Download Chapter 28 How Plants and Animals Work Introduction Barheaded

Chapter 28 How Plants and Animals Work
Introduction
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Barheaded goose can fly over the Himalayan mountains because it has a special _____________________that
has a greater _________________ capacity to deal with the “thinner” air
A plant relative of the European _____________________ can anchor itself and live at great heights on the
rocky slopes of mountains
Anatomy versus Physiology
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Anatomy:
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Physiology:
Levels of Organization
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Cells:
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Tissues:
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Organ:
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Organ System:
Growth versus Development
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Growth :
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Development:
The Body’s Internal Environment
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Plant and animal cells must be bathed in a ___________ that provides nutrients and carries away wastes.
The internal environment – extracellular fluids– provides this ______________
Homeostasis :
Nature’s Adaptations
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Adaptations:
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Short-term adaptations:
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Long-term adaptations:
Salt Tolerant Tomatoes
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_________________ originated in South America soils with a high salt content; they were adapted to the
conditions.
Commercial tomatoes in today’s markets _________________ tolerate salt.
However, _____________________ can yield a salt-tolerant tomato that will grow in irrigated plots.
Adaptations to What?
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The _____________________ in which a trait evolved may be very different from the one prevailing now
Mechanisms of homeostasis in animals
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The trillions of cells in our bodies must draw nutrients from, and dump wastes into, the same ____________.
The extracellular fluid consists of ___________________ (between the cells and tissues) and ___________
(blood fluid)
The component parts of an animal work together to maintain the _________________________ required by its
living cells (____________________________)
Homeostatic control mechanisms require three components:
1. Sensory receptors:
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Stimulus:
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2. Integrators (brain and spinal cord)
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3. Effectors (muscles and glands)
Negative Feedback:
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Example:
Positive Feedback:
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Example:
Does the concept of homeostasis apply to plants?
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Although plants grow only at the tips of roots and shoots and do not have centralized mechanisms to maintain
the internal environment, they do exhibit a sort of ________________________.
Walling off threats
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_________________ respond to attack by walling off threats to their internal environment.
____________________________ isolates the threat from the remainder of the tree
Sand, Wind, and Yellow Bush Lupine
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The yellow bush lupine grows along the windswept, sandy shores of the Pacific Ocean. It responds to this harsh
environment by __________________________ to conserve water.
About Rhythmic Leaf Folding
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A bean plant will hold its leaves ________________ during the day and fold them ___________to the stem at
night.
It will do this even if kept in the dark due the innate __________________________ (a biological activity that is
repeated in cycles – lasting for close to 24 hours.)
Communication between Cells, Tissues, and Organs
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Signal Reception, Transduction, and Response
In large multicelled organisms, cells in one tissue need to __________________ that are often quite a distance
away.
In general a signaling molecule binds to a receptor initiating a ______________________ of the signal into a
form that operate inside the cell to cause a functional response.
Communication in the Plant Body
______________________ are the main signals for cell plant communication
____________________________ in some cells can change a hormone’s level in plant tissues
The _________________________ for flowering describes three genes that are the master switches for floral
development –_______________________________, and other structures
Communication in the Animal Body
_______________________ of the vertebrate nervous system constitute an elegant communicate system.
The ________________ of many neurons have a _______________________ that speeds the signals to their
destination
Recurring Challenges to Survival
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Constraints on Gas Exchange
Animals ___________________ and _________________; plants do mostly in _____________
___________________ down a concentration gradient drives these movements
Requirements for Internal Transport
The ______________________ must be kept high so that there is sufficient surface to receive the nutrients and
discharge the wastes of the cells and the organisms as a whole.
Substance must be transported within the organisms also by ____________________;
________________________ in plants; ____________________________________ in animals
Maintaining Water-Soluble Environment
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Plants and animals constantly gain and lose _______________________
Substances may follow the dictates of ____________________ into and out of the body but within the organism
_______________________ specific substances against the __________________
On Variations in Resources and Threats
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Resources and dangers differ among _________________ – where the individuals of a species live
Besides the _______________ and ________________ characteristics of the habitat, there are the__________
components.