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VEGETABLES
POTATO
KUFRI SUTLEJ: - This variety, noticed in 1996, has been recommended for cultivation in the
western and central Indo-Gangetic plaints. The variety gives high yields (30-35 tonnes/ha) in
about 90-100 days and is moderately resistant to late blight. It produces very attractive, large,
white, oval and shallow-eyed tubers. The tubers are white fleshed and have good keeping
quality. Because of the oval tuber and a good dry-matter content of about 19%, it has been found
quite suitable for production of French fries. Its early tuberization and bulking character makes
it more popular than other varieties and helps in the production of good yield in 60-70 days. In
this regard, it is a stiff competitor for Kufri Chandramukhi, Kufri Bahar and Kufri Ashoka, the 3
early-maturing/bulking varieties.
KUFRI PUKHRAJ: This early-bulking, medium-maturing variety was released in
1998, and has andigena blood in it. It is a very high yielder, producing 35-40 tones/ha in about
90-100 days. The variety is field resistant to late blight and produces attractive yellow, oval,
shallow-eyed tuber with light yellow flesh. The tubers have a good keeping quality, with a drymatter content of about 18%.
KUFRI ANAND: - This variety so far not recommended by the CCS, HAU, Hissar but CPRI
has recommended this variety for Haryana State too. It is a medium-maturing variety and has
higher degree of resistance against late blight and some frost hardiness. The variety is a higher
yielder (35-40 tones/ha) and produces very attractive, white, long oval, flattened shallow-eyed
tubers with white flesh.The tubers have about 19% dry matter and possess good keeping
quality. Like Kufri Sutlej, this variety too has been found very suitable for French fries.
KUFRI ASHOKA: - This is an early maturity variety, which mature within 60-80 days of after
sowing. It gives good crop after 60 days so it is a very suitable variety to harvest early potato,
which fetch high income to the farmers with its early bulking habit. This is the early variety
which has canopy is medium and compact. The tuber colour is white cream, ovoid long tubers
shallow eyes, white flash, easy to cook, texture waxy, flavoured mild, free from after cooking
discoloration. It is suitable for a crop rotation of paddy-potato-wheat average yield is 250-300
qtl. per hectare.
It is an early variety and matures in about 25-90 days. Its
KUFRI JAWAHAR (J.H.222)
yield is higher than Kufri Chandramukhi. The plant of this variety produced more number of
tubers bit lower size than Kufri Chandramukhi. The tuber is round shining with white skin and
flesh. This is less acceptable to the late blight disease. It gives about 100 quintals per acre, if it
is harvested after 75 days of sowing.
KUFRI BADSHAH: - This is a high yielding variety but we can not use for early sowing
Its tuber is large, oval shape, white skin shiny surface, dusty colour flesh and fleet eyes. Its
colour become more faded after harvesting in comparison to the other varieties. It gives yield is
about 120 qtl. per acre after 115 days of sowing. This is less acceptable to the late blight disease.
KUFRI PUSHKAR:-It is a medium maturity variety and yield 300-350 per ha. The tubers of the
varieties are white cream, ovoid with medium-deep eyes and yellow flesh. It is resistant to late
blight,Wart ±Immune. It is easy to cook texture waxy, flavored medium free from after cooking
discoloration.
KUFRI BAHAR:-Though the farmers are growing this variety for the last so many years but
this variety is included in the package practices recently as discussed in the recent horticultural
workshop. Farmers are getting more yield even after 72-80 days of after sowing for early crop.
But it matures within 110-120 days. It is a resistant to the viral disease.
KUFRI SURYA:- Recently the CPRI has released early potato variety which has good keeping
variety, bright colour and even sowing can be done by 20 th Sept to harvest early crop. The tuber
of this varity is good for French fries and yield potential is about 250 qtl per hectare. It is
resistant to late blite disease.(from CPRI Jalandhar information recorded from plant physoilogist)
1) PROCESSING VARIETIES: - CPRI, Shimla has released the following varieties, which are
used for processing purpose and recommended for Haryana for its cultivation.
i) Kufri Chip Sona-1
ii) Kufri Chip Sona-2-It is medium maturity and average yield is 300-350 per acre. This is a late
blight resistant, wart-immune, cyst-nematodes and charcoal rot susceptible.
iii) Kufri Chip Sona-3:- It is medium maturity variety and matured 100-110 days after planting..
Its average yield 300-350 per hectare. It is a late blight resistant virus acceptable. Due to high
climatic, lower reducing sugars and low phenols the variety is highly suitable for making chips
and French fries.
SOIL SOLARIZATION:
Soil Solarization is the technique to treat the field soil by trapping solar heat during hot summer
months, by using transparent polyethylene sheets. It is an effective, simple, physical and non
hazardous method to control a variety of soil borne pathogens, pests and weeds, as well as to
increase tuber yield. Heated water vapors trapped below polyethylene sheet increase thermal
conductivity and the heat is retained in soil for much longer time causing an effective control of
the soil-borne pathogens. Hence, soil solarization is distinctly superior to summer cultivations
conventionally followed to control soil-borne pathogens.
Advantages of Soil Solarization:Solar solarization, in addition to disease control and weeds also results in increased
mineralization thereby enhancing growth and increasing yield of green manure crop and
potato tubers. Soil solarization is cost effective in seed plots infested with soil borne
diseases. It is the only means to rectify patches of pest-infested soil to be used for seed
production.
Method of soil solarization:o Carry out soil solarization during period of high temperature and intense solar radiation.
A period of four weeks from mid May to mid June is highly effective in north-western
plains.
o Provide a light irrigation (around 50mm ) to the field 48 hrs. before solarization.
Thereafter cultivate and level the field thoroughly before laying polyethylene sheet.
o Use clear, transparent linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) sheet 25 to 100mm thick.
o Open about 20-25 deep furrows in field at 2.5 m apart for laying out sheet which is 3m
width. The distance between the furrows can be changed according to the width of the
sheet available.
Photo
Figure 4 Correct method of placing polyethylene sheet in field for soil
solarization.
o Insert two edges of the polyethyene sheets about 20-25cm deep in furrow, bury the edges
with soil and open the upper layer of sheet like page of a book. Align another sheet with
the free edge of the sheet now opened up and repeat the process of burying the edges and
opening the sheet till the required area is covered with the polyethylene sheets.
o After the solarization (4 to 6 weeks) remove the sheet carefully from one end to another.
If intact this shut may be used for another time, if torn dispose it off as scrap.
PRECAUTIONS:To prevent tearing of polyethylene sheet, level the field thoroughly so as to minimize and
protrusions due to clods, stubble and stones.
Apply the sheet during less windy period of the day and keep it as close to ground as
possible
For easy application, roll the polyethylene sheet over a pipe and unfold the roll in the
field.
Compact all free edges of the sheet with the soil around them so as to prevent escape of
soil moisture and heated air from inside the area thus mulched.
Avoid entry into plots covered with polyethylene to the extent possible. Holes appearing
in the polyethylene sheet if any can be sealed with rubber solution adhesive carefully.
To maintain disease free conditions in the solarized plot do not allow water to flow from
contaminated area to the solarized plots and also do not plant infected or untreated seed
in the solarized plots. This may increase the disease.
Cost benefit ratio in seed crop of solarization
= 1:2.3
The total cost of the polyethylene per hectare is 400kg. polyethylene @ 50/ - per
kg. = 20,000/- (Source). (CPRI Extension Bulletin No.35).
2) GREEN MANURING
Sow green manure crops like dhaincha or sunhemp during kharif by the end of June. Bury fullgrown crop after 7-8 weeks and allow for its proper decomposition before potato planting. This
will reduce N, P, K need by 20-30% and will improve the potato yield by 3tonnes per hectare.
3) SEED RATE AND SPACING:
The rate of seed depend the size of the tuber. 30-70
gms. tubers if planted 55-60 cms. within line distance and plant distance within the row
20cms.and make the ridge 9-__´ WKLFN. ,W UHTXLUHV __TW. VHHG per acre. If the size of the tuber
more than 100 gms. then plant spacing should be maintained from 35-40cm. But if the size is
more than 100 gms. the cut tubers may be used but the cut tubers should not be planted not
before 10 th October. The cut tuber should have 2-3 eyes and the cut piece should not be less 25
gms. The cut tuber should be treated with 0.25% indophyl mm-45 solution for 5-10 minutes.
After this treatment this cut piece tuber should be dried under shade for 14-16 hours. and then
these pieces should be for sowing.
3) SEED PRE-SPROUTED:- Lift the seed from cold storage 8-10 days before the sowing of
the potato. After this the seed should be kept in basket or tray and keep the seed in open in cool
and aeration space under diffused light but it should not be exposed direct to the sun light. If the
trays and baskets are not available the potato seed spread on the floor but the thickness of the
seed should not be more than 4 inch. The seed tuber having week and hairy sprout and blight
tuber should not be used for planting.
4) SOWING TIME: - Sowing time depends upon the variety. The right time of sowing of
kufri bahar and ashoka is Ist week of October but the sowing of kufri badhshah and kufri sutlej is
5- to 15 th October. If the early variety kufri bahar is planted for the early crop then the planting
should be done by the end of September and the ridges are covered with merge materials such
rise husk or serkenda or maize and bajra and karvi of maize and bajra. It will reduce the
temperature and conserve moisture in the ridges for early cropping sowing should be done after
plava.
SEED SOURCE:- The seed should be procured from the reliable sources either from the
department of horticulture or NSC or HSDC & CCSHAU, Hissar or registered seed growers.
The seed should be healthy especially it should be free from the viral diseases and true to the
type. Good seed should be replaced after 3-4 years because due to viral diseases the yield of the
potato reduced considerably after that period.
5) FIELD PREPARATION:- Level the field and provide proper drainage which has been
found that the leveling of the fields contributes about 10% increase in the yield of the potato and
the quality of potato will also be increased. Plough the field with a mould-board plough or discharrow followed by one or two tilling with tiller or desi plough to a depth of 30cm. Plank the
field after each round of tillage to break the clods and conserve the moisture. Remove the
uprooted weeds after successive ploughing. At least 2-3 years crop rotation should be maintained
where potato is grown for seed purposes.
6) SEED SIZE AND SEED RATE :- Use the seed tubers each of 30-70 gms having
multiple seeds sprouts but the seed of the larger size may be used but spacing of the plant should
be adjusted accordingly. The distance between lines to line is kept 55 to 60 cm. and plant to
plant 20cm. to 40cm. depending upon the size of tubers from 30gm. to 100 gms. Before planting
seed should be graded in different grade and accordingly the spacing should be adjusted from
plant to plant. If proper seed size is used then the seed rate is recommended from 14-16 quintal
per acre.
7) SEED PREPARATION :-Remove the seed potato from cold storage atleast 8-10 days
before planting. Keep the seed bags in pre cooling chamber of the cold store atleast for 24 hours.
Bringing tubers directly outside will result in condensation and promote rotting. Spread the
tuber under shade in diffused light for presprouting. Remove the unsprouted cuts, rotten tubers
from the lot. Carry the sprouted tubers to the fields in seed trays or baskets for planting to avoid
sprout damage. If the seed is not treated before storage of the potato then at the time of sowing
seed should be treated @ 3% Boric Acid either by spraying the tuber or by dipping the tuber in
the 3% boric acid solution or spray 3% boric acid on the tubers which are placed single line on
the floor or in the clean surface under shade and then spray to twice so that the whole potato
should be sprayed properly to increase the efficiency of the spray and dipping of the potato in the
solution. It is always better be first washed the potato and then dried and then treated or dip it.
8) MANURING AND FERTILIZERS:- Add 20 tones per acre FYM should be mixed in
the soil before 2-3 weeks of sowing. If we apply 20 tones of FYM acre then we reduce the dose
of phosphorus and potash 50%. In fact fertilizer should be applied on the basis of soil testing
report but in general 50-60kg nitrogen( 50 Kg.) for early crop and 60 kg. for late maturity
varieties. 20 kg. phosphorus and 40 kg. potash per acre to be applied.
If the P&K if FYM
applied in the field at this rate. In fact the fertilizers should be applied on the basis of soil testing
report but in general 50-60 kg. Nitrogen, 20 kg. Phosphorus and 40 kg. Pottasium Sulphate per
acre should be applied. All the Phosphorus and Potash and 3/4th of Nitrogen should be applied at
the time of planting and rest 1/4th Nitrogen should be applied 25-30 days after planting.
9) EARTHING: - If the earthing done by the ridger then fertilizers drill should be used to put
the fertilizer on line below the depth of 5 Cm. If the drill is not available then the fertilizer should
be drilled by pora after fertilization due planking so that the fertilizer should not come in contact
with the seed. Cover seed by the ridger drawn by tractor or bullock. If the planting is done by
Spade then the fertilizer should be placed 4-5 cms. away from the line of the ridge and then place
the potato on the lines and cover the soil by spade.
9) INTERCULTURE -Weed the crop as soon as the weeds emerge but preferably when the
potato plants are about 8-10 cm tall if seed is covered partially then earthling should be done
after 25 to 30 days after sowing.
10) CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL:-It is found that if the earthing is done after sowing
then chemical weed control is used.
If the light earthing is done after sowing then earthing
should be done 20-25 days after sowing. If the weeds are more in the field then first do
interculture then earthing should be done. It is also recorded that by earthing the percentage of
green potato is reduced.
1) Pre-emergence herbicides: the pre-emegence weedicide may be used as the preemergence of weeds. a) Stomp(30%) at the rate of 1.6 litre to 2.0 litre per acre , b)
Matribuzine at the rate of 300 grams per acre or Oxyflourfen 60 gram per acre within 3-5
days of planting. c) if pre-emegence herbicides are not used then spray paraquat at the
rate of 1 ± 1.25 litre as a gramoxone may be sprayed about 15 days after planting when
the germination reaches 5-10%. So far as water requirement is concerned it will depend
on type of spray pump used for foot sprayer 400 litre, knapsack sprayer 250 litre for
power sprayer 80-100 litre per acre. . The requirement of water also depends upon stand
of crop.
11.
IRRIGATION
If crop is sown after plava the field then irrigation should be given at 8-10 days after
planting. But if the soil is dry then half ridge irrigation should be given within 1 to 2 days after
sowing. Other irrigation should be given for October - November at 7 to 10 days interval and for
December ± January at 10 to 15 days interval. Light and frequent irrigation is required for good
yield and good quality of seed. In each irrigation care should be taken that the height of ridge
should only submerge two third of ridge. In no case water should flow over the ridge because it
may make crust formation which will affect the growth and yield of potato. But during 20-40
days after sowing it is necessary to maintain moisture conditions.
12. ROGUING
During crop season examine the seed plot thrice to remove off type and diseased plants
showing mottling, vinal necrosis, mosacs, carinkling, rolling of leaves , marginal flavescence
and purpoled top roll symptoms. Do first roguing at 20 to 30 days after planting and
immediately before earthing up, second roguing after 40 to 60 days planting. Do the last
roguing 3 to 4 days before haulms killing. The main criteria is to be taken that in first roguing
the leaf of the 2 plants should not touch each other and in second rouging the leaf should not
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one should wear gum boot to avoid the contamination and diseased plant should
be removed with the tuber.
13. HAULM KILLING
Haulm should be cut by sickle to base of plant before aphids reach to the level of 20 per
100 compound leaves. Generally this number is reached in Haryana about 10 th of January. After
haulm cutting there may be regrowth of new plant which may attract aphids and spread the
disease. This growth should be removed immediately to avoid contamination of viral diseases.
The haulms may be killed by used of gramaxone at the rate of 1 to 1.25 litre per acre on the
foliage.
15) HARVESTING
If we are taking early crop then crop is harvested when the haulms are still green because
this is the stage when tubers are not fully ripen therefore, care should be taken the field should
have proper moisture condition at the time of harvesting. There should be not much moisture at
the time of harvesting. We cannot store these potatoes for longer period therefore, after
harvesting sorted out the cut potato and sent to the market for sale. If the harvesting should be
done for the matured potato then the irrigation should be stopped before 20 days of harvesting.
Harvesting may be done either by the tractor driven or bullock driven or digging can be done by
spade or Khurpa. But the digging by the digger is always cheaper then other means there is less
percentage of cut tuber and bruce tubers.
Stop last irrigation before 10 to 15 days of haulms killing. Keep the crop underground for 10 to
15 days till the skin of tuber becomes firm. Keep the freshly harvested tubers in heaps in a cool
place for about 10 to 15 days. The size of should be about 1.5 metre high and 3.5 metre broad.
Cover the seed with the paddy or wheat straw to protect them from direct sunlight. If there is rain
cover the heap with terpaline or polythene sheet and if rain is stopped these should be removed.
Before grading collect cracked and cut tubers and tuber should be graded either by hand or by
potato grader in different grades. Below seed size < 25 mm , seed size 25 mm to 65 mm and
oversize more than 65 mm.
CURING:- To increase the shelf-life of the potato, it is necessary to keep the potato under heap
under shade or in a room where proper irrigation is provided the heap height should not be more
than 1.5 mtr. and the length of the heap should not be more than 4mtrs. If the covered space is
not available then potato can be heap in the field and in the day time potato should be covered
either by paddy straw or sugar cane leaves so that potato should not come in contact with direct
sun-light. Curing should be done for 8-10 days if there is rain then we can cover the heap by
taperulaine or polythene or should be removed after the rain is over. To cover the potato by
taperulaine for a longer period it gives bad effect on the tubers therefore, it should be only use
for the minimum period. The optimum temperature is 20 degree centigrade. Beside this there
should be high humidity in the heap for curing.
16) SEED TREATMENT
Spray 3% boric acid solution at the rate of 1.5% solution on the surface of seed before and after
cold storage. Best way of seed treatment is wash the tubers first in pure water and then dip the
tubers in 1% chlorine solution and then dip in 3% solution of boric acid for 30 minutes. Ensure
proper drying and pack in gunny bags.
For seed production reduction of Nitrogen about 20% improve the quality of seed.
Isolation Distance:- 20-30m away from other variety field to avoid mixture.
14. PLANT PROTECTION
a) Apply granular systematic insecticides such as Phorate 10 G at rate of 4 kg per acre at
earthing up against aphids and leaf hoppers. 300 ml Rogor should be applied at least
twice in 250 litre of water at 10 to 15 days interval to control jasids , aphids and white
fly.
b) To control early blight dithane Z-78 at the rate of 800 gram per acre in 250 litres of water
should be applied when knapsack sprayer is used. This may be repeater after 10 - 15 days
keeping in view the intensity of disease.
c) Late blight of potato ± to control latebligt and other leaf spot diseases give periodical
spray of dithane M-45 at the rate of 800 gm per acre in 400 litre of water but water
requirement will depend upon growth and type of spray pump used. The spray should be
started from 3 rd week of November at 10 days interval. If the late blight spread then a
spray of Ridomill at the rate of 800 gm per acre in 400 litre of water should be used. And
spray may be repeated after 15 days , if weather is cloudy.
GRADING OF THE POTATO:- Grading of the potato should be done as per the market
trained as per the area first all cut bruise rotten cut potato should be selected and potato should be
graded either by hands or by the mechanical graders generally 3 grades are made large size tube,
medium size tuber and small size tuber. To facilitate the consumer to save its time for selecting
the tuber and farmers will get more income by selling the graded potato in the market.
STORAGE OF POTATO:- Potato should be stored for table purpose for 3-4 months in the
houses in a cold or airy rooms. For longer storage the potato should be filled in the bags and to
be transferred in the cold storage as early as possible. Where the temperature is maintained 2-4
degree centigrade with relative humidity 75-80%.
But the traditional storage which are existing now are fit to store seed potato but for table
potato should be stored where the table and processing potato temperature is maintained 8-12
degree centigrade and relative humidity 80-90%.
After storing potato storage is fogged with
0.25 mg. CIP AG per turn and potato should be closed for 36 hours and after 15 days potato may
used for table and processing purpose. By this way there is saving of 45% electricity and potato
would be available for table and processing purpose about 9 months in a very good quality
means there will be not sweet like potato which generally happen when potato are stored at 2-4
degree centigrade with traditional existing storage.
SEED POTATO PRODUCTION:- By the use of seed plough technique farmers can produce
good quality seed in this technique seed potato is produced under low aphids periods variety.
The following points taken into consideration under seed Plot Technique
i)
Variety as already explained.
ii)
Source of Seed:- A healthy seed especially viral free seed and true to the type which
should be procured from reliable sources as already mentioned in the production.
iii)
Technology
iv)
Preparation of Land: As explained in production of table potato
CROP ROTATION & ISOLATION DISTANCE:- atleast 2-3 years crops should be
maintained where potato seed production is taken into field by maintaining such crop rotation
many seed borne and soil borne diseases can be avoided the isolation between seed crop and
other crop should be maintained 20-30 metre. to avoid any mixture.
SEED RATE:- The seed rate depend upon the size of seed tuber about 14-16 qtls. per acre is
required per acre. If there are sprouted tubers are used than the number of tubers is increased.
SEED PRE-GERMINATION: As explained above.
MANURE & FERTILIZER:- Reduce 20% nitrogen in case of seed production.
SOWING METHOD: - In Seed Production spacing between plant-to-plant may be reduced rest
is followed as per the table production.
SOWING TIME: - The HAU has recommended the date of sowing for seed production is 20 th
October to 30th October but department of horticulture is recommending sowing of the seed from
15th October to 30 th October. Only Kufri Bahar which is resistant to potato tip viral disease
th
which vector is white fly is resistant and may be sown bit early from 15
October, onwards.
Haulm cutting, curing, harvesting is a same given in the potato production grades but the seeds
are graded in different size as per the Seed Certification Norms. Generally large size potato in A
grades which carries more than 100 gms. and the seed size potato are put in the D grades which
are generally put those potatoes which having tuber weight 25 gms. Third category is made
potatoes carries less than 25gms.
INSECT-PEST CONTROL
Pest & Symptoms of attach
Potato (Spring Crop)
The cutworms (Agrotis
spp.) cause considerable
damage from February to
March by cutting the young
Photo
Recommendations
Caution
Before sowing the crop, Never apply BHC on Potato
apply 6.25 l aldrin 30EC or as it will impart off flavour
10 1 heptachlor 20 EC perto tubers.
hectare to upper 10 to 15
cm soil to protect the crop
plants at the ground level from cutworms or apply the
and in later stages feed onsame quantities of aldrin or
potato tubers by making heptachlor with watering
holes.
can in about 2500-3500 l
water per hectare over the
ridges just before earthing
up.
Aphid: These greenish Spray 750 ml of Metasystox Do not mix Bordeau
inspects cause considerable 25 EC (methyl demeton) or mixture
with
these
damage to the spring crop 190
ml
Dimecron-100 insecticides but copper
by sucking sap and
(Phosphamidon) or 750 ml oxycholoride can be mixed
transmitting
the
virus Rogor 30 EC (dimethoate) with
the
insecticides
disease.
Besides these, in 750 l water per hectare at recommended.
some times hadda beetle 10-15
day
intervals
and its grubs scrap leavesbeginning
soon
after
and skelton them.
germination.
Photo
Diseases, causal agent and symptoms
Diseases, causal agent and symptoms
Control measures
Spray the crop with Blitox 50 or Zineb or
Early blight (Alternaria solani):
Brown spots are scattered over the leaf. Difolatan or Dithane M-45 @ 2 kg. per ha.
These spots later show concentric narrow Repeat sprays at fortnightly intervals to
dark lines which given them a target broad cover new growth.
appearance. Older spots become darkbrown.
Photo
Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans): The
first symptoms of the disease appear on the
leaves as small black areas which may
extend and kill the foliage in a few days, if
moist weather prevails. Decaying leaves
often emit an offensive odour.
The
underground tubers are also affected and
may decay before harvesting.
(i) Use selected healthy certified
tubers for sowing.
(ii) Spray 4-5 times the crop with 2Kg.
Dithane M-45 or Zineb or
Difolatan at 15-days intervals.
The interval may be reduced to
even 7 days, especially when
weather remains cool and humid
from 2nd fortnight of December.
Photo
Carry out selection of seed potato to
Black Scurf (Rhizoctonia solani):
Diseased tubers have on their surface black
eliminate those showing the sclerotia of
rough incrustations which are the resting
disease before putting them into cold
bodies (Sclerotia) of the causal fungus.
stores for preservation.
Such tubers when sown not only give rise
Tubers should be disinfected with 0.5%
in turn to scurfed tubers but also induce Agallol or 0.25% Aretan for 3-5
heavy wilting of the plants arising from
minutes.
them.
Photo
Charcoal rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola):
(1) Grow early maturing varieties.
Black spots appear around lenticells and
Harvest the crop early before it
eyes, later tubers become uniformly blak;
gets too warm, i.e by the middle of
above ground symptoms are produced on
March. Store in cold store or
the plant and the disease mostly develops
underground stores.
in storage. If the potatoes are left in the (2) Do not store large sized tubers.
field and harvested later in the season, there
(3) If the harvesting is delayed deep
is severe incidence of disease on potato
soil cool by frequent irrigations.
tubers in the soil. The potato tubers are
Treat the seed tubers with 0.5%
converted into black charcoal like mass.
Agallol before storage and treat
The tubers obtained from such crop are not
with brassicol (0.25%) before
fit for sowing.
sowing.
Photo
Keep disease-free certified seed. Dig
Black leg and soft rot (Erwinia
out plants with tuber showing
carotovora & E.aroideases): Affected
plants turn pale green or yellow, wilt and symptoms of disease. Avoid moving
die, affected haulms diseased tubers rot in
frequently in the field.
storage.
Photo
Virus diseases of potato:
Potato Virus X and S or Latent Mosaic:
Infected plants show mild notting of leaves
or light green patches on green leaf.
Severe infection leads to stunting of plants.
Sometimes infection symptoms may not be
visible, infection causes degeneration of
potato.
Use disease-free certified seed. Dig out
plants with tubers showing symptoms
of disease. Avoid moving frequently in
the field.
Photo
Potato Virus Y or Vein banding Mosaic
and Potato Virus or Mild Mosaic:
Symptoms consist of vein banding and
veinal necrosis with severe mosaic showing
yellow or greenish yellow patches on the
leaves. Number and size of tubers is
reduced. Sometimes the yield is reduced to
90%.
Rogose Mosaic: This disease is due to
mixed infection of PVX and PVY showing
Use disease free certified seed. Spray
750 ml. of Rogor or 200 ml Dimercron
per hectare at 10 day intervals 304
times to reduce aphid population.
As for PVX and PVY.
rough and crumpled leaves and stunting of
plants.
Photo
Leaf roll and Phloem necrosis: Infected
plants show upward and inward rolling of
leaflets.
Leaves become leathery and
brittle. Stem and tuber show phloem
necrosis.
Control measures will be tghe same as
for PVY.
Note: Do not spray these chemicals
three weeks before harvest.
Photo
Potato Tip Viral Disease (Beegoana)
Stunted growth with mosaic leaf structures
no tuberisation take place. It is spread with
the white fly
Late sowing should be done.
HAU
recommendation for Seed Potato
Production is sowing should be done
from 20 th October to 30 th October but
department recommendation is 15 th
October onwards. The only resistant is
Kufri Bahar.
Photo
Pest & Symptoms of attach
Potato (Autum Crop):
Jassid (Amrasca devastans):
Leaves crul, turn pale
bronze and dry from
Recommendations
Caution
A schedule of 4 sprays at 10 Do not spray dimethoate,
days intervals (Mid-Oct. tomethyl demeton or phosend- Novembers) with any phamidon within 3 wekks
of the following insecticides of harvest.
margins and as a result of
attack. The crop is stunted
and
has
blighted
appearance.
will control this pest. (2.25
Kg. of DDT 5- WP) or 750
ml. of
Rogor 30 EC
(dimethoate) or 750 ml. of
Metasystox 25 EC (methyl
demton) or 190 Dimercron
100 phosphamidon in 750 l
water per hectare.
Potato (Spring Crop)
Before sowing the crop, Never apply BHC on Potato
The cutworms (Agrotis apply 6.25 l aldrin 30EC or as it will impart off flavor to
spp.) cause considerable 10 1 heptachlor 20 EC per tubers.
damage from February to
hectare to upper 10 to 15
March by cutting the young cm soil to protect the crop
plants at the ground level from cutworms or apply the
and in later stages feed onsame quantities of aldrin or
potato tubers by making heptachlor with watering
holes.
can in about 2500-3500 l
water per hectare over the
ridges just before earthing
up.
Diseases, causal agent and symptoms
Diseases, casual agent and
Physiological disease of potato :-
symptoms
Hollow Heart: - External tuber surface splitting.
Control : To avoid this problem balance dose of
fertilizer should be used.And proper care should be
taken for irrigation manner.
Growth Cracks: - Rots seldom follow although
market quality is reduced.
Control : To avoid this problem balance dose of
fertilizer should be used.And proper care should be
taken for irrigation manner
Photo
Black heart: - blackening of the tuber centre
follows acute oxygen deficiency associated with
either low temperature in confined storage or high
field soil temperatures. Affected tubers rot later.
Photo
Control Proper cold storage temperature should be
maintained and harvesting should be completed
before rising of the temperature
Knobbiness and irregular shape:- results when
tubers resume growth due to improved
environmental conditiRQV DIWHU WKH WXEHU´V LQLWL
expansion.
Photo
Control : After harm cutting or when the potato is
mature irrigation should be stopped 10 days advance
before harvesting. Manage proper irrigation.
Jelly end rot (bottom) Also carbohydrates may
move from one tubero a different tuber more
terminally situated on the same stolon. When this
or jelly end root occurs, market quality is greatly
reduced.
Control: Proper spacing should be maintained,
regular
water
should
be
regulated.
Photo
Leaf roll and Phloem necrosis:
Infected plants show upward and
inward rolling of leaflets.
Leaves
become leathery and brittle. Stem and
tuber show phloem necrosis.
Potato Tip
(Beegoana)
Roll
Viral
Disease
Stunted growth with mosaic leaf
structures no tuberisation take place. It
is spread with the white fly
GARLIC
Variety:G-1:- This variety has been released by the National Horticulture Research & Development
Institute. Its bulb are white, compact and medium size and having cloves 15-20 per bulb. The
maturity period of this variety is 60-80 days and average yield is 40-45 qtl. per acre.
G-40:- This is a very promosing variety of garlic having white compact big size clove and
containing - cloves per bulb and yield potential is about 50-60qtl. per acre.
Land Preparation:- Prepared the soil by 2-3 time ploughing and leveled by planking and
prepare the water channels and the beds.
Sowing Time:- End of September to October.
Seed rate:- 1.5 to 2 qtl. per acre healthy clove.
Manuring:- 20 tons well rotten FYM per acre to be applied in the soil at the time of field
preparation. This should be mixed in the soil properly.
60Kg. Nitrogen 20 kg. phosphorus
10kg. potash to be applied at the time of sowing to be mixed in the soil properly. Apply balance
dose of Nitrogen 16kg. Per acre to be applied after 30-45 days of sowing. Nitrogen should be
applied within 60 days after sowing otherwise there will be more foliage growth and which will
reduce the size of the bulb and thickness of the cloves.
Method of sowing:- For sowing the distance between line to line is kept 15 cm. and between
cloves 8-10cms. The sowing depth should be maintained about 5-6 cms. deep and keep the
pointed clove side upward . After sowing the cloves should be covered with the soil of 2 cm.
Irrigation: - In winter irrigation should be done 10-15 days interval but in summer after March
weekly irrigation should be applied. At the time of maturity the soil should not contain more
moisture content otherwise there will be re-growth of the leaves and the cloves started
germinating which will affect badly on the storage capacity.
Intercultural & Weed Control:- The root of the garlic pan iterate to the shallow depth
therefore 2-3 times shallow intercultural should be applied for removing the weeds.
Chemical Weed Control: - Baseoline 45% @ 900 mltr. per acre should be applied after making
the solution of 250 liters of water before the sowing. Water should be sprayed before sowing and
thoroughly mixed into the soil or stomp 30% @ 1.3 to 1.7 ltr. per acre should be diluted 250 ltr.
of water should be applied after 8-10 days of sowing when the weeds starts germinating and
cloves starts sprouting.
Harvesting: - After developing the full development of the bulbs the leaves of the plant turning
into yellow colour and when the leave start drying the irrigation should be withheld. After few
days the harvesting should be started and dry the bulb in shade for 3-4 days cut the leaves after
leaving 2-3cms. from neck or 25-50 bulbs should be tied it bunches and keep for the storage or
bulb should be storage in gunny bags or in wooden box. The storage should be dried well
ventilated and keep in the dark room which improve the storage like garlic. In cold storage the
garlic can be stored and temperature of 0-2celcium with the relative humidity of 65-70% and we
can keep the storage of 3-4 months only.
Insect Pest of Onion & Garlic: Thrips tobac): Minute pale insects feed on Disease Control:foliage during February-May and produce Purple blotch(Alternaria porri): Small,
whitish spots, followed by curling, a white sunken lesions with purple centre on
FRQGLWLRQ NQRZQ, DV µ6LOYHU flower,
WRS¶. stem
$Wwhich
WKHfall over.
time of flowering, they are very injurious
and impair seed production.
Control Measures:- The following
Photo
chemicals should be sprayed at the interval
of 10-15 days as per the intensity of the
insects:-(a) i) 1.75 mltr. phanvelret 20 EC
in one litre of water.
Control measures: - Spray the crop with
ii) 2.175 mltr. deltamethaine 28 EC in one
copper oxichloride 500 gms.. Per acre with
litre of water.
some sticker or indophyl diathene or 400
iii) 3.60 mltr. cyper methin 25 EC
gms. per acre in 200 liter of water and add
(b) i) 1.300 ltr. melatyon in one litre of adhesive like salvate 99 10 gm. or ti tran 50
water.
ml. per 100 liter of solution at 10 to 15 day
ii) 2.375 mltr. indosulphan 35 EC in one
intervals.
litre of water.
Note:- 'RQ¶W UHSHDW LQVHFWLFLGH RQH DQG
again as per requirement from a and b
group.
Insecticide should be sprayed
alternatively. The onion should be used
after 15 days of spray. Stickerlike solvet99 10 gram or triton 50 mltr. per 100 liter
of water should be added in the spraying
solution it will affect the affectivity of the
spray and control of the insect.
Onion
Variety:- Hisar-2 is the recommended variety. Its bulbs are reddish brown, globular in shape. It
has a good keeping quality provided having less pungency. Onion contained TSS 11.5 to39 %
and there are few %age of bolting. Its mature within 130 -140days after sowing and gives about
120 quintal per acre.
Pusa Red: - ,WV EXOE LV PHGLXP, JOREXODU VKDSH FRSSHU\ UHG. ,W¶V PDWXUH ZLWKLQ _
and yield about 100-120 quintal per acre. It has also having good keeping quality and having
TSS from 13 to 14%.
Land Preparation:- 2-3 ploughing should be done to prepare the soil and make the beds leveled
by planking and make irrigation ridges.
Seed Rate:- 4-5 per kg. Per acre.
Sowing time: - October to mid November.
Time of transplanting: - Mid December to Mid January
Nursery raising:- Consideration of plant protection and other agricultural intercultural seeds are
sown in lines at the distance of 4-5 cms. The breadth of the bed should be kept 60 cms. to 100
cms. but the length should be kept as per the need. Size of beds from 50 to 60 beds are required
per acre transplanting of the size of 1x3 metre. To prevent the seedling from damping of disease
seed should be treated before sowing with thiaram (2-3 gms. per kg. seed.) Likewise nursery bed
should be treated with thiaram @ 4-5 gms. per square meter. After sowing, the seed should be
covered with well rotten sieve FYM or compost. After this the irrigate the nursery beds with
puwara daily till the start of germination. After growing the seedlings the irrigation should be
given by the channels as and when required. After germination for the prevention of the denting
of seedlings a spray of thyrom @ 2 gm. per litre should be applied with puwara at the interval of
15 days. Seedling are ready for transplanting after 6-8 weeks of sowing. Old age seedlings may
developed more bolting and took more time to establish of the seedlings.
Manure & Fertilizers:- About 20 ton FYM or compost is applied in per acre at the time of
preparation of the field. Half of the nitrogen (25 Kg.) & Phosphorus 20 Kg., & Potash 10kg. full
doze per acre should be applied at the time of transplanting and mixed well in the soil. Balanced
dose of the nitrogen should be applied 2 times at the interval 30of days by broadcasting
method.
Method of transplanting:- Transplanting should be done in lines and distance between line to
line 15 cm and within line plants to plants at 10 Irrigate
cm. the yield after transplanting
immediately.
st
Irrigation: - During the plant grow period (up to 1 two
months) interval of irrigation should be
given at big interval. At development phase of the bulb frequent irrigations are required.
Intercultural & Weed Control:- Intercultural and weed control by chemicals is both used for
control of weeds in onion cultivation. Both are more beneficial to control weeds in onion
cultivation.
Chemical Weed Control:- Basaline 45% fluchlorine 400-500 gms. per acre (basaline 45% 0.9
to 1.1 litre) should be sprayed at the time of transplanting and mix in the soil. Pendimethalyon
400 ± 500 gms. per acre (stomp 30% 1.3 to 1.7 ltr.) should be sprayed 8-10 days after
transplanting. When the plants are well established and weeds start emerging.
The chemical
should be used into 150 liters of water. If the weeds starts emerging after 50-60 days of
transplanting when weed should be removed by doing one intercultural operation.
Harvesting: - For green onion crops should be harvested after 60-90 days after transplanting.
For mature onion harvesting should be done after 125-150 days. The neck become soft and leaf
changed its colour to yellow and the leaves become dry and dry curl and drooped and fad in
colour. When 50% crop shows such type of symptoms then the left plant leaves should be put
down so that the full crop may be harvested at one time.
Care after harvesting:- After harvesting the crop onion should be kept for dying under shade
for 4-6 days. After that the stem should be cut 2-2.5 cm. above the neck of the onion bulb. To
increase the storage self life of the onion it is necessary that bolting plant should be removed
when ever they are noticed in the field.
Kharif Onion:Variety:- N-53 Its bulb is in dark colour and in round shape less and less pungency.The
maturity period for this crop is 100-140 days or an average yield is about 90-100 qtl. per acre.
Its storage capacity is low.
Agrifound dark red (adr): - Its bulb are dark red in colour and round in shape having more
pungency.
N-53: Its mature within 40-150 days and ready for harvest and average yield is 11²120 qtl. per
acre.
Land Preparation:- 2-3 ploughing should be done ploughed by planking and leveled the field
and make beds and irrigation channels.
Sowing time and Seed Rate: - This crop can be grown either by raising of the seedlings or by
use of the sets (small bulbs).
Raising of the Seedlings:- The right time of the seed sowing is from mid June and about 5-6 kg.
seed is required per acre. For raising the seedling of the kharif onion the following point should
be taken into consideration:i)
The nursery should be situated near the water source.
ii)
The nursery should be under shade condition and bit upper side of the plot where the
plants can be saved from scotch heat for hot wind and excess rainwater.
iii)
Raised nursery bed should be used.
iv)
To avoid hot wind and scorching sun thatching should protect light the nursery or
nursery should be created artificial shade by the polythene shedding net.
v)
To control the damping of the disease the seeds and seeling should be treated with
vi)
cap tan or thyram @ 2 gram per kg. seed.
Preparation of Sets:-
Sowing time:-Last week of January to Ist week of February.
Seed Rate: - 3-4 Kg. per acre.80-100 beds (3x1 mtr.) are sufficient to raise sets (small bulb
for one acre area). Lifting of sets from the nursery and storage. Sets are harvested by
digging the field from end of April to Ist week of May. The leaves are cut or removed after
keeping 2-3 cms. height of the neck of the sets. Sets are selected and store in the baskets or
into 3 gunny bags and put in a well ventilated room for storage.
Selection of Sets:- 1.5-2 cm. shape ( about 10 to 15 gms.) sets which are found disease free
are selected. Very small sets if transplanted resulted in poor production of yield. 5-6 qtl. sets
are required for one acre area.
Transplanting Method:- For transplanting line to line distance is kept 15 cm. and plant to
plant distance is kept 10 cm. Sets are also planted on the ridges which are made at the
distance of 30-45 cm. apart and sets are transplanted on the both sides of the ridges and
distance between plant to plant 10 cm. After transplanting the sets irrigation is immediately
required.
Manure & Fertilizer:- 10-15 ton well rotten FYM is applied in one acre at the time of field
preparation. 15kg. nitrogen 15 kg. phosphorus and 10 kg. potash per acre is required. Half of
the Nitrogen full doze of phosphorus and potash should be applied at the time of planting
seedling and for sets transplanting. This doze is applied before making the ridges. Balanced
doze of Nitrogen should be given twice at the distance of 30-30 days.
Irrigation:- 8-10 irrigations are given from August to Oct. if there is no range.
At
development of phase of the bulb the interval of irrigation should reduce.
Intercultural operations and Weed Control: - 2-3 intercultural or hoeing are required for
good growth. Chemical control should be done as in case of Rabi Onion Cultivation.
Harvesting (Digging):- The crops are ready for harvest by the end of November to the mid
of December when the bulbs are become matured and developed full size. Maturity is judged
keeping in view of colour and shape of the bulb. 80-100 qtls. of yield per acre is recorded.
Irrigation should be stopped before 15 days of harvesting or digging and fall the leaves by the
foot. After harvesting keep the bulb in line for drying for about one week in the field. After
drying the leaves are cut 3-5 cm. above the bulb and dry the bulb another 3-5 days.
PEAS
Three varieties are recommended, viz, Arkel, Bonneville and Multifreezer, important
characteristics of these varieties are given below:-
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
v)
Arkel: Early variety with dwarf plant, wrinkled seed pods long, dark green & filled,
yield 35-40 q/hectare.
Bonneville: It is a mid late variety. Pods are good sized with sweet grains. It yields
about 80 quintals per hectare.
Multi Freezer:- Multi podded, late variety and tolerant to frost. Long podes in
clusters 2 to 3 per peduncle. Very sweet and tender peas. It yields about 65 quintals
per hectare.
Azad P-I (Released from Kanpur University) This variety is first week of October
and having short plant growth with a wrinkle grain and average
yield is green pod is 40 qtl. per acre.
Early E-6 (Panjab Agricultural University) This variety is sown after th15 October
and plant is having tall than Azad variety and wrinkle grain and average yield is 100
qtl. per acre.
Sowing time
Mid-September to mid-November is the optimum size depending upon the nature
of a variety. Second half of September for early variety, October for main season and end of
October to mid of November for late season variety.
Seed Rate:
50-60 kg. seed per hectare.
60-70 kg./ha for early crop.
Seed Treatment
If the pea is being sown in new field, treat the seeds before sowing with bacterial culture.
Spacing
30-40 cm between rows( for early crop only 20-25 cms.) and 3-5 cm. between plants.
Manuring: Apply 20 tons of FYM, 30 kg. of N and 50 kg of P2O5 per hectare. The half of
nitrogen and all P2 O5 before sowing is to be applied before sowing as top dressing after
about four seeding rest of nitrogen is to be applied.
INSECT-PEST CONTROL
Insects and symptoms of attack &
Control measures
1.Pea Thrip (Thrips indicus): Nymphs
and adults causes severe damage to the
young crop by sucking cell sap from leaves
Control:-Spray 1250 g DDT 50WP in 625
Insects and symptoms of attack &
Control measures
3. Pea Pod Borer:- The pest is particularly
serious after pod formatin when the larvi
bore into the pods and eat developing
grain.
1 water per hectare 15 days after
germination. Repeat after two weeks, if Dust 25 kg. BHC 10% dust per hectare.
necessary.
2. Pea leaf-miner (Phytomyza atricornis):
Larvae feed by making tunnels in the
leaves. They cause serious damage during
December-March. Pea aphid suck cell sap
due to which the leaves turn pale and dry.
(i) Spray 1000 ml. Rogor 30 EC or 1250
ml. Metasystox 25 EC (Methyl demeton or
Anthio hectare, when the attack begins
repeat at 15 day invervals.
(ii) Stop spraying the crop with insecticides
atleast 20 days before picking of pods.
Disease Control
Disease, causal orgnism symptoms &
Control measures
1)Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni):
White floury patches on both sides of the
leaf as well as on the tendrils, pods, stems,
etc.
Spray 2.5 kg. wet table sulfur per hectare as
soon as disease appears.
Benlate or
Bavistin 0.15% is also effective to control
this disease. By this way 500 gm sulphur
and 200 gm. bavistin is required for 1 acre.
or carathene 40 EC 80ml. per acre should
be sprayed into 200 liter of water. The late
maturity variety crop should be sprayed
with 0.1calexine.
Rust Disease:- On the lower leaves surface
yellow or orange colour
appears
superfluous spot are observed. This cause
great loss in case of late sowing variety.
Photo
Treatment:- The crop should be sprayed
with indo filled M-45 for 100 gms. per acre
or calaxine to 100 mlt. per acre in 200 litre
of water should be sprayed after 10 days
interval for 2-3 times.
Disease, causal orgnism symptoms &
Control measures
2)Root rot and Wilt (Rhizoctonia)
Solani/Fusarium spp.) Root rot and plant
wilts.
Photo
Control:-Treat seed with Bavistin or
capaton 2 gm per kg. of seed. The crop
rotation should be maintained for three
years and where the disease is spread in
that field early sowing of pea should be
avoided.
ROOT VEGETABLES
Carrot
Pusa Kesar : It is also a quick growing and deals early variety. Long deep orange coloured
roots. Short leaf, top core thin. It yields about 250 quintals per hectare.
Hisar Garic (SC-I): This is a desi variety and having long root and orange colour. Average
yield is 110 quintals per acre.
Nantes:
hectare.
It is a termperate type, suitable for late sowing in plains. It yields 200 quintals per
Radish
Pusa Chetaki: It is an early variety, while roots, medium length and cylindrical, suitable for
summer and rainy season crop, yields about 150 quintals/hectare.
Punjab Safed: It is a desi type variety. Its root are 30-40 cm. long and 3-5 cm. thick. It is very
soft but having medium pungency and it is white like eyes in colour and mature within 45 days
after sowing. Average yield is 80 quintal per acre.
Japenese White:
It is a temperature type suitable for late sowing in plains. It yields about
200 quintals per hectare.
White Icicle: It is a medium short European type variety which matures in 35-45 days. It is icy
white, skin is pure white, thin and tender while the flesh is icy white, crisp, juicy, and mild
flavoured roots.
Turnip
It is a desi, and early maturing type. Roots are white and round, medium size.
White 4:
Roots develop in about 60 days. Average yield is about 200 quintals per hectare.
Purple Top While Globe:
qtl./hect.
It is a temperate type suitable for sowing in plains. It yields 200
Cultivation Practices:
Preparation of land: Level the field before sowing 2-3 deep ploughing should be done and
every ploughing should be followed by the planking so that optimum moisture can be maintained
and the clod should be broken. Apply FYM and mix in a soil at the time of field preparation.
Time of Sowing:
For desi types of carrot, radish and turnip, August-September is the best
time for sowing. Temperate types should be sown in October to November.
Seed Rate:
turnip.
4-5 kg per acre seed for carrot and 3 kg per acre for radish and 2 kg per acre for
Method of sowing: To have better yield and good quality of root carrot, radish and turnip are
sown on the light ridges. The ridges should be straight and having equal height and it should be
pressed from both the sides. The distance between two rides 30-40 cm. and plant to plant about
6-8 cm. On the top of the ridges 2-3 inch deep fro should be made and sow the seed.
Manure and Fertilizer:
In the average soil for all these three crops required 30 tons FYM
per acre apply at the time of sowing. 24 kg. Nitrogen and 12 Kg. Phosphorous (Chemically) per
acre apply in three crops. But in case of carrot apply 12 kg. Potash (Chemically) per acre. Other
soils which are having sufficient potash should also be added in case of carrot. Fertilizer should
be applied at the time of sowing in case of Radish and Turnip but in case of Carrot half doze of
Nitrogen and full doze of Phasphours and potash should be applied at the time of sowing.
Balance doze of Nitrogen should be applied after 3-4 week as a top dressing and earthing should
be done.
Irrigation : 3-4 irrigation for radish and turnip and 5-6 irrigation for carrot is required. It the
moisture is loss at the time of sowing then first irrigation should be done immediately after
sowing. Precaution should be taken that water should not raise beyond 3/4th part height of the
ridge. The irrigation depend upon the climate condition and moisture available in the soil for
radish and turnip the irrigation should be done after 12-15 days of interval but in case of carrot
15-20 days of interval.
Interculture and wheat control: To review the weeds sowing should be done 2-3 times. In
case of radish and turnip first hoeing should be done after 2 or 3 weeks of sowing and do the
earthing. Do the second and third hoeing as per the need.
Harvesting : The harvesting of the roots depend upon the kind and variety of the crop.
Normally the desi varieties are late in ripening and the European varieties are ripening earlier.
The harvesting should be done when the roots are very soft, the desi variety of the carrot should
be harvested after 100-30 days of sowing and the European variety should be harvested after 6070 days of sowing. In case of radish desi variety should be harvested within 40-55 days and
European variety should be 35-40 days. The harvesting of turnip should be done on the basis of
variety and it should be done from 45-60 days after sowing.
Insect Pests Control:Insects and symptoms of attack & Control
Insects and symptoms of attack & Control
measures
measures
Mustard aphid (Lipahiserysimi): During
December-March, the lower sides of the
leaves are covered within-numerable
greenish plant lice. The attacked leaves
become curled.
At the early stage effected branches from
the insect should be removed or destroyed.
ii) 252 to 400 ml. methayl demotan 25 EC
or dimothiate 30 EC to be added in 250400 litre of water and spray in one acre.
Note: - For the crop raised for pod to be
sprayed 250-400 ml melathyene 50 EC in
250 -400 litre of water per acre. If the
intensity is more the spray may be repeated
after 10 days.
Alterian blight developed yellow brown
spots on the pods and leaves. On these
parts some times the strips are clearly
visible. Try to keep clean cultivation and
remove the weeds like Convulance
Arvences (hirankhuri) and Saathi should
not be retained the field.
Spray indophyl diathene M-45 or copper
oxycholoride 50 @ 400 gms. in 200 litre of
water per acre should be sprayed after 115
days of interval to control the disease.
Leafy Vegetables
Spinach (Palak)
Varieties 1. Jobner Green:- It is a high yielding variety. These leaves uniform green thick and
juicy and the leaves of this variety is bigger than all green.
2. All green: - This variety contains green leaves of uniform colour and delicate. In this variety
5-6 cutting can be taken.
3. S-23: - Its leaves are dark green, thick and broad and delicates. It is an early variety and the
variety is ready for first cutting after sowing of 30 days and suitable for 6-8 cuttings.
Preparation of Land:- The spinach can be sown in almost all type of a soil. But the sandy loam
soil is very suitable for its cultivation. Plough the fields 3-5 times and do the planking after each
ploughing so that soil becomes leveled and soft.
Sowing Time:- The optimum time of sowing is from August to December but the sowing can be
done round the year at any time.
Seed Rate:- About 8-10 Kg. of seed required for one acre
Method of Sowing: - Sowing of spinach should be done in line and distance between rows 20cm
and 5 cm. between plants.
Manuring: - About 20 ton FYM, 32 kg. N, and 16 kg. phasphorus per acre is required.
Irrigation: - If the moisture is low at the time of sowing a light irrigation should be done after
sowing. Rest irrigation should be given 8-10 days of interval.
Harvesting: - First cutting should be done after 30-35 days after sowing subsequently cutting.
The number of cuttings depends on the variety, season and fertility level of the soil. The average
yield of the spinach is 30-45.
Fenugreek (Methi)
Varieties:1. Kasuri :- This is a very good variety of the methi which is having very good flavour and
with a small leaves having very thin and delicate leaves and very much liked by the
consumer.
2. Pusa Early Bunching:- This variety is having bigger leaves than kasuri and dark green
and larger leaves than Kasuri and having less flavour.
Seed Rate:- About 8-10 Kg. of seed required for one acre.
Method of Sowing: - Sowing of Methi should be done in line and distance between rows 20cm.
Manuring:- About 20 tons FYM, 32 kg. N, and 16 kg. phasphorus per acre is required.
CAULI FLOWER
Varieties
Pusa Katki:- It is an early variety and having plant of medium size and leave blue and green
colour. The curd is small and medium in size. Cauli flower is ready within 60 days after
transplanting. The yield is about 50-60 qtl. per acre.
Hissar-1:- It is a medium yield variety. Heads is of medium 2 large size, stout and very white in
colour. The crop is ready for harvesting after 90 days of transplanting. The yield is about 90qtl.
per acre.
Snow Ball-16:- It is a late variety. Heads are snow white, compact and good sized. The head of
this variety is white compact and medium size. The head are ready for harvest after 100 or 210
days after transplanting and yield is about 60 qtls. per acre.
Cultivation Practices:Preparation of land:Cauli Flower can be grown in different type of the soil. The field should be ploughed properly
and make the soil soft and friable. It can be grown in different type of a soil. Land should be
well prepared by ploughing so that the soil become friable and light.
Sowing of time:Early cauli flower the sowing time of seed is May- June and the transplanting should be done in
June-July. Seed of medium variety should be sown in the bed from mid July- Ist week of August
is suitable for raising the seedlings. Transplanting should be done from August to midSeptember. For late sowing variety the sowing of the seed in the beds should be done in the
month of October to Ist week of November and transplanting should be done in the month of
November and December. To avoid the buttoning (small heads) the sowing of the seed of
particular variety should be done at right time.
Seed Rate:300-500 gm. per acre for early variety and 250 to 300 gm mid and late variety.
Raising of Nursery-For early variety the bed should be prepared 15 cm. sunken and the size of
the bed should be 3x1 mtr. For raising of the nurseries per acre about 15-20 beds of this size is
required. For mid and late varieties 15 cm. raised beds are prepared. Plough the nursery beds
and prepared the soil structure friable and 2cm. thick FYM and mix in the soil properly. Seed is
sown by broad-casting or in line. After the sowing the seed should be covered with the thin layer
of FYM. For early varieties the seed bed should be covered with the thatching made by the
Sarkanda till to reduce the mortality of the seed rates due to high temperature. The nursery
should maintain proper moisture condition and the irrigation should be done by the fuwara.
Transplanting Method:- For early cauliflowers small ridge should be made at desired distance
and healthy seedling should be transplanted on these ridges. For medium and late varieties
should be transplanted in the desired dimension leveled belts done on leveled beds.The
seedlings which are not having copal leaves. The blind plants without leaves should not be
transplanted. Light irrigation should be done within the ridges for early transplanting variety so
that more survival rate can be maintained. Due to the early range and to conserve soil erosion
earthing should do. The distance for the transplanting is given as under:i)
Early ± 45x30cm.
ii)
Medium-60x60 cm.
iii)
Late- 45x45cm.
Manure & Fertilizers: - About 20 Ton of FYM, 50 kg. N, (200 Kg. of Calcium Ammonium
Nitrate) 20 kg.P2 125 kg.Single Super phosphate) and (32 kg.of mort ate of Potash per acre
should applied per acre. Full dose of FYM (Phosphorus and Potash and 1/3 rd of dose of Nitrogen
should be applied before transplanting. Balance dose of Nitrogen should be applied as a
broadcasting two times. 8-10 Kg. Zinc Surphate per acre
should be applied at the time of preparation of beds.
Irrigation:- At 5-6 days intervals, irrigate to early variety and from 10-15 days intervals for mid
and late variety. Proper moisture should be maintained at curd form because this is the stage
which requires more irrigation. If the cauliflower is transplanting late then the interval of the
irrigation should be reduced.
Intercultural and weed control:- To control the weeds in early planted cauliflowers, a spray of
basaline 40% @ 1-1.3 ltr. Or 125 kg. Of lasso 2.5 liters or 1.3 liters of stomp 30% per acre
should be sprayed. If the weeds are still germinate after spray then the weed should be removed
by intercultural by khurpi or how.
Blanching:- This is a very important activities which is done to save the curd from burning of
sun-light and avoid yellow colour. In these activities the leaves of the cauliflower keep upwards
and tied so it should cover the curd or if possible to remove the one or two leaf and covered the
curd with leaf. Blanching should be done when the head of the cauliflower become matures.
Normally the leaves should be tied not more than 4-5 days but in the cold conditions the duration
can be increased upto one week and in hot summer 2-3 days. In certain variety these activities
automatically took place and there is no need of blanching.
Harvesting:- When the curd attained proper size and attain full maturity the crop should be
harvested the head should be tight and not be spread in segment. In early variety the harvesting
should be done after 60-80 days after transplanting, medium variety 90-100 days after
transplanting and for late varieties 100-120 after transplanting crop attained the full maturity.
The plant of the cauliflower should be kept below the curd so that peduncle should be attached
with the curd which protects the curd during transportation.
CABBAGE
VARIETIES:PRIDE OF INDIA AND GOLDEN ACRE:- Early varieties. Heads are compact, round and
medium. They yield about 80 quintals per acre.
Drum head late: - A late variety. Heads are large and light green in colour. It yields about 100
quintals per acre.
LAND PREPARATION:-As mentioned in case of cauliflower.
SOWING /TRANSPLANTING TIME:- For cabbage sowing is done seed in beds in depending
upon the variety. It is sown from September to Ist week of November. Seedling of 40-45 days
old is ready for transplanting.
SEED RATE:- 200-250 SEED PER HECTARE
RAISING OF SEEDLINGS:- As mentioned in case of cauliflower.
METHOD OF TRANSPLANTING:- The seedling of the cabbage is transplanting as desired size
of beds in leveled beds. Line to line distance 45-60 cms. and plant to plant distance is 30-45
cms. is kept.
MANURE & FERTILIZERS:- As mentioned in Cauliflower.
HARVESTING:- The cabbage had should be harvested when they are full size and compact head
and attained full size and variety. For early variety the harvesting is done to 2-3 times. While for
late variety harvesting can be done at one time. For early variety it took 60-80 days after
transplanting for maturity of the crops while for late variety 100-125 days after transplanting.
KNOL KHOL
VARIETY:- Early white veena:- It is early variety and its knob are light green colour and shiny
smooth. The yield is about 40-50 qtl. per acre.
LAND PREPARATION:- As mentioned in case of cauli flower.
TIME OF SOWING/TRANSPLANTING:- Sowing is done in the beds in September to
November and transplanting is done 40-45 days after sowing.
SEED RATE:- 800 gms.per acre.
RAISING OF NURSERY: - Like cauliflower.
METHOD OF TRANSPLANTING: - Healthy seedlings are transplanted in desired dimension
leveled beds. The distance is kept line-to-line 30 cms. and plant to plant is kept 10-15 cms.
MANURE & FERTILIZES:- As mentioned in case of Cauli flower.
HARVESTING: - Crop should be harvested when the knob become 5-7 cms. thick. The knob of
200-250 gms. of weight become soft and fibreless.
INSECT PEST OF CABBAGE, CAULI FLOWER & KNOL KHOL:DIAMOND
BACK
MOTH TOBBACO
CATER(PLUTELLA):-It is a green colour smallPILLAR(PODOPTERLITURA):-Its
insect. It immediately jumped if little attack is noticed very few places and small
touch. Its small cater-pillar eats the leaves cater-pillar together at one place but as the
by scratching the leaves but leave only elder spread in the whole field. Elder
white shell of the leaf. Elder cater pillar cater-pillar yellow, orange in colour and
make round tunnel.
Its attack is started gives green to purple colour. Its attack is
from August.
noticed from Sept. to November.
Control Measures:- 400gms. Basilas Control Measures:- From Sr. No. 2 to
thereoinjeasis(bioasp)wp
in
300 5covered insects controlled by the use of
mls.diagnan (basudin) 20 EC or 60ml.
400 mltr. melatheon 50 Ec or 375 ml. Indo
(nuwan) 76 EC or 400 ml. melathyon 35
Sulphan 35 Ec to dissolve in 200-250 of
EC should add and spray in one acre. water per acre and spray in a acre. Next
Spray should be done after 7-10 days of spray should be done after 10 days interval.
interval.
3. Cabbage Caterpillar:- Fully matured
4. Huda Beetle( Plusia orichalcea) :- This
caterpillar attain size of 3-4 cms. Velvets green insect walk like curve and damage
and green colour, spots on the skin andlike cabbage cater-pillar.
yellow strips and having white hairs. The 5. Aphid:-Lipaphis erysimi):- The larvi and
small insect remained in groups and eats the adult of this suck the juice of the leaves
the leaves but it also enter in the flowers. and the growth of plant become stunted.
The elder cater-pillar spreads and makes
the leaves like sieve. It attacks on the crop
from September to April.
Diseases
Black Rot: - This disease gives clear Downy Mildew:- Initial pin hold spot is
symptoms of yellow V shape spot on thedeveloped
on
the
leaves
which
margin of the leaf. At later stages these
subsequently spread and mix together and
become darkish black and brown in colour. developed into big spot. The colour of the
The veins of the leaf become black and the spot become yellow or light brown. In the
leaf of the plant dropped after drying.
severe attack of the disease affect drying of
the leaves. In the severity of the disease
also change the colour of the flower into
Photo
brown. Untimely rains help to increase the
Control Measures:- Collect the seed from severity of the disease.
the field which is not infested with this
disease or organism and the seed should be
Photo
collected from the disease free plant. The
seed should be treated with amisan or
captan or thrum to 2.5 gm per kg. of seed.
Control Measures:- After appearing the
On the crop a spray of strptocycline 0.2%
symptom of the disease the crop should be
& 0.1% copper oxicloride-50EC should be sprayed with dithone M-45 400 gms. in
sprayed 2-3 times to control the disease.
200 litre of water and at the interval of 10After harvest destroy the effected garbage 12 days 3-4 sprays should be done to
by burning.
control the disease Add some sticker in the
solution which will increase the effectively
of the spray which is already given in case
of onion crops.
Damping Off (Rhizoctonia spp. &
Follow crop rotation for 3 years in nursery
Pythium spp
Seedling dies either before or after and affected field. Treat the seed with
germination.
Amisan or captan 2.5 gm. per kg. of weed .
Alternaria Blight:- The round and yellow After germination of this plant apply 0.2%
and brown spot is developed on the leave
spray of captan on the crop after 3rd and
surface. On seed crop the spot is also 10th of sowing.
appear on the pods.
Photo
Control Measures:- As mentioned in the
Downy mild dew disease.
Tomato
Varieties:-Hissar Arun (Selection-7) This is an early variety and after transplanting first
harvesting can be done about 70 days after transplanting. The plants are in a small size but
number of fruits is more. This variety fruits mature normally at one time. The sizes of the fruits
are medium to large size and its gives yield about 100 qtl. per acre.
Hisar Lalit (NT-8): - It is a root knot nematode resistant variety. So this variety is recommended
for those areas where root knot nematode is a problem. This variety gives yield 100-120 qtl. of
yield per acre even it is grown in the infested soil of root knot nematode.
Hissar Lalima (Selection-18):-It is very early and very profitable variety and plants are in a
small size. The corner of the leaves is cut and dark in colour. The fruits are red round in large
size and having more percentage of pulp.
First fruit can be harvested after 60-70 days of
planting and its gives yield about 120 qtl. per acre.
There are certain hybrids, which are growing in the market, but so far Haryana
Agricultural University has not included any hybrid in package practices.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
PUSA Hybrid-1
PUSA Hybrid-2
Avinash
Manisha
5005
5031
Naveen
Trishul
Kuber
Sowing Time:- For winter season the sowing of tomato is done during June-July and for
Spring Season sowing is done from November to December.
Seed Rate:- For winter season about 400-500 gms. seed and for spring season about 200 gm.
seed per acre is required. For hybrid seed variety the seed is recommended 60gms. per acre.
Nursery Raising:- To raising the nursery of the tomato some precautions should be taken
especially in rainy season because in this season damping of disease is most prevalent. Make
raised bed during rainy season so that heavy rains water could not damage to the nursery. 40
beds (3x1 mtr.) in winter season crop and for spring 15 beds are required per acre
transplanting of seedlings.
Seed Treatment:- Before sowing the seed should be treated with any amisan or captan or
thryum 2.5 gms. per kg. of seed.
After sowing the nursery bed should be covered with the FYM and irrigate by
phuwara. To protect the nursery bed from the scorching sun-light the bed should be covered
by dry grass and remove this grasses after germination of the seed. By this way sufficient
moisture is maintained in the nursery which helps for proper germination of the seed.
To
control damping of disease after germination the nursery bed should be sprayed with .2% (2
gms. per litre water). Captan .
In summer season nursery plants are ready for transplanting within 4 weeks and in
winter within 8-10 weeks after sowing. It is necessary to irrigation time to time and to
remove weeds and control of pest and diseases.
Transplanting:- June-July for winter crop and mid January to mid February for spring crop.
Normally one seedling attained 5-6 true leaves. In nursery beds line-to-line distance should
be maintained about 60 cms. and plant to plant 40 cms. in the field. If we plant 2 seedlings
at one place there is increase in the yield of tomato.
Manure & Fertilizer:- At the time of seed preparation well rotten 20-25 ton FYM or
compost should be added in the soil per acre. Besides this chemical fertilizer should be
applied as per the soil testing report. In general about 40 kg. Nitrogen, 25 kg. Phosphorus
and 20 kg. potash per acre should be applied but for potash if the area is deficient of potash
content. At the time of field preparation full dose of phosphorus and potash and 1/3rd doze of
Nitrogen should be applied. The balance dose of the Nitrogen should be applied equally after
4 weeks and 2 nd dose after one month of Ist application. There should be optimum moisture
and Nitrogen is applied to the soil.
To avoid cracking of tomato 0.3% borex should be
sprayed at the time of fruit setting and after 15 daysrd and
spray3should be done when
tomato starts ripening. Though there is no recommendation in the package practices for
hybrid varieties but as per the Seed Production Company Literature. The requirement of
fertilizer is 72 kg. Nitrogen 40 kg. phosphorus and 24 kg. potash.
Irrigation:- First irrigation should be given soon after transplanting afterward as per the
need 8-10 days interval. Irrigation should be done by irrigation channel but irrigation should
be minimized at the time of ripening of tomato.
Weed Control:- It takes 2 intercultural-howing are required first about 20-25 days after
transplanting and second after 40-45 days after transplanting. Besides this earthing should
be done at this time. It is possible to control the weeds by chemicals tendi methalyon for
100 gms. per acre (stomp 30% 1.3 litre) to be sprayed after 4-5 days after transplanting.
Growth Regulator:- For setting of the fruit at low and high temperature the crop should be
sprayed with PAC @ 50 PPM (10 gms. PCPA should be dissolved in alcohol and make the
solution and add 200 liter of water should be sprayed on the tomato plant at the time of
flowering per acre.
Harvesting:- When the tomato fruit attains proper size then there is a appearance of red or
yellow strips on the fruits the tomato fruit should be harvested and it should be kept in the
room for ripening. If the fruit is fully matured on the plants then there is a chances of
damage of the fruit by buds and these tomatoes are to be disposed in the local market
otherwise there will be great losses during transit.
If the tomato to be sold to the distance
market then unripe tomato should be packed and sent to the market.
Insect-Pest & their Control:1) White Fly:- (Bemisia Tabaci):- This 2)Aphid:- (Aphis gossypii):- As
contains white muddy colour oval shape
mentioned in the potato crop.
small. The small fly is oval shape and
Control:- To control this insect 400ml
white muddy in colour.
Its wings melateyon 50 EC dissolve into 200-250
contained waxy layer, Larry and adults. liter of water to be sprayed per acre. At
Suck the juice from the lower surface of
the interval of 15 days.
the leaves with the result of that the Fruit
Borrower
(Cater
Pillar)
leaves turned into yellow colour.
This (Helikovrpa Armizera) This is a green or
is a vector of viral diseases. Its attack is pale or brown colour cater-pillar, which
more in rainy season crop.
is having three long broken strip of cream
Control:- To control this insect 400ml colour.
These cater-pillars eat the
melateyon 50 EC dissolve into 200-250
delicate leave. It makes tunnel in the bud
liter of water to be sprayed per acre. at
flower and fruit. The effective fruit
the interval of 15 days.
rotten later on. This also attacks on
gram, pea, cotton, sunflower and arhar.
Control- To control the insect, the
Diseases & their Control
following insecticide should be used 2001) Damping of: - It is a serious 250 liter of water per acre and the spray
disease the nursery. The plants should be done as per the need at about
are died before germination or 15 days interval.
after germination.
A. a) 1.75 ml. Phenvelret 20 EC
b)200 ml. Deltamethon 28 EC
c)60 ml. Cycle methon (Cyper
methon 25 EC/ 150 ml. Cyper methon
10 EC.
B. 500 mlt. Indosulpham 35 EC,
Photo
500 gms. Carboryl 50 WP.
Control:- Before sowing seed should be
treated with 2.5 gms. amisan or
Note:- I) Harvest all ripened fruits before
cap tan or thrum in one kg. seed. After
spray.
germination .2% (2 gms. Chemical per ii) Infested fruit to be buried into the soil.
liter water) Spray Captan and irrigate the iii) As per need alternatively spray should
nursery bed. To save the plants from be done in A& B group.
lodging.
Diseases & their Control
Early blight: - Round and triangular
deep brown or black spots developed and Root Knot Nematode:- The effected
the leaves and fruits. On stem the plant of the root knot the leaf become
symptoms are appeared oval shape and pale and growth becomes stunted. Not
later-on it becomes elliptical. With the developed only root of the plant or root
result plants become dry and died. On swallowed.
fruit these spots developed towards the
branch size.
Control: i)
Do not irrigate more in
nursery area.
ii)
Applied well rotten FYM.
iii)
As suggested control of
damping of disease. Treat the
seed before sowing.
iv)
Spray
the
crop
with
G.Ram/Ginab/Manco
Jeb
(Indophyl M-45) 400 gms.
into 200 liter of water per acre
at 10-15 days interval.
Leaf Curve or black strips and
Mosaic etc. Viral Diseases.
Photo
Control Measures:- 7 gm. Per meter
square phurodan 3 granules should be
used to control the disease and mix in the
soil. In the m/o of May and June plough
the field 2-3 times 10-15 days interval,
which reduced the percentage of
nematode.
Infested field of the
nematode the variety of the Tomato
Hissar Lalit should bed selected.
Control: -Stunting growth of the
plant the leaf become thick and off
shape developed curling and the
strips are developed on the stand the
fruit become very small which looks
like dying.
Used Disease Free Seed. Control the
vector of the disease in the nursery as
well as in the field.
Spray the
insecticides to control the white fly as
control measures, which already
suggested. Disease plants should be
roughed out at early stage and
destroy.
BRINJAL
Variety
BR-112: - This is an early variety. The plant of this variety is bush shaped. The fruit is round
seeded, flashy and light violet colour. The yield is about 100 qtl. per acre.
Hisar Shayamal:- It is early and high yielding variety. Its plants leaves are green and fruits
are round shining and violet colour. This variety is resistant to the bacterial wilt rot and little
leaf disease. The yield is about 100-125 qtl. per acre.
Hisar Pragati: -This is a early variety. The leaves are green and having white violet and the
fruits are violet colour 15-20 cm. long. Shining and dark violet colour. The colour of the
fruit remains same upto the full development of the fruit size. The average yield is 130 qtl.
per acre.
H.L.V –25: - This is early and can grow to high temperature. The leaves are green and fruit
are 10-12 cms. Long. 3 cms.thick and shining violet in colour. This variety is suitable for
both the season. In winter season its yield is equal to the Hisar Pragati. In spring season 90100 yields per acre, which is higher 20-30% than Hisar Pragati.
Hisar Bahar: - HE-12: - This is an high yielding variety. This variety has special feature
from other varieties. Because there are less effect of stem and fruit borrower in comparison
to the other varieties. The plants are bush and of medium height. The leaves are green but
the fruits are less violet in colour and of the size 10-15cms. long. In rainy season
transplanting crop gives about 40-50 fruits per plant and average yield is about 150 qtl. per
acre. In summer season crop the yield is about 90-100 qtl. per acre.
Land Preparation: - Brinjal can be grown in variety of the soil but for good yield sandy
loam is most suitable. Since the crop remain in the field for many months so the land should
be well prepared by 4-5 times ploughing of the fields before transplanting of the seedling.
The FYM should be mixed in the soil properly while preparing the land.
Sowing Time:- Brinjal can be sown three times in a year for winter season crop the sowing is
done in the month of June & July and for summer season crop the sowing in October &
November and for rainy season crop sowing should be done in the m/o March.S 20 beds
(3x1 acre) is required for transplanting of one acre.
Seed Rate:- 200 gms. Per acre.
Transplanting: - In winter season crop the transplanting is done desired leveled dimension
bed while for summer and rainy season crop the transplanting is done on the ridges. For
round Brinjal variety the distance between line to line is kept 75 cms. and plants to plants
distance 60 cms. and for long or oblong variety the distance is kept 60x60 cm.
Manure & Fertilizers:- About 10 ton FYM, 40 kg. Nitrogen, 20 kg. Phosphorus and 10 kg.
Potash is required for one acre. Full doze of phosphorus and potash and 1/3rd Nitrogen
should be added before transplanting mixed into the soil. The balanced doze of Nitrogen
should be applied as a top dressing 2 times after transplanting 30 and 60 days in equal
quantity at 30 and 60 days in equal quantity.
Irrigation:-1st irrigation should be applied soon after transplanting and the second irrigation
after 4-5 days. Later on the irrigation should be given 15 days interval in winter crop and 78days for summer season.
Use of gypsum with brackish water:- To neutralize one ml. per liter RSC. 30 kg. gypsum
per acre with per irrigation and add 8 ton rotten FYM with gypsum then there is reduction in
the affect of brackish water and can grow good crop of brinjal.
Weed Control:- Weeds can be controlled by pandy methalyon 0.4 ±0.5 kg. (Stomp 30% 1.32
to 1.7 litre) per acre to be added in 25 liter of water and can be sprayed after 8-10 days after
transplanting.
Harvesting - Picking of the fruit should be started when the fruit attained the optimum size
and developed colour.
Insect-pest & their control
Jassid (Amrasca biguttula):mentioned in the case of potato.
As White Fly:- (Bemisia tabaci)
mentioned in case of Tomato.
As
Control:-As soon as sucking type insect Control:- Spray melathyon 50 EC 400
are appeared on the crop the spray of gms. in 200-250 liter of water after 15
melathyon 50 EC 300-400 ml. To
days interval.
dissolve into 200-250 liter of water to be
Epilachna
beetle(Epilachna
sprayed per acre after 15 days interval.dodecastigma
Henosepilachna
After fruit setting alternatively synthetic
vigintopunctata) This beetle is semipyrothride (80 ml. Phenvlret 20 EC, 70
circle of coppery colour. Its first two
ml. simathyon 70ml. Cymoothrin EC, 20 wings contained 12-28 black colour spot.
ml. deltamethayon 28 EC) and other The Larva & adult are yellow in colour,
insectice (500 gms) carbon 50 WP, 500strong and having thorny structure.
ml. indosulpham 35 EC to be sprayedLarva and adult eat the green portion of
after 35-40 days per acre in 200 literthe
of leave.
water. The synthetic pirathad to be
Control: -Same as above.
sprayed at interval of 21 days and other
Mite (Tetranychus sp.)On the lower
insecticide is sprayed after 15 days surface of the leaves yellow and red
interval.
colour larvy and adult make the web and
remain in -side.
Stem & Fruit borrower Larva & Adult
(Leucinodes orbonatis):-This is a
sluggish larva before fruit set the larvy
entered into the shoots and by boring
developed its size. With the result the
shoots become dry and droop down and
ultimately died.
It entering into fruit
make the hole in it. Heavy attack is
reported from May-October.
Control: - Do as above.
Diseases & their Control
Diseases & their Control
The disease symptoms are appeared on
Little leaf & Mosaic Disease:
the leaves and spread to the fruit. The
The symptoms of disease the leave
fruit colour starts turning into brown and become small and yellow and plant
the affected spot rotting.
become stunted. In such cases there are a
few setting of the fruit.
Photo
Photo
Control:- Use clean seed and seed should
be treated with thrum or captan 2.5 gm
Control:- The effected plant should be
per kg. After fruit setting geneb or
removed at early stage and destroy them.
indophyl M45 400 gms. in 200 litre ofBefore transplanting of the seedlings,
water per acre should be sprayed at
seedlings should be dipped in
interval 8-10 days for 2-3 times. Sticker tetracycline solution (500 ml. per liter
like as mentioned in case of onion should water) for half an hour.
be added to make the spray effective.
Control the jacid white fly from time to
Photo
time and spray insecticide as already
mentioned.
Root knot:- As mentioned in case of
tomato except tomato resistant variety
Control:- As mentioned in case of tomato
except tomato resistant variety.
Chillies
Varieties:-NP-46A:- This is very high yielding variety but having medium size fruit. The
green chilies average yield is about 40 qtl. per acre.
PUSA Jawala:- This is a high yielding variety having medium size chilies. The plants are
very small but gives perfused fruiting. The average yield is green chilly is about 30-35 qtl.
per acre.
Pant C-1: - In this variety the fruits are born upward size of the plant. The fruiting starts 6065 days after transplanting and the picking of the chilies can be started after 95 ±100 days.
The green fruit length is 5-8 cm. long. This variety is resistant to leaf curl viral disease and
mosaic upto some extent.
Hissar Shakti:- (HC-44) :- This is an early ripening variety for spices and it is a impure
variety for resistant to the viral disease. Fruits germinate in brunches 5-6 fruit and grow
upward size. The length of the fruit 7-8 cm. and thickness is about 1.2 to 1.27 cm. The
%age of the olerisin in the red chillies is about 12-15%.
The average yield of the green
chillies is 50-55 qtl. per acre and out of which about 6-8 qtl. Red dry chilly is received.
This variety can be used as a Raton crop.
Hisar Vijay ± HC-28- It is an early ripening spices resistant to the viral diseases. The fruits
are germinate grown with bunches upward. The colour of the fruits becomes black in winter
and coloured in red after ripening. Its fruit are thin but round on the tip side. The red ripened
fruits contains 11-12% olerisin content. The dry and green chillies yield of this variety is
similar to the Hissar Shakti. This variety can also be used as raton crop.
Land Preparation: - Chilies can be grown though variety of the soil. But the most suitable
land which is having proper drainage and which of ordinary content and sandy loam soil.
Plough the field 2-3 times and ploughed by the planking land can be prepared for chilies
crop. The FYM should be added in the field during first ploughing and mixed properly into
the soil.
Time of Sowing: -The seeds are sown in the nursery from May to June and OctoberNovember. The seedlings are ready for transplanting after 30-35 days of sowing. About 1520 beds of size (3x1 Mtr.) is required for one acre transplanting. The seed should be treated
for sowing as mentioned in tomato cultivation.
Seed Rate:- About 400 gms. of seed is required for raising the seedlings required for one
acre.
Transplanting:- The transplanting is done on the ridges and the distance between the ridges
is kept 60cms. and plant to plant is kept 45 cms.
Manure & Fertilizers:-10ton FYM, 25 kg. nitrogen 12kg. phosphours and 12 kg. potash is
required for one acre. 1/3 rd nitrogen, full doze of potash and phosphorus to be added in the
soil at the time of transplanting. Balance 2/3rd doze of nitrogen should be given after
transplanting. After one month when crop started flowering as a broadcast method.
Inter-culture Operation and Weed Control:- Irrigate the field after transplanting .
Irrigation should be done after 3-4 days after transplanting. Before the irrigation gap
transplanting should do filling. The next irrigation depend upon the rainy season. The
interval between the irrigation should be kept 8-10. It is a critical time to irrigate the field at
the time of flowering and start of fruiting.
First growing should be done after 25-30 days
and second hawing should be done at the time of flowering. To control the weed stomp 30%
weedy side 1.302 to 1.75 liter per acre to be sprayed after 3-4 days after transplanting.
Flower & Fruit dropping:- The early stage of the growth of the plant in the month of
August & September sometimes the flower and the fruit dropping is observed. To overcome
this problem the plenofix 1ml. dissolve in 4.5 liter of water should be sprayed (NAA 10
PPM). At the time of flowering and the 2 nd spray should be repeated after 15 days of first
spray.
Picking of Fruit:- To sale the green chilies in the market fruits are harvested in green stage but
for spices purpose crop the fruits are allowed to ripen on the plant and to turn red in colour.
About 3-4 qtl. dry chilies is received from one acre
Insect Pesticides
Insect Pesticides
Termites (Odontotermes obesus):-Light
brown colour insect (worker) remain in the
soil and eat to the roots and the stem. The
plant dries slowly. More infestation is
recorded from September to November and
Feb.
Control: - i) Last year crop should be
removed from the soil.
ii) Never used raw FYM or compost.
Mites:- These insect sucks the juice from
the leaves with the result leaves turn
yellow. The plants become weak. This
also acts as a vector of leaf roll viral
disease.
Control:- Spray 400 ml. melathyon 50
ECE in 200 liter of water per acre at the
interval to 15-20 days.
Diseases & Control Measures
Damping off (As mentioned in case of
tomato cultivation).
Fruit rod and Stem Rod:-This is called by
fungus. The brown spots appears on the
fruits and at the later stage these spots
starts rotting. The branches of the plants
starting dying from topside to downside.
Photo
Control:- Treat the seed with thryum or
captan or emisan @ Rs.2.5 gm per kg seed
before sowing.
400 gms. Copper
oxicloride or Geneb or Endophyl diathene
M-45. Dissolve in 200 liter of water
should be sprayed per acre at 10-15 days
interval.
Leaf Curl & Mosaic:- (Viral disease) As
mentioned in case of tomato cultivation.
Photo
Control:- As mentioned in case of tomato
Lady-Finger
Variety:- Varsha Uphar:- This is a resistant to the yellow mosaic disease. This variety is
most suitable for rainy season. The plant of this variety is small size and the distance
between the nod is very small. This variety has handicraft cut leaves and of a dark green
colour. The pod of this variety with long head and shiny, medium thick attractive and having
five ridges. The fruiting starts from 3 rd or 4 th nod of the plant after 45 days of sowing. The
average yield 40 qtl. per acre.
Hissar Unnat:- This variety resistant to the yellow mosaic disease and it is most suitable for
rainy season crop. This plant is having less distance between two nods and having 2-3
branches. The pods are green attractive and having 5 ridges. The fully developed seed is
15cm. long and fruiting started from 3 rd to 4 th nod of the plant. This variety starts fruiting
after 47 days of sowing. The yield is about 30-40 qtl . per acre.
PUSA Sawani:- This variety is suitable to grow in summer season. Its plants are long stem
and leaves and peduncle of the leaves having violet colour spot. The fruiting starts at 6 or 7
nod of the plant. Fruit are green and shining. This variety is starts fruiting after 50 days of
sowing. The average yields in rainy and in summer crop is 40 and 30 qtl. per acre
respectively.
Land Preparation: - To plough the field and ploughed by planking the field should be
prepared properly nicely and friable. The FYM should be added in the soil at the time of
planting atleast 3 weeks before sowing. For summer crop make the ridges but for the rainy
season crop make the beds at the desired dimension.
Sowing Time:- For summer crop the sowing time is February to March and for rainy crop
from June-July.
Seed Rate:- For summer crop 16-18 kg. per acre and for rainy crop 5-6 kg. per acre.
Sowing Method:- For summer season crop 30cm. ridges are for and the seeds are sown at the
both sides of the ridges. Add 10 cm. apart for rainy season line to line distance is kept 45 60cm. and from plant to plant 30 cm.
The seed should be dipped in the water overnight
before sowing. After soaking the seed the seed should be dried before sowing and sowing
should be done.
Manure & Fertilizers:- Before 3 weeks of sowing of the seed 10 ton FYM should be added in
the soil. Besides this for average soil 40 kg. Nitrogen 24 kg. phosphorus 25 per acre should
be applied. So far is the potash is concerned if it is required on the basis of soil testing report
then it should be applied. 1/3 rd of Nitrogen and other fertilizers should be applied before
sowing. The balance 2/3rd nitrogen should be split into two doses applied as a top dressing
and should be applied about three weeks after sowing and second doze at the time of
flowering.
Irrigation:- Irrigate the field before sowing. For summer season about 5-6 days interval
irrigation and in rainy season as per the requirement of the field and the crop.
Intercultural and Weed Control:- Basalin 45% 900 ml. to make solution in 250 liter of water
and should be sprayed before one day of sowing. Soon after 3-4 cm. deep raking will control
the weeds to take ladyfinger crop as well as seed production of ladyfinger.
Picking:- The pod of the ladyfinger should be picked in a delicate condition (fiber should not be
formed). In rainy season the picking started is done on the basis of the variety from 45-50 days
after sowing. In varsha uphar the picking should be done at alternate days.
Insect & Pesticides
Jacid (The green yellow colour larvy and
adult suck the juice from the lower surface
of the leave from May-September. Infested
leaves turned yellow and the margin of the
leave turned upward and mould cup shape.
In severe attack leaves appears burnt and
dried and fell down.
Control:- To control the jacid treat the of
seed emedachloprid 70- WS @ 5 gm per
kg. Soak the seed for 6-12 hours and dry
the seed in shade for half hour after soaking
and add the insecticide and mixed the seed.
In the standing crop to control sucking type
insect if the attack is noticed the crop
should be sprayed 300-500 mltr.
Melathyon 50 EC in 300 liter of water per
acre at 15 days interval. After start of the
fruiting 400-500 melthyon 50 EC or 400500 m.gm. carbhyoryl (750 WP dissolved
in 250-300 liter of water per acre to be
sprayed alternatively at 15 days interval.
2. White Fly (Bemisia tabaci): - The larvy
and the adult suck the juice from the lower
surface of the leaves and also act as a
vector of the yellow mosaic which is
spread by this insect. For detail also see in
tomato cultivation.
Control:- Do as in case of jacid.
Yellow Mosaic:- Spot stem and fruit
borrower caterpillar (Earias Spp.) It is a
oblong caterpillar.
The body of the
caterpillar contained light yellow, orange
brown and black spot. At the early stage of
the crop the larvy enter into the shoot and
make bore and developed inside with the
result of that the shoot starts wilting and
drooping down followed by drying
downwards.
Control:- As mentioned in Jacid.
ROUND GOURD
Variety:- Hissar Selection:- The fruit of this variety is green, raw and soft. The average is
yield is 30-40 qtl. per acre.
Bikaneri Green:- This variety gives very good fruit. Its fruits are green in colour and
average yield is 30-40 qtl. per acre.
Hissar Tinda:-(HT-10) This is a high yielding variety and having round, light green colour,
soft and juicy and fibrous. This variety can be grown in summer and rainy season. It is less
affected to the downy mild-dew disease and root not disease in comparison to the other
varieties.
Land Preparation:- As per the bitter guard cultivation.
Sowing Time:- February, March is for summer crop and June-July is suitable for sowing of
rainy season crop.
Seed Rate:- 1.5-2 kg. seed per acre.
Method of Sowing:- As per given in the bitter-gourd.
Manure & Fertilizer:- As given in case of bottle gourd.
Irrigation & Intercultural:- As per musk-melon cultivation.
Picking of Fruit:- For vegetable purpose the fruits are harvested in raw stage. Harvest the
fruit after 3-4 days interval. The average yield is 30-40 qtl. per acre.
Use of Growth Regulator:- As given in case of bottle gourd.
Cucumber:- Variety:- Japenese long green :It is an early variety fruits are light green in
colour and having white thorn. The length of the fruit is 25-35 cms. and the flesh of the
fruits is light green colour and crispy. The average yield is 40 acre.
Land Preparation:- For better germination, the field should be thoroughly prepared. Give
2-3 time ploughing following by planking.
Time of Sowing:- From 1stfortnight February to Ist week of March for summer season crop
and June July is for rainy season crop.
Seed Rate:- One kg. per acre.
Method of Sowing:-The cucumber seed are sown in the corner of furrow. The distance is
kept 1-1.5 mtr. and plant to plant distance is kept 60cm . sow two seed at one point.
Intercultural & Weed Control:- Like other cucurbits crop.
Picking of Fruit:- Pick all raw and smooth fruits to be harvested either in morning or evening
or sent to the vegetable market.
Insect Pest:Red Beetle: - Its adult are yellow in colour Anthrconse and Scale: - The disease is
and very shiny and larvy are in creamy spread on bottle gourd, sponge-gourd and
colour. The adult of the red beetle make other cucurbits vegetable which develop
round hole into the leaves but the larvy patches on the leaves and fruits. In case of
remain in the soil and cut the roots and
high humidity there is appearance of gum
harm to the plants. With the attack of this like substances from these spots.
insect the smaller plant completely died. It
affects the crop badly from 2 nd fortnight of Control:-This disease can control with the
March to Ist fortnight of April and mid- spray of 200 gm. Endophyl M-45 in 100
June to August.
liter of water to be sprayed in one acre.
Control: - 5 kg. Carbonyl + 5 kg. ash to be
dusted per acre or 200 ml. indosulpham 35 Gummy Colar Rot:- This disease is
cc or 25 mltr. cypermethane 25 EC or specially observed in musk-melon and
60ml. cypermethane 10 EC Phenvalret EC perhaps its appears from April to May.
or 100 gm. Carboryl 50WP. In 100 liter of With the affect of this disease the stem for
water to be sprayed in one acre. To control touching to the ground become yellow and
the grub of the red beetle 1.6 litre started splitting and from this strips a
cholroperithos 20 EC or 1 ltr. endosulpham gummy types sticky substance start oozing.
30 EC to be applied after sowing with
irrigation per acre.
Control-The affected plant stem which is
Jacid , Aphid and Mites:- These insects touching to the ground surface should be
suck the juice from the leaves with the treated with 0.1% vevastin solution and this
result crop become very weak and there is
solution should be given as a irrigation.
reduction in the yield.
Control: - 250 mlt. Melatheon 50 ECC to
Downy mil-dew:- Triangular spot formed
be added in 200-250 liter of water. Spray on the surface of the leaves which of the
per acre at 10 days interval.
colour yellow or orange. These spots are
Fruit Fly (Bactrocera cucubitae):- The fly restricted to the shoots of the plant in wet
lay eggs in the flesh of the soft fruits. The season. The spots are developed under the
larvy are born from the eggs and eat to the leaves surface in powdery white or light
Photo
flesh of the fruit with the result of that violet colour. In acute cases the leaves
fruits are spoiled. This affect on long become dried and the plants destroyed
melon, sponge-gourd, bitter gourd, round fully.
gourd, bottle gourd and musk-melon.
Control:250mltr.
Phenytrothiane
(akothiane/pholithiane/ sumithiane) 50 ECControl: - Destroy the cucurbit family
or 400 mltr. Melatheyon 50 EC or 500 gm. weeds in the field. Diathene M-45 or
Cabroyl (seven)/ carbon Carver Wing/ blight ox ±50 2 gm. In one liter of water.
Hexawing) 50 WP in 200-250 liter of water Spray the crop. Do not spray blight ox in
per acre and 1.25 kg. gur/molasses to be
case of musk-melon. For one acre spray
added in the solution and do the spray at 10 200 gms. fungicides in 400 liter of water
days interval.
solution is prepared to cover the crop.
Note:- Use only recommended insecticide
because certain kind of cucurbits are burn Mosaic Disease: - The affected plant of
by some insecticide.
this disease show symptoms on the leaves
ii) Do not dust at dew time when there is and the leaves become pale and regular
dew on the crop.
patching of green appearance. The yield
iii) At the distance of 8-10 mtr. Grow the reduced very too much with this disease.
one line of maize because fruit flies are sit
This is spread vector like aphid and to
on the plants in a group. Spray the prevent this disease regular spray of this
recommended insecticide on the maize insecticide to control this insect should be
properly.
done.
iv)The affected and rotten fruits should be
collected and buried deep into the soil.
Photo
Diseases and their Control:Powdery Mil dew:- With the affect of this
Control:- As already given in case of
fungus there is a white flora type layer on
control of insect.
the leaves stem and other part of the plant.
This disease is spread in dry weather. The
fruit of affected with this disease is of bad
taste and there is reduction of quality.
Control:- Only one dusting with 8-10 kg. of
sulphur dust per acre. Dust on the affected
part of the plant will control the disease.
The dusting should be
either in the
morning or evening. When there is too hot
at daytime this chemical should not be
used. Never use sulphur dust on muskmelon. Instead of sulphur dust use 500
gms. vet table sulphur (sulphex or vet self.)
In 200 liter water and spray in one acre.
BEANS
Variety:- Hisar Kirti HD-18:- This is an early variety which matures within 90 days after
sowing. Its spots are flatly and dark colour. These parts can be stored for longer period for
storage. The average yield is 85 qtl. per acre.
Land Preparation:- Give 3-4 ploughing and followed by the planking. Make the field
friable and leveled.
Sowing Time:- Sowing is done by end of July.
Seed Rate:- 2-3 kg. per acre.
Method of Sowing:- Make raise beds of 1.5 mtr. white and sow the seed on the furrow of
one corner at the distance of 45 cm. Sowing of the seed should be done.
When the plant become 1-1.5 month old.
The plant should be given the support of the
bamboo stick for spreading the plant.
Manure & Fertilizer:- 4 ton well-rotten FYM 6 Kg. Nitrogen, 16kg. Phosphorus should be
added in the soil before sowing. After germination of one month 6 kg. Nitrogen should be
applied in the soil and earthing should be done.
Intercultural & Weed Control:- As far as the rainy season the light irrigation should be
done at 15-20 days interval. Remove the weeds by hands 1-2 intercultural and howing are
required for beans cultivation.
Picking of the Pods:- Pods are appeared after 2.5 to 3 of sowing. To harvest early crop the plant
should be protected from the summer and keep them alive. But in such plants less yield is
produced.
The average yield is 60-80 qtl. per acre
Insects- pests & their control
Aphid: - (Aphis craccivora): - The larvy Fruit Fly (Polyomatous boeticus;
and adult of this insect is of black
Helicoverpa armigera):- The larvy of
this insect make hole in the raw fruit.
colour and they suck the juice from
branches flower and pods one by one The larvy of this insect make the hole in
from November to March. With the the pods and the eats the raw seed. More
result of that the plant become stunted attack is noticed in case of pods.
and yield is reduced.
Photo
Control:- 15 mlt. Melathene 50EC in 10
liter of water should be sprayed as per
Control:- As mentioned in case of Pea
need. If it is required the second spray
Crop.
should be done at 10 days interval.
White Fly:- As mentioned in case of
Note:- All the pods should be harvested
Tomato Cultivation.
Control:- As mentioned in case of before spray.
Tomato Cultivation.
Diseases & their control
Enthrcnose or red spot disease spot of
Mosaic:-Deep green colour of faded
disease:- Dark brown colour sunken colour appear on the leaves
spots developed on the pods. There
corner are bear red colour lining in The black and deep colour circular
humid season, orange colour , fungus quickly developed and spread in the
liquid oozed from these spots and such
leaves and the leaves become sinkled and
type of a spots developed on leave and the margin starts curling and the whole of
stem.
the plant become pale.
Control:- Spray insecticides to control
the vector of the disease time to time.
Photo
Control:- Seed should be treated with
2.5kg. gram emisan per kg. of seed
before sowing. As symptom appeared
the crop should be sprayed with diathene
M-45. 400 gm. In 200 liter of water per
acre. After harvesting the crop the
residual of the crop should be brunt.
COW-PEA
Variety Pusa Barsati:- This variety is suitable for rainy season crop. Its pods are long and
colour of white green. 50-60 days are required for harvesting of the crop. The average yield 1618 qtl. per acre.
Pusa Dow Phusli:-This variety is suitable for both season of summer and rainy season crop.
The pods of this variety are very soft, thick and of green colour. The average yield is 12-16 qtl.
per acre.
Time of Sowing:- The cow pea can be taken twice in a year. February-March is suitable for
sowing of summer crop and June-July is suitable for rainy season crop.
Seed Rate:- 8-10 kg. seed is required for one acre sowing.
Method of Sowing:- Line to line is distance is kept 30-45 cm. and plant to plant is kept 15-20
cm.
Manure & Fertilizers: - To harvest good crop 4-6 ton FYM 10 Kg. Nitrogen 16 Kg. Phosphorus
is required for one acre.
Irrigation:- For summer crop after one week interval irrigation is required.
Insect-Pest & their control
Diseases and their control Measures
White-Fly (Jacid) & Aphid: - Aphids are Leaf Spot Disease:- Conical brown spots
suck juice from the plants. They also act as which are in the center are brown in the
a yellow viral disease.
colour and the heads are of red violet
Control:- 400 ml. melathyon 50 EC in colour. These spots are appeared on the
200-250 liter of water and spray in per
acre. If it is required the 2 nd spray should
be done after 10 days interval.
leaf stem and on pods.
Photo
Control: - Spray the crop with endophyl
M-45 or blight ox ±50, 400 gms. in 200
liter of water per acre.
Fungal Disease of leaf:- On the lower
surface of the leaves small water soaped
points are appeared with the result of that
the nearby tissue starts rotting. Control:Crop should be sprayed with 50blight ox
400 gms. in 200 liter of water.
Yellow Mosaic:- The disease affected plant
developed yellow spots on the leave and
these spots are appears green somewhere.
In the severity of disease the whole leaves
become pale and there is reduction in the
yield of the crop.
Photo
Control:-White Fly is the main vector of
this disease so the leaf fly should be
controlled as control measures is given
above to control this insect.
CLUSTER BEAN
Variety:- Pusa Nav Bahar:- This variety is suitable for both the season of rainy and summer. Its
pods are very green and soft. For summer season crop fruiting starts after 45 days of sowing and
for rainy season crop fruiting starts after 55 days after sowing. The average yield is 20 qtl. for
summer crop and 30 qtl. for rainy crop.
Sowing Time:- February to March is suitable for summer season crop and June-July is suitable
for rainy season crop.
Seed Rate:- 6 kg. seed is required for one acre sowing.
Method of Sowing:- Line to line distance is kept 30-45 cm. and plant to plant distance is kept
15-20 cm.
Manure & Fertilizer:- 4-6 ton FYM, 12 kg. Nitrogen and 20 kg. phosphorus is required for one
acre.
Irrigation:- In summer season and in the rainy season if the season is dry then the irrigation
should be done at one week interval.
ARBI
Variety:- Local Variety
Land Preparation:- This crop can be grown in variety of soil but sandy loan soil is very suitable
which has the capacity of proper water drainage. The ploughing should be done with soil
terming plough of disc harrow followed by harrowing. 3-4 ploughings followed by planking are
required for preparation of land.
Planting time:- Arbi can be grown for 2 season summer and rainy season. For summer season
the right time for planting is February-March and for rainy seaon suitable time is June-July.
Selection of the bulb:- The large and small bulbs are used for planting but the small bulbs are
found to be good yield. About 15-20 gms. of the bulb which are quite healthy for plantation. 3-4
qtl. seed is required for one acre.
Treatment of bulb:- Before planting the bulb the bulb should be treated with agalon 3 (0.5%) or
emisan 6 (0.25%) for 15-20 Minutes to be treated before planting.
Method of Planting:- The distance between line to line is kept for 45-60cm. and plant to plant
30 cm. to harvest a good crop After planting make the ridge 20-25 cm. width ridge on the bulb.
To cover the ridges after planting with dry grass which will affect early germination and also
control the weeds. With the result of this there is yield in this crop.
Manure & Fertilizers:- 8-10 ton FYM 40-48 kg. Nitrogen 20 kg. Phosphorus and 20 kg. potash
is required for one acre. FYM should be added into the soil before three weeks of planting
which is added at the time of field preparation. ½ dose of Nitrogen and full dose of Phosphourus
and Potash should be added at the time of planting of bulb and balance dose of Nitrogen should
be applied in the after two months of planting and earthing should be done.
Irrigation:-8-10 days interval irrigation should be given in summer crop but in the rainy season
the irrigation should be applied as per the needs of the crop at 10-15 days interval.
Intercultural & Weed Control:-The germination of the bulb normally completed about 20-25
days. At that time it is necessary to control the weeds. For this 2-3 intercultural are required
and it is also necessary earthing should be done. After top dressing of the fertilizer intercultural
should be done and earthing should be completed.
Digging of the Crop:- About 150 days are required to harvest the crops.
At ripening leaf
starting turning into yellow and drying. The bulb should be harvested carefully because cut
bulbs are spoiled in the storage.
bulbs are produced 8-10 qtls.
In one acre small bulbs are produced 70-80 qtls. and large
SWEET POTATO
The following varieties are recommended for sweet potato cultivation and their characteristics.
i)
ii)
PUSA Lal:- The colour of this variety is of red colour and having white flesh. The
medium size and the shape is thick in the middle.
PUSA Safed:- The colour of this variety is white in skin and flesh and of medium
size and it is high yielding variety.
Field Preparation:- Light loam soil is suitable for cultivation of seed potato. But the soil
should have good drainage. Alkalies and Acidic soil are not fit for cultivation of seed potato.
Raising of Wines in the Nursery: - To raise the wines in the nursery proper time of sowing is
March-April. For one acre areas about 40 kg. medium size(125-150 gms. bulbs are required.
These bulbs should be free from veeval insects.
A ridge is made at 60 cm. apart and the
bulbs are sown on the ridges at the distance of 25 cm. After sowing of the bulb about 45
days the length of the wines are cut leaving 20-30-cm. lengths. These wines are required 20
sq. meter areas to plant to sow in the second nursery. These wines are planted at the distance
of 60x20 cm. and these wines are ready for planting of field after 45 days.
Transplanting time: - The optimum time for transplanting is from June to July.
Transplanting: - Cut the wines 30-40 cms. long, which should have 3-4 loads and plant
these wines cuttings on the ridges which are made at 60 cm. distance and on these ridges
cutting is planted at 30cm. apart. Cutting can be planted two ways in first way the corner two
buds are kept above the ridges and the middle nodes are buried in the soil and in the second
method lower bud portion of the cutting upto two buds are buried in the soil and rest two
buds keep upward above the ground. Normally, the planting is done in the evening time and
irrigation should be done after planting the cutting.
Manure & Fertilizer:- Well Rotten FYM 10 ton to be added into the soil 2-3 weeks before
transplanting at the time of preparation of land per acre.Though the fertilizer should be
given on the basis of soil testing report but generally 32 kg. Nitrogen 36 kg. Phosphorus and
32 kg. potash per acre is recommended. The full dose of phosphorus and potash and ½ dose
of Nitrogen should be added at the time of transplanting. Balance dose of Nitrogen should be
added after one month of transplanting.
Intercultural & Ear thing:- Though the sweet potato is a quick growing crop but
Saathi weeds affects badly to its cultivation. Remove the weeds by one or two intercultural
within 20-40 days of transplanting and do the earthing after 40 days of earthing should be
done.
Turning of Wines:- The wines of the seed potato where it touch to the soil develop into the
root which results in the reduction of the size of sweet potato bulb. So the wine should be
turned into 2-3 times so that they should only develop root on one place.
Irrigation:- Proper moisture should be available at the time of planting of cuttings and
planting of bulb. Irrigation should be done soon after planting of cutting. After this the
irrigation should be done at 1-2 weeks interval. In rainy season only irrigation is done when
there is dry weather. After transplanting there should be no scarcity of water atleast for six
weeks. If there is deficiency of irrigation water within six weeks it adversely affect the yield
of seed potato. Stop irrigation before digging of 15-20 days. In heavy soils where digging is
difficult in that very soil light irrigation should be given 2-3 days before the harvesting. By
this way digging required less labour.
Digging:- The crop is ready for harvest depending upon the variety and it takes about 3-4 ½
months to mature the crop. For seed purpose the wines are cut one week before digging.
The bulbs are kept at 29 degree centigrade at RH 85-90% for 5-7 days.
Yield- About 80-100 qtl. per acre. SPICES CROP
FENNEL (SOUNF): - IMPROVED VARIETIES:- PALWAI FENNEL 35 (P.F 35) – It is a
medium spreading variety which is having long height but the grains are in large size in cluster.
Its grains are of medium size and green in colour. Its grains are without hair but having light
strips. The average yield of this variety is 6-8 qtl. per acre.
2. Gujarat Fennel 1 (G.F 1): - Its growth is spreading type and shape is of bush type plant. The
grains bunches are in large size and the grains are of green colour. The average yield is 7-8qtl.
per acre.
3. Hissar Fennel 33 (H.F 33): - This is a medium spreading growth and plant is having long
height. The bunches size are having more number of grains and the grains are of large size and
of green colour.
The average yield of this variety is 8 qtl. per acre.
4. Sowing time:- For direct sowing the sowing should be done in 2 nd and 3 rd week of October is
very suitable for sowing. For transplanting method the seedling should be ready in the month of
September.
5. Seed Rate: - For direct sowing 4-6 kg. and for raising the nursery method the requirement of
the seed is 2-3 kg. per acre.
6.Method of Sowing:- 30-40 cm. line to line and 20 cm. from plant to plant distance is kept.
7. Manure & Fertilizer: - For cultivation of fennel about 8-10 ton well rotten manure, 20kg.
Nitrogen and 20kg. Phosphorus should apply per acre. Half dose of Nitrogen and full dose of
Phousphorus should be applied at the time of sowing and half balance dose of Nitrogen should
apply as a top dressing at flowering.
8. Intercultural & Weed Control: - To control of weed pendymethalion 400 gms stomp 30%
1.3 liter which should be added in 250 liter of water as spray should be done within 8 days of
sowing or before the germination of the weeds. After 60 days of sowing one intercultural and
hoeing should be done to control the weeds. Proper moisture condition should be available in
the soil when weedy side is sprayed.
Corriandurum (Dhania):Improved variety:- 1) Narnaul Selection:- This variety plants are having more number of
branches. In comparison to the local varieties the grains of this variety is of bigger size and
green brown in colour. One cutting will not affect the grain yield of this variety. The Yield of
this variety is 6-8 qtl. per acre.
Pant Haritima:- The plants of this variety is having vigorous vegetative growth. The grains are
in small size of green brown in colour. This variety gives two cuttings without effecting the
yield of this grain. The average yield is 6-8 qtl. per acre.
Hissar Anand:- (Dhania Hissar-5):- The plants of this variety is having more number of
branches and the growth is of bush type. It is a medium late maturity variety and it is very
suitable for leaves and grains. The colour of the stem is light violet in colour and the stem
colour converted into light green colour at the time of ripening and at flowering
Thetime.
bunches are large and in more number having large grains. The grains are brown green in colour
and
the
yield
of
grain
is
7-8
qtl.
per
acre.
Sowing time:- For green leaves cultivation the sowing time is from mid September to mid
December and for grain production the sowing time is first fortnight of November. The seed
should be sown half grain rather than full size grain.
Seed Rate:- 3-4 kg. per acre (for spices crop) and 4-6 kg. per acre for green leaves production.
Method of Sowing:- Keep distance 30 cm. between line to line and 20cm. from plant to plant.
Manure & Fertilizer:- About 8-10 ton well rotten FYM manure and 25kg. Nitrogen, 20kg.
phosphorus per acre should apply. Half dose of Nitrogen and full dose of Phosphorus should
apply before sowing or balance half dose of Nitrogen should apply as a top dressing after 6-8
days week of sowing.
Control of Weeds:- To control of the weeds in Dhania cultivation one of the recommendation
should be adopted.
i)
Flewcholorine 400-600 gm. (Basuline 45% 0.9-1.3 liter) per acre before sowing.
ii)
Pendimethalion 400-600 gm. (stomp 30% 1,7-2.9 liter) per acre after sowing or
before germination of the weeds.
iii)
Flewcholorion 250-300 gram ( Basaline 45% 550-650 m.liter) + Pendimethalion 250300 grm ( Stomp 30% 850-1000 m.liter) solution should apply per acre.
Note:-1. The basaline should apply before sowing and other weedicide should apply after
sowing but before germination of weeds.
2. It is necessary to maintain proper moisture condition at the time of weedy side
spray.
Insect Pest & their control:Insect Pest & their control
Aphid (Hyadaphis corianderi):- The nymph Control:- At the start of the insect the
and the adult of this insect suck the sap affected branches should be removed from
from the flowers and caused damage to the time to time and destroy them.
crop.
2. 400gm. carbroyl 50 WP or 120 m.liter
cypermetharin 10 EC/ 50 m.liter 25 EC or
60 ml. Phenvalrate 20 EC should add in
200 liter of water and spray in one acre.
FENUGREEK
Recommended variety:- Pusa Early Bunching:- This is a desi variety. Its plants are grow
very vigorously and straight. The flowers are germinated from the base of the leaves. The
pods are long, flat and of green colour. The size of the seed is large and this is a high
yielding variety. The yield of the grains and the yield of the green leaves depends upon the
cutting of the crop.
2. Hissar Sonali:- (Hisar Methi-57) Its plants are having quick growing habits and grow
straight and bears more number of pods and the pods having more number of seeds. Its
grains are bigger in comparison to the PUSA early Bunching. The average yield is 8-10 qtl.
per quintal.
3. Kasuri:- It is a high yielding variety. Its growth is bush-typed in bunches. The leaves are
of three pieces; yellow flowers, which are, originate on the shoots in dense. This ia later
flowering variety the pods are grassy, flats small and green in colour. Since it is a late
flowering variety this variety can give more number of cuttings.
Sowing time:- For green leaves the sowing time is from mid September to November and for
grain production the sowing time is Ist week of October is more suitable.
Seed Rate:- 8-10 kg. per acre for desi variety and 5 kg. seed per acre for kasuri variety is
sufficient.
Method of Sowing:- Line to line distance is kept 20-30 cm. and plant to plant distance is
kept 10 cm.
Manure & Fertilizer:- About 8 ton well rotten FYM and 25 kg. Nitrogen, 20 kg. phosphorus
per acre should apply.
Weed Control:- Before the crop and the weed germination a spray of pendimethalion 400
gms. per acre ( stomp 30% 1.3 liter) to make solution in 250 liter of water should spray per
acre. To control the weeds while spraying weedyside proper soil moisture should be
maintained.
Yield:- The average yield of the fenugreek depends upon the number of cutting taken.
For desi methi 28-32 qtl. per acre of green leaves.
Kasuri methi 20-25 per quintal.of green leaves.
For grain Production:For desi Methi:- 6-8 qtl. per acre
For Kasuri Methi:- 2.5-3 qtl. per acre.
Insect Pest
Insect Pest & their Control
Aphid
(Aphis craccivora)(Bagla
Chepa):- The black colour insect nymph
and adult suck the sap from the plants and
caused damage to the crop.
Control:- 300 m.liter Melathion 50 EC or
400 m.l. endosulphan 35 EC should
dissolved in 200 liter of water per acre to
control the insect.
2. The affected branches should be cut and
destroy them.
COMMUNE
Improved varieties:Rajasthan Selection (1) (R.S 1):- This is an early ripening variety and the plants are of dark
green colour. The colour of the flower is pinkish. The grains are large shiny and brown in
colour. The crop is matured from 100-110 days. The average yield is 2-3 qtls. per acre.
Rajasthan Jeera (R.J-19) :- The plants of this variety is in green colour. This variety
generally given more number of branches with the result there is a increase in the number of
grain bunches. The flower is of dark pink. The grains are bold, attractive and dark brown in
colour. The crop is ready for harvest in about 105 days. This variety is resistant to the wilt
and blight disease as compare to the R.S 1 and other local varieties. The average yield is 2.5
to 3.5 quintal per acre.
Time of Sowing:- Bed sowing from 15th Nov. to 15th December is most suitable.
Seed Rate:- For lime sowing 3-4 kg. and for broad casting method the seed requirement is
4-6 kg. per acre.
Seed Treatment:- Before sowing the seed should be treated with thiram or emisan @ 2 to
2.5 per kg. of seed.
Method of Sowing: - Line to line 20 to 30 cm. and plant to plant 10 cm. distance is kept. For
broadcasting method the seed should be broadcast and raking should be done to mix the seed
into the soil. With the result of this, the seed should be covered by the soil. The depth of the
seed should not be kept more than 2 cm.
Manure & Fertilizer:- About 6-8 ton well rotten FYM and 12 kg. Nitrogen, 8 kg.
phosphorus should apply in per acre. The half dose of Nitrogen and full dose of Phosphorus
should be applied before sowing and half dose of Nitrogen should apply after 4 weeks of
sowing as a top dressing.
Control of Weeds:- The following weedicides can be used to control the weeds in commune
cultivation. Phlucholorine 400 gms. per acre ( Baseline 45% 900 ml.) should be added in
250 liter of water and spray before sowing. The weedicide should be mixed in the soil by
raking the soil.
Irrigation:- 2-4 irrigations are required for the cultivation of the commune. No irrigation
should be done after flowering of the crop.
Control of the Diseases:Disease & their control
Alternaria Blight or Blight:- This disease Fruit Rot and Dry Rot:- The symptoms
is appeared in a white patches on the corner are appeared on the plants become wilt and
of the leaves.
These spots gradually dried. These plants are uprooted by putting
become large and collapse together and little pressure of pulling. This disease is
subsequently brown and lastly converted spread gradually.
into black colour. In case of high moisture
condition in the field the symptoms are
appeared on the stemp or on the pods. This
Photo
disease caused great reduction in the yield
of the crop and the plants become died.
Photo
Control:- The seed should be treated
before sowing with thyrum (2.5 grams
chemical per kg. seed ) or cabondaizyum
(bavistin) 2 gm. chemical per kg. seed.
Powdery Mild-Dew:- This disease is
appeared on the lower surface of the leaves
in a shape of white powder. Gradually the
white layer is developed on the leaves. In
dry and wet weather also favoured to
2. The crop should be sprayed with increase the disease. As per the infestation,
mancazeb ( Indophyl M-45 ) 400 gms.intensity of disease the loss of the crop is
should be dissolved in 200 liter of water affected.
and spray in one acre. The spray should be
repeated 10-12 days interval as per theControl:- 10kg. sulphur dust per acre to be
need. And 4-5 sprays are required to dusted at the time of flowering which will
control the disease.
control the disease.
Control:- 1. The seed should be treated
with thyram or emisan ( 2.5 grams
chemicals per kg. of seed) before sowing
the seed.
GINGER
Varieties:- Local varieties is recommended.
Sowing time:- April-June.
Seed Rate:- 4-6 qtls. healthy rhizome per acre.
Sowing Method:- Line to line distance is 45cm. and plant to plant distance is kept 30 cm.
Manure & Fertilizers:- About 10 ton well rotten FYM manure, 40kg. Nitrogen 20 kg.
phosphorus and 20 kg. potash per acre should apply. The FYM should apply before three weeks
of sowing/planting and planting should be done on Ist July.
Nitrogen:- 1/3 rd dose of Nitrogen and full dose of Phosphorus and Potash should apply at the
time of sowing and rest balance dose of Nitrogen two times should be applied as a crop dressing
at the time of earthing.
Yield:- 60-80 qtl. per acre good rhizome.
Turmeric
Local Varieties:Sowing time:- The sowing should be done from May-July ( before onset of monsoon).
Seed Rate:- 6-8 per qtl.
Plnating distance:- Line to line 40 cm. and plant to plant 15-20 cm. distance is recommended.
Manure & Fertilizers:- 10 ton well rotten FYM Manure, 40 kg. Nitrogen, 20 kg. Phosphorus
and 20 kg. Potash per acre applied into the field. The FYM should apply before 3 weeks of
sowing/ planting on Ist July. 1/3 rd of Nitrogen and full dose of Phosphorus and potash should
apply at the time of planting and balance 2/3 rd dose of Nitrogen should apply as a top dressing
two times into equal quantity.
Yield:- 60-80 qtl. Finger per acre.
Disease & their control:Disease & their control
Leaf Blauch:- Sanken white spots have Spot Disease:- Oval shapes spots are
been appeared on the leaf surface which are developed and black strips are appeared in
in large in size at later stages and dry thethese spots. The leaves gradually dried.
leaves.
Photo
Photo
Control:- The crop should be sprayed at
10-12 days interval with blight ox 50 EC or Control:- As mentioned in Leaf Blauch
indophyl M 45 ( 400 gms.) chemical in disease.
200 liter of water per acre.