Download Triple Science Biology - The Thomas Cowley High School

Triple Science Biology
You should already know/recall from Additional and core Biology 
Structure of cells and the 7 life processes

Products of digestion. (Glucose - Carbohydrates, Amino acids –proteins , fatty acids and
glycerol –fats)Where materials absorbed and how transported

Structure of lungs and gases exchanged

How smoking affects lungs & body

Aerobic respiration – Equation. How reactants and products used & transported

Photosynthesis- reactants and products

Structure of root hairs and function in absorption of water & minerals

How bacteria & viruses grow and their affect on Health.
3 modules
1) Exchange of materials, 2) Transporting substances around the body, 3) Microbiology
1. EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS
 Active transport- different from Diffusion and Osmosis which depend upon a
concentration gradient- materials move from high concentration into areas of low
concentration across partially permeable membranes (semi- permeable). Active
transport moves materials from low concentration to areas of high concentration
– It requires ENERGY. Energy provided by MITOCHONDRIA. Examples – Gut,
Kidney tubules, root hairs, salt glands in marine animals. Cyanide prevents
mitochondria working
gas in
out
 Lungs – Structure of lungs to include – Trachea,
N2 78%
78%
bronchus/bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli/alveolus, Diaphragm,
O2 20%
16%
Epiglottis. Alveoli adapted for gas exchange (diffusion) –
CO2 0.04% 4%
rich blood supply, thin walled, large surface area, steep
concentration gradient, moist.
 Digestive system – Small intestine folded into finger like projections – villi.
Adapted for diffusion – large surface area, thin walled, rich blood supply, moist.
Many mitochondria to allow active transport
 Animals – Fish: Gills – large surface area, good blood supply, thin walled. Frogsgills in tadpoles, adults have lungs; skin allows gas exchange whilst in water. Insects
– Spiracles (openings in abdomen- leading to tracheoles (large surface area, moist,
close proximity to body cells)
 Plants and Transpiration. Stoma, stomata on under surface of leaves– allow
diffusion of gases (see additional biology notes). Water taken up by root hairs and
carried along transpiration stream in Xylem. Transpiration – water lost from stoma
– more rapid in hot, dry, windy or light conditions
 Transport problems – Gas exchange - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COPD. Specific examples –A) Coal miner’s pneumoconiosis (CWP) or Black lung. B)
Emphysema (smoking) Alveoli damaged. Cartilaginous fish (sharks) - need to keep
swimming to keep water flowing over gills. Osmosis -Single celled freshwater
animals constantly risk cells being flooded – Paramecium -contractile vacuole
2.

TRANSPORTING SUBSTANCES AROUND THE BODY
Circulatory system Double circulatory system (Body
Heart Lungs
Heart
Body). Arteries carry blood Away from heart (Thick walled, pulse). Veins carry
blood back to heart, Valves. Capillaries very narrow allow diffusion of materials
into & out of blood. Unusual blood vessels- Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated
blood Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood. Structure of Heart. Top chambers
– Atria (singular- Atrium) Bottom chambers ventricles. Left hand side pumps
oxygenated blood to body – wall much thicker. sound Lubb Dubb – valves. How
heart works.

Blood. Liquid (Plasma) straw coloured. White blood cells (Body defence system)
Platelets (clotting) & Red blood cells – biconcave discs, no nucleus packed with
Haemoglobin to carry oxygen (Oxy-haemoglobin). Haemoglobin contains Iron, lack
of iron in diet- Anaemia.

Exercise. Heart rate & breathing rate increase to circulate more oxygen and
glucose to muscles. Aerobic respiration in mitochondria.
 Anaerobic respiration. Glucose
Lactic acid. Cause muscles to fatigue. Lactic
acid removed by reacting with oxygen- amount of O2 needed is termed Oxygen
Debt.

Kidney. Homeostasis. Controls levels of water in blood and removes Urea. (Urea
formed by liver when processing proteins). Kidneys contain Tubules – which filter
and selectively re-absorb water and sugar and mineral salts by Active
transport.

Dialysis and Transplants. Dialysis machine filters blood between partially
permeable membranes. Keeps patient healthy until transplant available. Donor &
recipient need good tissue match to prevent rejection (white blood cells/immune
system) a single kidney transplanted into groin area. Need immunosuppressant
drugs

History/scientists – Chinese 2nd century BC knew double circulatory system. Not
until William Harvey 1578. Did European scientist realise heart acted as two
separate pumps.
3. MICROBIOLOGY
 Culturing microbes. Bacteria and Fungi can be cultured in Agar plates. Important
that cultures sealed and not opened. Materials used need to be sterilised.
Autoclaves use steam at high pressure.
 Yeast and food production. Anaerobic respiration. Glucose
Ethanol + CO2
Used in brewing and bread making. Ethanol evaporates during cooking process!
 Food from Bacteria. Yoghurt. Sugars in milk turned to Lactic acid, which
solidifies milk. Cheese – enzymes (Rennin) clots milk. Type of bacteria and type of
milk produces different types of cheese. Fungi may be added to flavour cheese e.g.
Stilton blue veins – mould.
 Large scale microbe production- Fermenters. Continuous process nutrients and
oxygen in – micro-organisms out. Myco-protein – Quorn – High protein /low fat
meat substitute made from fungi.
 Production of antibiotics- Alexander Fleming discovered a mould stopped
bacterial growing. Florey & Chain discovered the active ingredient (Penicillin).
Penicillium notatum fungi cultured in fermenter and drug extracted from Broth.
Other antibiotics also produced in same way
 Biogas and Bio fuels. Digestion of plant & animal remains in Anaerobic conditions
produces Methane CH4 (Biogas). Biogas generators fed with animal waste –
methane collected. Optimum temp 30OC. Carbon neutral – no overall increase in
CO2. Ethanol C2H5OH produced by fermentation of sugar cane or Maize (Corn) and
distillation. Ethanol can be mixed with petrol to make gasohol. Disadvantages –
needs lots of acres of plants to produce small quantity of fuel!
 Spontaneous generation. For centuries scientists though living things appeared
from nothing! Spallanzani 1785 – showed that something in air caused food to rot.
Schwann (1836) – sterilised air. Louis Pasteur 1850 demonstrated that microbes
are in air .
To get grade C and higher  Know word and symbolic equations. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration in
Muscles. Fermentation by yeast.
 Know formula for methane, ethanol, glucose.
 Know about concentration gradients in Diffusion and how different to those
in active transport.
 Be able to label – Heart, kidney, section through a leaf.
 look up scientists named and find out about their discoveries
Use VLE- Power points, lesson notes revision questions and past papers.
Use BBC Bitesize.
Use SAM learning.