments clearly, showing why a result makes sense and why the reasoning is valid A.CM.6 Support or reject arguments or questions raised by others about the correctness of mathematical work Students will analyze and evaluate the mathematical thinking and strategies of others. A.CM.7 Read and listen for logical understanding of mathematical thinking shared by other students A.CM.8 Reflect on strategies of others in relation to one’s own strategy A.CM.9 Formulate mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or challenge strategies, solutions, and/or conjectures of others Students will use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely. A.CM.10 Use correct mathematical language in developing mathematical questions that elicit, extend, or challenge other students’ conjectures 8.CM.11 Draw conclusions about mathematical ideas through decoding, comprehension, and interpretation of mathematical visuals, symbols Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Connections Strand Students will recognize and use connections among mathematical ideas. A.CN.1 Understand and make connections among multiple representations of the same mathematical idea A.CN.2 Understand the corresponding procedures for similar problems or mathematical concepts Students will understand how mathematical ideas interconnect and build on one another to produce a coherent whole. A.CN.3 Model situations mathematically, using representations to draw conclusions and formulate new situations A.CN.4 Understand how concepts, procedures, and mathematical results in one area of mathematics can be used to solve problems in other areas of mathematics A.CN.5 Understand how quantitative models connect to various physical models and representations Students will recognize and apply mathematics in contexts outside of mathematics. A.CN.6 Recognize and apply mathematics to situations in the outside world A.CN.7 Recognize and apply mathematical ideas to problem situations that develop outside of mathematics 8.CN.8 Investigate the presence of mathematics in careers and areas of interest 8.CN.9 Recognize and apply mathematics to other disciplines, areas of interest, and societal issues Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Representation Strand Students will create and use representations to organize, record, and communicate mathematical ideas. A.R.1 A.R.2 A.R.3 Use physical objects, diagrams, charts, tables, graphs, symbols, equations, or objects created using technology as representations of mathematical concepts Recognize, compare, and use an array of representational forms Use representation as a tool for exploring and understanding mathematical ideas Students will select, apply, and translate among mathematical representations to solve problems. A.R.4 A.R.5 8.R.4 8.R.6 Select appropriate representations to solve problem situations Investigate relationships between different representations and their impact on a given problem Explain how different representations express the same relationship Use representations to explore problem situations Students will use representations to model and interpret physical, social, and mathematical phenomena. A.R.7 A.R.8 8.R.9 8.R.11 Use mathematics to show and understand social phenomena (e.g., determine profit from student and adult ticket sales) Use mathematics to show and understand mathematical phenomena (e.g., compare the graphs of the functions represented by the equations y=x and y= -x) Use mathematics to show and understand physical phenomena (e.g., make and interpret scale drawings of figures or scale models of objects) Use mathematics to show and understand mathematical phenomena (e.g., use tables, graphs, and equations to show a pattern underlying a function) Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Number Sense and Operations Strand Students will understand meanings of operations and procedures, and how they relate to one another. Operations A.N.1 A.N.7 A.N.8 8.N.5 8.N.6 Evaluate numerical expressions with negative and/or fractional exponents, without the aid of a calculator (when the answers are rational numbers) Determine the number of possible events, using counting techniques or the Fundamental Principle of Counting Determine the number of possible arrangements (permutations) of a list of items Estimate a percent of quantity, given an application Justify the reasonableness of answers using estimation Algebra Strand Students will represent and analyze algebraically a wide variety of problem solving situations. Equations and Inequalities A.A.1 A.A.2 A.A.3 A.A.4 A.A.5 A.A.6 A.A.8 8.A.3 8.A.4 Translate a quantitative verbal phrase into an algebraic expressions Write a verbal expression that matches a given mathematical expression Distinguish the difference between an algebraic expression and an algebraic equation Translate verbal sentences into mathematical equations or inequalities Write algebraic equations or inequalities that represent a situation Analyze and solve verbal problems whose solution requires solving a linear equation in one variable or linear inequality in one variable Analyze and solve verbal problems that involve quadratic equations Describe a situation involving relationships that matches a given graph Create a graph given a description or an expression for a situation involving a linear or nonlinear relationship Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Students will perform algebraic procedures accurately. Variables and Expressions A.A.13 A.A.14 A.A.16 A.A.17 A.A.18 A.A.19 A.A.20 8.A.7 8.A.8 8.A.9 Add, subtract, and multiply monomials and polynomials Divide a polynomial by a monomial or binomial, where the quotient has no remainder Simplify fractions with polynomials in the numerator and denominator by factoring both and renaming them to lowest terms Add or subtract fractional expressions with monomial or like binomial denominators Multiply and divide algebraic fractions and express the product or quotient in simplest form Identify and factor the difference of two perfect squares Factor algebraic expressions completely, including trinomials with a lead coefficient of one ( after factoring a GCF) Add and subtract polynomials (integer coefficients) Multiply a binomial by a monomial or a binomial (integer coefficients) Divide a polynomial by a monomial (integer coefficients) Equations and Inequalities A.A.22 A.A.23 A.A.24 A.A.25 A.A.26 Solve all types of linear equations in one variable Solve literal equations for a given variable Solve linear inequalities in one variable Solve equations involving fractional expressions Solve algebraic proportions in one variable which result in linear or quadratic equations A8A.13 Solve multi-step inequalities and graph the solution set on the number line 8.A.14 Solve linear inequalities by combining like terms, using the distributive property, or moving variables to one side of the inequality Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Students will recognize, use, and represent algebraically patterns, relations, and functions. Patterns, Relations, and Functions A.A.30 A.A.31 8.A.15 8.A.19 Find the complement of a subset of a given set, within a given Universe Find the intersection of sets and or union of sets Understand that numerical information can be represented in multiple ways: arithmetically, algebraically, and graphically Interpret multiple representations using equation, table of values, and graph Coordinate Geometry A.A.32 A.A.33 A.A.34 A.A.35 A.A.36 A.A.37 A.A.38 A.A.39 A.A.40 Explain slope as a rate of change between dependent and independent variables Determine the slope of a line, given the coordinates of two points on the line Write the equation of a line, given its slope and the coordinates of two points on the line Write the equation of a line, given the coordinates of two points on the line Write the equation of a line parallel to the x- or y-axis Determine the slope of a line, given its equation in any form Determine if two lines are parallel, given their equations in any form Determine whether a given point is on a line, given the equation of the line Determine whether a given point is in the solution set of a system of linear inequalities Trigonometric Functions A.A.42 Find sine, cosine, and tangent ratios of an angle of a right triangle, given the lengths of the sides A.A.43 Determine the measure of an angle of a right triangle, given the length of any tow sides of the triangle A.A.44 Find the measure of a side of a right triangle, given an acute angle and the length of another side A.A.45 Determine the measure of a third side of a right triangle using the Pythagorean theorem, given the lengths of any two sides Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Geometry Strand Students will use visualization and spatial reasoning to analyze characteristics and properties of geometric shapes. Shapes A.G.1 A.G.2 Find the area and/or perimeter of figures composed of polygons and circles or sectors of a circle. Use of formulas to calculate volume and surface area of regular solids and cylinders Students will apply coordinate geometry to analyze problem solving situations. Coordinate Geometry A.G.5 A.G.5 Investigate and generalize how changing the coefficients of a function affects its graph Use of formulas to calculate volume and surface area of regular solids and cylinders Measurement Strand Students will determine what can be measured and how, using appropriate methods and formulas. Units of Measurement1 A.M.1 A.M.2 Calculate rates using appropriate units Solve problems involving conversions within measurement systems, given the relationship between the units Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Statistics and Probability Strand Students will collect, organize, display, and analyze data. Organization and Display of Data A.S.4 Compare and contrast the appropriateness of different measures of central tendency for a given data set A.S.5 Construct a histogram, cumulative frequency histogram, and box-and-whisker plot, given a set of data A.S.6 Understand how the five statistical summary (minimum, maximum, and the three quartiles) is used to construct a box-and-whisker plot A.S.7 Create a scatter plot of bivariate data A.S.8 Construct manually a reasonable line of best fit for a scatter plot and determine the equation of that line Analysis of Data A.S.9 Analyze and interpret a frequency distribution table or histogram, a cumulative frequency distribution table or histogram, or a box-and-whisker plot A.S.10 Evaluate published reports and graphs that are based on data by considering: experimental design, appropriateness of the data analysis and the soundness of the conclusions A.S.12 Identify the relationship between the independent and dependent variables from a scatter plot (positive, negative, or none) A.S.13 Understand the difference between correlation and causation A.S.14 Identify variables that might have a correlation but not a causal relationship Students will make predictions that are based upon data analysis. Predictions from Data A.S.15 A.S.16 Identify and describe sources of bias and its effect, drawing conclusions from data Recognize how linear transformations of one-variable data affect the data’s mean, median, mode, and range A.S.17 Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Use a reasonable line of best fit to make a prediction involving interpolation or extrapolation Students will understand and apply concepts of probability. Probability A.S.18 A.S.19 A.S.20 A.S.21 A.S.22 A.S.23 Know the definition of conditional probability and use it to solve for probabilities in finite sample space Determine the number of elements in a sample space and the number of favorable events Calculate the probability of an event and its complement Determine empirical probabilities based on specific sample data Determine, based on calculated probability of a set of events, if: some or all are equally likely to occur, one is more likely to occur than another, whether or not an event is certain to happen or not to happen Calculate the probability of: a series of independent events, two mutually exclusive events Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Units of Study 1 Introduction to math research a. Define math research b. Reading mathematical papers 2 Independent research a. Choosing a math fair topic b. Research math fair topic c. Creating an outline d. Writing mathematically e. Presenting math fair project 3 Problem Solving a. Strategies to problem solve b. Practice for math competitions 4. Math Investigations a. Problem solving activities b. Patterns and numeration activities c. Measurement activities d. Probability and Statistic activities e. Real World math activities f. Geometric activities Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Daily Topic # Days Introduction to Math Research Exploration activity: Trains: investigation of patterns Problem Solving strategies: Using Picture Pattern Problems Solving Strategies: Using list and tables Problems Solving Strategies: Using trial and error and simplifying problem Problem Solving Strategies: Using experiment, working backwards Problem Solving Strategies: Using prediction and changing point of view Reading Math Research articles How to find your own math research topic. What are components of your research paper? Creating a math research paper outline Writing mathematically with Mathtype. Problem solving for Math Competitions. Exploration activity : Pick a Pattern Independent work on Research paper for LI math fair Problem solving for Math Competitions. Exploration activity: What’s the number? Problem solving for Math Competition Exploration activity: Platonic Solids Problem solving for Math Competition Exploration activity: Adding a La Gauss Exploration activity: Fibonacci beautiful patterns beautiful mathematics 1 2 2 2 2 Exploration activity: What’s so special about 11? Problem Solving for Math Competitions Exploration activity: Pascal’s Triangle Problem Solving for math competitions Exploration activity: Getting a “Bee” in Mathematics Class Problem Solving for math competitions Exploration activity: Building Mathematically Powerful Students Through Connections Presentations for LI Math Fair Exploration activity: How does your Doughnut Measure up? Exploration activity: Networks: Service Woes at Speedy Delivery: Finding the Shortest Route Problem Solving for Math Competitions 2 3 4 1 2 4 2 2 2 4 12 2 4 4 7 2 8 4 2 2 2 1 2 4 8 2 3 4 Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 Exploration activity: What’s Your Mileage? Exploration activity: The Giants Project Exploration activity: Mean, Median or Mode: Which one is My Pencil? And Antics of statistics Exploration activity: Amazing Profit Problem Solving for math competitions Exploration activity: As the Ball Rolls: A Quadratic Investigation Using Multiple Representations Exploration activity: Wind sail Design Problems Solving for math competitions Exploration activity: Building Bridges Exploration activity: Water Geometry Problem Solving for Math Competitions Exploration activity: A Treasure Hunt: Reflecting, Translating, and Rotating Points on a Coordinate Map Exploration activity: Geometric review I have…Who has Exploration activity: What’s the Fastest way to get Rich? Exploration activity: Classic Middle-Grades Problems for the Classroom Problem Solving for Math Competitions Exploration activity: Check that Digit Exploration activity: What are my Chances? Problems Solving for Math Competitions Exploration activity: Bean Counting and Ratios Exploration activity: Probability Experiments with Shared Spreadsheets Problem Solving for Math Competitions Exploration activity: To Replace or Not to Replace? That is the Question? Exploration activity: The Other Life of Florence Nightingale Exploration activity: Let’s Count the Ways Exploration activity: Heart rate and scatter plots Exploration activity: Ages of Famous Personalities Exploration activity: Bouncing Tennis Balls Exploration activity: Like Moths Around a Flame Exploration activity: Testing Wing Designs in Aircraft Exploration activity: Serving up Sierpinski! Exploration activity: The Mathematics of Native American Star Quilts Exploration activity: Heptades and Heptagons: the Historical Roots 2 4 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 APPENDIX A: SOURCES FOR EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES 1. “Counting the Trains”, NCTM Illuminations Resources for Teaching Math. Retrieved from http://illuminations.nctm.org/LessonDetail.aspx?id=L736. 2. “Pick a Pattern”, John C. Wetzel, CAPT Resources, 1997. 3. “How Many Toothpicks?’ NYS Core Curriculum Manual for grade 8. Retrieved from http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/mst/mathcompanion.pdf 4. “What’s the Number?” NYS Core Curriculum Manual for grade 8. Retrieved from http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/mst/mathcompanion.pdf 5. “Exploring Platonic Solids”, David Parker. Retrieved from http://www.davidparker.com/janine/mathpage/platonic.html 6. “Adding a la Gauss”, Armando M. Martinez-Cruz and Ellen c. Barger, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 10, No 3 October 2004. 7. “Fibonacci: Beautiful Patterns, Beautiful Mathematics, Catherine B. Miller and Tamara B. Veenstra, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol, 7, No. 5, January 2002. 8. “What’s So Special about 11?”, Getting Started: TI-30xs multiview TI-34xs multiview Activities, Texas Instruments Incorporated.2008. 9. “Pascal’s Triangle Poster” , Dale Seymore Publications, 1986. 10. “Getting a “Bee” in Mathematics Class”, Brian Sharp, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol 14, No 3, October 2008. 11. “Building Mathematically Powerful Students through Connections”, Christine D. Thomas and Carmelita Santiago, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 7, No. 9, May 2002. 12. “How Does Your Doughnut Measure up?”, Paula Maida and Michael Maida, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 11, No. 5, Dec 2005/Jan 2006. Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 13. “Service Woes at Speedy Delivery: Finding the Shortest Route”, Mathematics for Decision Making in Industry and Government, High School Operations Research , retrieved from Http://www.hsor.org/modules.cmf?name=Speedy_Delivery. 14. “What’s Your Mileage?” Getting Started: TI-30xs multiview TI-34xs multiview Activities, Texas Instruments Incorporated.2008. 15. “The Giants Project”, Suzanne Levin Weinberg, Penny L. Hammrich, Matthew H. Bruce, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 8, No.8, April 2003. 16. “Mean, Median, or Mode: Which One is My Pencil?”, Kathleen Cage Mittag, Sharon E. Taylor, and David Fies, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 15, No. 9, May 2010. 17. “The Antics of Statistics”, Getting Started: TI-30xs multiview TI-34xs multiview Activities, Texas Instruments Incorporated.2008. 18. “Amazing Profit”, NCTM Illuminations Resources for Teaching Math, Retrieved from http://illuminations.nctm.org/LessonDetail.aspx?id=L799. 19. “As the Ball Rolls: A Quadratic Investigation Using Multiple Representations”, Kathleen Cage Mittag and Sharon Taylor, Mathematics Teacher, Vol. 103, No.1, August 2009. 20. “Windsail Design”, Futures Channel, retrieved from http://www.thefutureschannel.com/algebra/windsail_design.php. 21. “Building Bridges”, NCTM, Illuminations Resources for Teaching Math, Retrieved from http://illuminations.nctm.org/LessonDetail.aspx?id=L247. 22. “Water Geometry”, Futures Channel , Retrieved from http://www.thefutureschannel.com/hands-on_math/water_geometry.php 23. “A Treasure Hunt: Reflecting, Translating, and Rotating Points on a Coodinate Map, Carryn Bellomo, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol.13, No. 5, Dec 2007/Jan 2008. Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 24. “What’s the Fastest Way to Get Rich?”, Getting Started: TI-30xs multiview TI34xs multiview Activities, Texas Instruments Incorporated.2008. 25. “Classic Middle-Grades Problems for the Classroom”, NCTM Illuminations Resources for Teaching Math , Retrieved from http://illuminations.nctm.org/LessonDetail.aspx?id=L264. 26. “Check That Digit”, NCTM Illuminations Resources for Teaching Math, Retrieved from http://illuminations.nctm.org/LessonDetail.aspx?id=L693. 27. “What Are My Chances?”, NYS Core Curriculum Manual for grade 8, Retrieved from http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/ciai/mst/mathcompanion.pdf. 28. “Bean Counting an Ratios”, NCTM Illuminations Resources for Teaching Math, Retrieved from http://illuminations.nctm.org/LessonDetail.aspx?id=L722. 29. “Probability Experiments with Shared Spreadsheets”, Darin Beigie, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 15, No.8, April 2010. 30. “To Replace or Not to Replace? That is the Question”, Exploration, Texas Instruments, 2004. 31. “The Other Life of Florence Nightingale”, Christine Annette Franklin, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 7, No. 6, February 2002. 32. “Let’s Count the Ways”, Getting Started: TI-30xs multiview TI-34xs multiview Activities, Texas Instruments Incorporated.2008. 33. “Picturing Data: Scatter Plots and Line Graph – Heart Rate”, More than Graphs, Key Curriculum Press, 2000. 34. “Ages of Famous Personalities”, Mathbits.com, Retrieved from http://mathbits.com/mathbits/ppt/EstimateAge.htm. 35. “Bouncing Tennis Balls”, NCTM Illuminations Resources for Teaching Math, Retrieved from http://illuminations.nctm.org/lessondetail.aspx?ID=L246. 36. “Like Moths Around a Flame”, Sample Activities: TI84 plus and TI-83 Plus families Math, Texas Instruments, 2005. Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 37. “Testing Wing Design in Aircraft”, David K Puglalee, Chuck Nusinov, Chris Giersch, David Royster, and Thomas E. Pinelli, Mathemathics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 10 No. 5, Dec 2004/Jam 2005. 38. “Serving Up Sierpinski!”, Thomasenai Lott Adams and Fatma Aslan-Tutak, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 11, No. 5, Dec 2005/ Jan 2006. 39. “The Mathematics of Native American Star Quilts”, Marueen D. Neumann, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 9, No. 4, December 2003. 40. “Heptades and Heptagons: The Historical Roots”, Charles P. Funkhourser, Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, Vol. 9, No. 2, Cotober 2003. Locust Valley High School Math Research Curriculum Written 2010 APPENDIX B BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Writing Math Research Papers A Guide for Students and Instructors, Robert Gerver, Key Curriculum Press, 2004. 2. Creative Problem Solving in School Mathematics, George Lenchner, Glenwood Publishing Inc, 1983. 3. Competition Math for Middle School, J. Batterson, AGMATH, 2009. 4. About Teaching Mathematics a k-8 Resource, Marilyn Burns, Math Solutions Publications 2007. 5. The Art of Problem Solving Volume 1: The Basics, Sandor Lehoczky and Richard Rusczyk,, AoPS Incorporated, 2006.