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Transcript
Chapter 28 How Plants and Animals Work Introduction Barheaded goose can fly over the Himalayan mountains because it has a special _____________________that has a greater _________________ capacity to deal with the “thinner” air A plant relative of the European _____________________ can anchor itself and live at great heights on the rocky slopes of mountains Anatomy versus Physiology Anatomy: Physiology: Levels of Organization Cells: Tissues: Organ: Organ System: Growth versus Development Growth : Development: The Body’s Internal Environment Plant and animal cells must be bathed in a ___________ that provides nutrients and carries away wastes. The internal environment – extracellular fluids– provides this ______________ Homeostasis : Nature’s Adaptations Adaptations: Short-term adaptations: Long-term adaptations: Salt Tolerant Tomatoes _________________ originated in South America soils with a high salt content; they were adapted to the conditions. Commercial tomatoes in today’s markets _________________ tolerate salt. However, _____________________ can yield a salt-tolerant tomato that will grow in irrigated plots. Adaptations to What? The _____________________ in which a trait evolved may be very different from the one prevailing now Mechanisms of homeostasis in animals The trillions of cells in our bodies must draw nutrients from, and dump wastes into, the same ____________. The extracellular fluid consists of ___________________ (between the cells and tissues) and ___________ (blood fluid) The component parts of an animal work together to maintain the _________________________ required by its living cells (____________________________) Homeostatic control mechanisms require three components: 1. Sensory receptors: o Stimulus: 2. Integrators (brain and spinal cord) 3. Effectors (muscles and glands) Negative Feedback: o Example: Positive Feedback: o Example: Does the concept of homeostasis apply to plants? Although plants grow only at the tips of roots and shoots and do not have centralized mechanisms to maintain the internal environment, they do exhibit a sort of ________________________. Walling off threats _________________ respond to attack by walling off threats to their internal environment. ____________________________ isolates the threat from the remainder of the tree Sand, Wind, and Yellow Bush Lupine • The yellow bush lupine grows along the windswept, sandy shores of the Pacific Ocean. It responds to this harsh environment by __________________________ to conserve water. About Rhythmic Leaf Folding A bean plant will hold its leaves ________________ during the day and fold them ___________to the stem at night. It will do this even if kept in the dark due the innate __________________________ (a biological activity that is repeated in cycles – lasting for close to 24 hours.) Communication between Cells, Tissues, and Organs Signal Reception, Transduction, and Response In large multicelled organisms, cells in one tissue need to __________________ that are often quite a distance away. In general a signaling molecule binds to a receptor initiating a ______________________ of the signal into a form that operate inside the cell to cause a functional response. Communication in the Plant Body ______________________ are the main signals for cell plant communication ____________________________ in some cells can change a hormone’s level in plant tissues The _________________________ for flowering describes three genes that are the master switches for floral development –_______________________________, and other structures Communication in the Animal Body _______________________ of the vertebrate nervous system constitute an elegant communicate system. The ________________ of many neurons have a _______________________ that speeds the signals to their destination Recurring Challenges to Survival Constraints on Gas Exchange Animals ___________________ and _________________; plants do mostly in _____________ ___________________ down a concentration gradient drives these movements Requirements for Internal Transport The ______________________ must be kept high so that there is sufficient surface to receive the nutrients and discharge the wastes of the cells and the organisms as a whole. Substance must be transported within the organisms also by ____________________; ________________________ in plants; ____________________________________ in animals Maintaining Water-Soluble Environment Plants and animals constantly gain and lose _______________________ Substances may follow the dictates of ____________________ into and out of the body but within the organism _______________________ specific substances against the __________________ On Variations in Resources and Threats • • Resources and dangers differ among _________________ – where the individuals of a species live Besides the _______________ and ________________ characteristics of the habitat, there are the__________ components.